IndraLab

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"The expression of cleaved Caspase 3 was subsequently confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining, which showed that the combination of HCQ with oxaliplatin increased the apoptotic cell death in compressed cells as compared to the respective oxaliplatin-only-treated cells (Fig. 3b–d)."
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"A recent study showed that HCQ initiates mitochondrial apoptosis singling, causing cardiomyocyte dysfunction ."
40213182
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"Hydroxychloroquine can potentially increase apoptosis in FLS through its effects on the pro-apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 and enhances apoptosis mediated by CD95 [ 29 ] ."
36228471
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"HCQ promotes T-cell apoptosis and inhibits B-cell antigen processing , thereby decreasing T-cell - and B-cell-mediated cytokine release ."
33095083
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"The results showed that 40 mg/kg of HCQ treatment significantly increased apoptosis (p<0.01) (Table I)."
37750268
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"In renal cell carcinoma, HCQ combined with temsirolimus has been found to promote apoptosis by inhibition of autophagy [ 161 ]."
32201367
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"In the present study, we observed that a lower dose of HCQ (20 mg/kg) improved cartilage repair after oral administration; however, a higher dose of HCQ (40 mg/kg) had a negative effect on cartilage regeneration and increased apoptosis."
37750268
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"HCQ induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, even in the presence of osteoblast-secreted factors."
38513896
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"Hydroxychloroquine was also shown to induce apoptosis of malignant B-cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), through the activation of caspase-3 and modulation of Bcl-2/bax ratio [69, 70]."
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"CQ and HCQ can activate caspase-3 and modulate the Bcl-2 and Bax ratio inducing apoptosis in CLL, B-cell CLL and glioblastoma cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
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"Application of the autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (10 microM), promoted apoptosis of primary HCC cells under hypoxic cultivation and 5-FU treatment, as evidenced by the increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-8 (XREF_FIG) and inhibition of proliferation, as measured via MTT assays (XREF_FIG)."
33680119
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"In addition, we found that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)- or si-ATG5-induced autophagy inhibition further demoted bee venom-induced apoptosis."
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"In addition to these drugs, chloroquine and its derivative hydroxychloroquine have also demonstrated an ability to interact with nucleotides and induce apoptosis, having shown antitumor, antiproliferative and antimutagenic properties, since they are autophagy inhibitors and, therefore, prevent cancer cells from using autophagy to acquire energy and nutrients [5,17]."
36835564
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"HCQ was able to induce apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes in a dose- and time dependent manner."
9153556
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"Mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the expression of both Bax and Bak are resistant against hydroxychloroquine induced apoptosis."
12813466
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"These effects were blocked by bafilomycin A1, showing that HCQ activated apoptosis via lysosomes and not via other organelles [37] ."
33775862
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"The present study demonstrated that HCQ induces apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes, which leads to the speculation that HCQ may exert its antirheumatic effect through this mechanism."
9153556
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"CQ and HCQ, well-known lysosomotropic agents, induce apoptosis, downregulate autophagy, and modify the tumour microenvironment."
35598250
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"Hydroxychloroquine induced apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia involves activation of caspase-3 and modulation of Bcl-2/bax/ratio."
12148891
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"HCQ alone produced decreased cell growth and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in all S45F mutated DT cells tested but had no effect in T41A-mutated DT cells, confirming our previous results that S45F-mutated DT cell strains are highly dependent on autophagy instead of apoptosis."
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"These effects were blocked by bafilomycin A1, which prevents degradation of LC3, induces its accumulation in autophagolysosomes [66] and acts as an inhibitor of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, changing endosomal pH [67], showing that hydroxychloroquine activated apoptosis via lysosomes instead of other organelles (mitochondria or nuclei, for example)."
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"HCQ was reported to induce skin fibroblast apoptosis at lower concentrations (10-20muM) 7, and Chol-HCQ showed lower toxicity than HCQ."
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"We have previously found that HCQ increased the apoptosis of MDSCs to reduce their accumulation in the treatment of lupus [27] ."
36493694
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"This is based on the experiments with bafilomycin A 1 / hydroxychloroquine, in which we showed that autophagy prevented cells from undergoing DOC induced apoptosis, but not from DOC induced necrosis."
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"HCQ have been shown to inhibit prolifer-ation, to upregulate apoptosis, and may downregu-late autoimmunity by elimination of autoreactive human lymphocytes.20,21 The 13 patients with lupusnephritis who received prednisolone, HCQ plus CTX or MMF also had an increasing CD24hiCD27+ CD19+ B cell subset."
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"The aim of this study was to investigate whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) blocks autophagy and promotes apoptosis of the prostate after castration."
