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Metformin inhibits JUN. 3 / 3
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"In these cells, metformin also suppressed phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-enhanced levels of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) protein, mRNA and transcription activity through suppression of activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation."
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"At the molecular level, metformin downregulates apoptotic factors (p-JNK3, p-c-Jun, and caspase-3) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α) to mitigate stroke damage in rat models [68] (Figure 1)."
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"Metformin may also inhibit ERK signaling and Ca (2+)-dependent PKC-alpha and ERK and JNK and activator protein 1 pathways."
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