32937616
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"HCQ mainly increased apoptosis (cCasp3), while BYL719 reduced the proliferation (Ki-67) of MCF7 tumors in vivo (Fig. 7H–K)."
36799863
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"Rapamycin can inhibit the proliferation associated with induction of apoptosis and autophagy, whereas HCQ can inhibit autophagy and proliferation of RPMI 8226 and induce apoptosis."
36614089
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"Autophagy increased after castrated in prostates, while decreased after treated with HCQ; all these indicated that HCQ blocked autophagy and then promoted prostate apoptosis of castrated mice."
32937616
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"The present study showed that PL-induced autophagy had a cytoprotective effect in A375P cells and that co-treatment with PL + HCQ enhanced apoptosis to inhibit late autophagy for a stronger anticancer effect.The present study investigated the roles of ERK and JNK by pretreating A375P cells with p-ERK inhibitor PD98059 or p-JNK inhibitor SP600125, followed by treatment with PL and cell survival measurement using MTT assay."
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"Additionally, HCQ induces apoptosis of autoreactive T-cells and interferes with antigen processing by B-cells, thereby interfering with their functions and cytokine production (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor [TNF], and B-cell activating factor) [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
33095083
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"Meanwhile, we found that apoptosis of MDSCs was induced in lupus mice by HCQ treatment, and HCQ decreased production of ROS in MDSCs from lupus mice [27] ."
36493694
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"IBR and HCQ could induce apoptosis by NF-κB signaling pathway blockage and autophagy inhibition, respectively."
36436742
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"In addition, we investigated whether HCQ could promote BGC823 apoptosis together with BC001."
31268153
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"The results revealed that BC001 did not appear to significantly promote apoptosis compared with the control, while HCQ could enhance apoptosis induced by BC001 (Fig. 1C and D)."
31268153
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"This indicated that HCQ also increased the anticancer effects of BC001 in vivo by inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis."
31268153
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"It has already been demonstrated that HCQ treatment in fibroblast-like synoviocytes led to dose-dependent apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, which is a critical step for cell fragmentation and apoptotic cell death [11]."
36619209
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"However, Martinez et al. (2020) showed that hydroxychloroquine can also disrupt lysosomes, inhibit ion channel activation and protein expression, reduce proinflammatory cytokine, and induce apoptosis ."
39638883
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"In addition, HCQ promoted the apoptosis of BGC823 cells; the apoptotic rate was significantly increased in cells treated with both BC001 and HCQ."
31268153
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"Flow cytometry was applied to detect changes in apoptosis of RPMI8226 and DOX cells (stained with annexin-V and propidium iodide) caused by inhibition by hydroxychloroquine and 3-methyladenine on autophagy."
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"CQ and HCQ treatment leads to bladder cancer cell apoptosis [42] and growth suppression through the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) by inhibiting autophagy [43]."
35381976
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"CQ and HCQ were shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit ATLL cell growth both in vitro and in vivo."
| PMC
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"The in vivo experiment manifested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enhanced the apoptosis induced by BA."
38403724
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"Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a critical step of lysosome initiated apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine."
25734693
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"HCQ administration promoted PTEC apoptosis and arrested cell cycle progression at G1/S phase in LN."
| PMC
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"Our study revealed that HCQ and BKM120 synergistically increased DSBs in tumor cells and therefore augmented apoptosis, resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy."
34844627
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"In vitro experiments have shown that HCQ induces apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while also reducing the secretion of IL-17 factors in the peripheral blood [20] (Fig. 1).4 The role of HCQ in SLE."
38711668
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"CQ and HCQ , well-known lysosomotropic agents , induce apoptosis , downregulate autophagy , and modify the tumour microenvironment ."
35598250
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"Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Trigger Apoptosis and Inhibit CXCL12 Mediated Proliferation and Anti-Apoptosis."
22319600
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"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) significantly enhanced the apoptosis of ponatinib-resistant CML cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue to address resistance.Another investigation by Elshazly et al. [93] examined the elevated levels of autophagy in resistant CML cell lines compared to their parental counterparts in which lapatinib-resistant cells exhibited increased autophagosome accumulation."
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"Furthermore, HCQ can induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells by inhibiting autophagy, which is the opposite of Rap."
27974905
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"Hydroxychloroquine Potentiates Apoptosis Induced by PPARalpha Antagonist in 786-O Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells Associated with Inhibiting Autophagy."
33959154
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"Western blotting analysis subjected that HCQ can induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells by inhibiting autophagy, which is the opposite of Rap (XREF_FIG)."
27974905
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"Therefore, promoting senescence and impairing the autophagy-lysosomal pathway may be an important mechanism by which HCQ increases apoptosis and suppresses proliferation in PTECs when AKI is complicated by LN."
| PMC
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"Curcumin attenuates hydroxychloroquine-mediated apoptosis and oxidative stress via the inhibition of TRPM2 channel signalling pathways in a retinal pigment epithelium cell line."
37099129
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"Second, our results indicate that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine abrogate CXCL12 mediated anti-apoptosis (XREF_FIG), wherein pretreatment with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine increased apoptosis in PANC-1 cells."
22319600
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"The combination of HCQ with BKM120 synergistically induced the accumulation of ROS and caspase-dependent apoptosis."
34844627
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"HCQ alone induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, with an increase in cleaved PARP (Fig. S4C-E)."
34844627
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"Hydroxychloroquine Blocks Autophagy and Promotes Apoptosis of the Prostate after Castration in Rats."
32937616
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"Hence, CRC may be a potential therapeutic antioxidant for TRPM2 activation and HCQ treatment-induced retinal oxidative injury and apoptosis."
37099129
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"The expression level of LC3B-II was increased after HCQ treatment ( Liu et al., 2019 ; Koustas et al., 2019 ), and, HCQ induced cell apoptosis and suppressed tumor growth by inhibiting autophagy in ad[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"A microplate reader (Infinite PRO 200) was used to measure the absorbance at 492 nm after shaking the 96-well plate for 1 min.An APOPercentage stain (Biocolor Ltd. Northern Ireland) was used to measure the amount of apoptosis triggered by HCQ in the ARPE19 cells at 550 nm in a spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan)."
37099129
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"As shown in the Fig. S2F, HCQ could induce more obvious apoptosis in the siPIK3CA group."
34844627
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"CPI-613/HCQ induced apoptosis in <3% of melanoma cells."
38434963
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"The hypothesis that CQ might afford Ebola prophylaxis comes from our own work showing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.2 HCQ also inhibits the replication of HIV in vitro.3There is a possible clinical analogy."
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"HCQ triggers apoptosis and suppresses cell proliferation."
26134285
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"Most importantly, the addition of HCQ in oxaliplatin-treated cells, strongly increased apoptotic cell death in both control- and compressed cells, as indicated by the expression of active Caspase 3."
39604540
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"CRC counteracted the HCQ-induced increase of ARPE19 death and apoptosis via decreases in caspase and TRPM2 activation."
37099129
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"We here demonstrate that hydroxychloroquine preferentially induces apoptosis of CD45RO+ memory and effector T cells by inhibiting the survival pathway of autophagy."
23541328
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"Both BafA1 and HCQ promote cell apoptosis."
36284209
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"In addition, CQ and HCQ enhance osteoclast apoptosis in mature osteoclasts (64)."
40243121
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"The combination of hydroxychloroquine and 2-deoxyglucose enhances apoptosis in breast cancer cells by blocking protective autophagy and sustaining endoplasmic reticulum stress."
35690609
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"Here, we report that HCQ combined with 2-DG can further inhibit the viability and migration and induce apoptosis of breast tumour cells compared with other individual drugs."
35690609
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"Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a critical step of lysosome initiated apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine."
12813466
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"HCQ enhances the effect of temsirolimus on cytotoxicity and promotes apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma lines."
33367926
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"Therefore, it was suggested that the combination of HCQ and 2-DG could enhance the autophagy and apoptosis in 4T1 cells."
35690609
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"This pattern confirmed that CQ and HCQ caused apoptotic cell death after 24-h treatment."
38311193
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"Although CRC suppressed the production of cROS (DCFH-DA) and mROS (MitoSOX), we investigated whether HCQ-induced apoptosis would occur after an increase in ROS."
37099129
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"Moreover, HCQ also attenuates renal fibrosis and EMT processes by inhibiting the NF-KB pathway and modulating the immune-inflammatory response and apoptosis, ultimately ameliorating UUO-induced renal [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"Furthermore, HCQ synergizes with proteasome inhibitors, thus, reinforcing their anti-myeloma effect, whereas thapsigargin inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis by directly interfering with the endo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"As shown in Fig. 3a , HCQ reduced viral infection by blocking autophagy activation induced by PEDV in a dose-dependent manner ; it seems that HCQ improved apoptosis via depressing autophagy ."
| PMC
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"HCQ enhanced apoptosis and potentially therapeutic oxidative stress in glioblastoma U-87 cells treated with Temozolomide, which possesses an ability to alkylate/methylate DNA, thus triggering its damage and the death of tumor cells [65]."
38256019
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"Hydroxychloroquine can potentially increase apoptosis in FLS through its effects on the pro-apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 and enhances apoptosis mediated by CD95[29]."
36228471
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"Anti–PD-1 Ab and HCQ produced significantly increased apoptosis in tumor tissue (Figure 1D) and increased the survival of mice compared with anti–PD-1 Ab alone (Figure 1E)."
32780726
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"In contrast, apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in HL-60 cells was caspase-3 independent and was fully inhibited by ATA."
11227493
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"Hydroxychloroquine Induces Apoptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma via Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation Induced by Autophagy Inhibition."
34568426
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"HCQ inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and cycle arrest in vitro by increasing ROS accumulation, which was involved in autophagy inhibition."
34568426
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"Moreover, both CQ and HCQ induced significant apoptosis of HEK293 in normoxia and hypoxia (XREF_FIG)."
33658924
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"We then noticed that HCQ alone could induce cancer cell apoptosis at a relatively higher concentration (> 40 μM) than that used in the combination treatment."
34844627
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"RAPA and HCQ inhibited the proliferation of RPMI8226 in a concentration- and time dependent manner, and increased the apoptosis."
29950226
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"Hydroxychloroquine preferentially induces apoptosis of CD45RO+ effector T cells by inhibiting autophagy : A possible mechanism for therapeutic modulation of T cells."
23541328
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"In Men1 heterozygous-deficient (Men1 ) mice, a mouse PanNEN model, HCQ administration decreased tumor size and accelerated apoptosis, although proliferative activity was unchanged [29]."
38256019
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"The ROS scavenger reduced l-glutathione distinctly weakened HCQ-induced cell apoptosis and viability inhibition in cholangiocarcinoma cells."
34568426
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"Hydroxychloroquine Promotes Bcl-xL Inhibition-induced Apoptosis in BxPC-3 Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells."
35790256
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"HC can induce apoptosis of effector T cells by inhibiting autophagy [XREF_BIBR], and inhibit T cell antigen receptor signaling pathway through the calcium signal [XREF_BIBR]."
27433383
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"However, HCQ may promote SiHa cell apoptosis as the MTT, apoptotic assay and miRNA-9 * results revealed."
24944668
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"Since there is evidence that HCQ has a potential application in cancer treatment for its inhibition of autophagy in leukemic, breast cancer MCF-7 and melanoma cells and may subsequently induce their apoptosis, this process may also be important to the actions of HCQ in cervical cancer cells."
24944668
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"Further experiments suggested that HCQ, an autophagy inhibitor, could enhance the capacity of RA to induce apoptosis."
40060151
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"HCQ treatment inhibits cell growth and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, promotes apoptosis of RCC tumor cells and increases glycolysis rates in RCC cells [25]."
38849015
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"Combined treatment of AZD5363 with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an autophagy inhibitor, significantly increased apoptosis and antileukemic effects by blocking autophagy, which was therefore shown to have a cytoprotective role [117]."
39996741
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"HCQ Induced Apoptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells."
34568426
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"Consistent with the FCM results, the Live/Dead cell assay revealed a significant transition from the calcein signal to the PI signal (Figure 3B), indicating that HCQ-induced apoptosis increased with the increase of dose."
34568426
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"In such cases, the use of several autophagy inhibitors such as 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has proven to promote 5‐FU‐induced apoptosis in CRC cells [92]."
40224538
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"In an in vitro model, results showed that HCQ promoted apoptosis of macrophages and inhibited activation of macrophages, especially M2 macrophages, in a dose dependent manner."
33936063
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"They also concluded that HCQ causes mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis ."
31556748
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"Interestingly, HCQ inhibited the occurrence of protective autophagy and blocked autophagic flow, thereby triggering CRC cell apoptosis."
38658952
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"HCQ can induce apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma and ROS accumulation."
34568426
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"Baf was shown to prevent accumulation of the phospholipogenic compound hydroxychloroquine in Hela cells and reduced apoptosis caused by hydroxychloroquine treatment [XREF_BIBR]."
23577025
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"Mamoru et al. found that HCQ effectively promotes Bcl-xlinhibition-induced apoptosis in BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells [40]."
36532852
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"Similarly, HCQ induced apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells with an up-regulation of ROS from our data."
34568426
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"HCQ induced apoptosis of CCA cells by upregulating ROS."
37666811
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"In this context, the molecular or pharmacological autophagy inhibition, by either Atg5 or Atg7 knock down or hydroxychloroquine treatment has been used to enhance the TKI-induced apoptosis in CML [73,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"A combined treatment of HCQ and anti-Fas mAb increased FLS apoptosis and caspase-3 activity synergistically, compared with either anti-Fas mAb or HCQ alone."
16734620
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"Taken together, HCQ increases the apoptosis of rheumatoid synoviocytes by activating caspase-3, and also sensitizes rheumatoid synoviocytes to Fas mediated apoptosis."
16734620
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"And both CQ and HCQ could induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis which are consistent with the phenotype of proliferation and could partially explain the toxic effect of CQ and HCQ ( Supplementary Figures 3A , B ) ."
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"Fauzi et al. [117] showed how HCQ and CQ induced apoptosis in ATLL [117]: both molecules restored the expression of p47, blocking autophagy inside affected cells and sequentially inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB pathway, leading to apoptosis in ATLL cell lines.There has also been an isolated clinical case of treatment of CTCLs with HCQ [118], while it is also known that several case reports use the same substance to treat diverse forms of follicular mucinosiss [119,120]."
38804300
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"Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a critical step of lysosome initiated apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine."
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"Moreover, HCQ inhibits T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production by inhibiting intracellular calcium and mobilization and subsequent NFAT signalling [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] and apoptosis in CD45RO+ memory and effector T cells by inhibiting autophagy [XREF_BIBR]."
33763494
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"HCQ also inhibited macrophage activation in vitro, especially M2 macrophages, and promoted macrophage apoptosis."
35603199
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"HCQ activated the p53‐dependent apoptosis pathway and increases the tumor cell's sensitivity to DOX."
36794651
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"HCQ causes autoreactive T-cells from undergoing apoptosis and obstructs B-cells from processing antigens."
36984552
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"Moreover, HCQ activated p53-dependent apoptosis pathway and cooperated with DOX to exert antitumor effect."
34051669
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"Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a critical step of lysosome initiated apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine."
20201737
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"They also concluded that HCQ causes mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis."
31556748
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"Increasing evidence has demonstrated that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, induces apoptosis in various tumor by activating p53 pathway [ 51–53 ]."
34051669
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"A previous study [93] revealed that chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an FDA-approved antimalarial drug, induced apoptosis and inhibited ATLL cell growth in vitro and in vivo."
38365777
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"Hydroxychloroquine induces apoptosis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells via up-regulation of CD81 contributing to alleviate lupus symptoms."
35705919
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"Using the chloroquine analogue, hydroxychloroquine, cathepsin release has been shown to initiate apoptosis in a Bax- and Bakdependent manner [56]."
20201737
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"DC661 and hydroxychloroquine significantly induced the apoptosis of ascites PDOs, increasing the ratio of CC3/KI67 positive cells compared with untreated control and mTORC1 inhibitors treated PDOs, confirming that autophagy inhibition caused failed paligenosis and subsequently induce apoptosis (Fig. 7g,h)."
36788228
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"Likewise, hydroxychloroquine potentiates Fas‐mediated apoptosis of synoviocytes (65)."
17970883
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"As the results shown, the proportion of Annexin V MDSCs decreased in lupus mice compared with that in healthy control (P < 0.05), whereas HCQ treatment rescued the downside apoptosis (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2B)."
35705919
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"To investigate the mechanism of HCQ affecting MDSCs, we found that apoptosis of MDSCs increased by HCQ adequately."
35705919
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"A report on testing autophagy-regulating drugs in MM cells stated that Rapamycin can induce apoptosis and autophagy, Hydroxychloroquine can inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis, and 3-methyladenine can only inhibit autophagy ."
38239705
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"These findings were consistent with those achieved in vivo, and further demonstrated that HCQ could promote the apoptosis of MDSCs in SLE."
35705919
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"These results indicated that HCQ inhibited autophagy in all patients ' tumors but caused apoptosis only in the tumors of patients who showed elevated Par-4 secretion in their plasma in response to HCQ ."
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"Our study found that free HCQ or PHCQ NP drastically promoted apoptosis of detached 4T1 cells, which is consistent with previous studies that autophagy blockage by CQ or BECN1/ATG5 silencing attenuate[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
35286855
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"It might therefore impact on innate immunity-induced immune hyperactivation.A recent study showed that hydroxychloroquine selectively induces apoptosis in the memory T-cell compartment ( CD45RA - CD45RO + ) [ 45 ] ."
26084487
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"HCQ effectively promotes Bcl-xL inhibition-induced apoptosis in BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells."
35790256
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"Co-culture of these ALL samples in the presence of primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) significantly rescued the HCQ-mediated induction of apoptosis in primary ETV6-RUNX1-positive ALL samples (P≤0.05) (Figure 5E)."
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"Recently, it has been shown that caspase-independent disruption of the mitochondrial membrane regulated by the Bcl-2 family proteins is the rate-limiting step for apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine [4]."
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