IndraLab

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"Subsequently, another group of researchers pointed out that oral treatment with HCQ (6.5 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks lowered FBG, OGTT, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and raised β-cell function in rats fed with high-fat diet containing 46% fat, 20.3% protein, and 24% carbohydrate."

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"HCQ inhibits the degradation of insulin enhancing the metabolic effects of the hormone to improve insulin sensitivity [44]."

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"By increasing the intracellular pH, Hydroxychloroquine inhibits various insulin degrading enzymes [XREF_BIBR] and thus inhibits insulin degradation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"The metabolic effect of HCQ is reducing dissociation of insulin from its receptor (tyrosine kinase) and increase the biologic half-life of insulin receptor complex which prolongs the action of insulin [16]."

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"HCQ seemed to decrease insulin resistance and incidence of CVD, but data were too few for meta-analysis."

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"Hydroxychloroquine was found to significantly reduce insulin metabolism in the cytosolic fraction of livers of both healthy and diabetic animals."

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"When HCQ was combined with insulin for 6 months, the glycated hemoglobin decreased significantly compared to placebo, and the insulin dose had to be reduced by 30% in the HCQ group [41]."

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"Hydroxychloroquine also reduces pro inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-alpha and IL-6, and decreases insulin resistance."
| PMC

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"Hydroxychloroquine in lupus patients, reduces disease activity, cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance, thromboembolic events, infection risk and mortality XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR, and this drug should not be discontinued during the perioperative period."

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"HCQ inhibits the degradation of insulin, which enhances the metabolic effects and improves insulin sensitivity [56]."

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"Data from experimental models [XREF_BIBR] and a case report [XREF_BIBR] suggest that chloroquine, but not HCQ, may decrease insulin clearance."

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"Hydroxychloroquine has been reported to reduce insulin requirements in refractory type II diabetes by an average of 30%."

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"Hydroxychloroquine may be able to partially reduce the post-receptor increased insulin clearance, accelerating insulin stimulated glucose transport which leads to better management of the disease."

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"54 HCQ may reduce insulin requirements in patients with insulin‐dependent DM by up to 30%, 53 with concomitant reduction in haemoglobin A1c levels (1–3%)."

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"Furthermore, animal experiments have shown that both chloroquine and HCQ can protect β cells and reduce insulin clearance in vitro [37, 38]."

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"Thus, hydroxychloroquine therapy in COVID-19 may lead to hypoglycemia since this drug reduces insulin degradation and improves insulin storage with augmentation of peripheral glucose metabolism (59)."

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"The use of hydroxychloroquine improved lipid profiles and reduced incident diabetes and CVD as well as insulin resistance in RA [XREF_BIBR]."

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"One possible explanation for the glucose-lowering effect of HCQ may be that HCQ stabilizes intracellular lysosomes and slows the breakdown of the internalized insulin-receptor complex."

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"This would imply that HCQ reduces clearance of insulin, and not that it increases its secretion [XREF_BIBR]."

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"HCQ improves insulin sensitivity and reduces insulin degradation [ 27 ] ."

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"Hydroxychloroquine decreases insulin degradation at the cellular level , increases intracellular insulin accumulation , and stimulates insulin-mediated glucose transport [ 27 ] ."

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"HCQ inhibits the degradation of insulin , which enhances the metabolic effects and improves insulin sensitivity [ 56 ] ."

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"Indeed, in patients with SLE, hydroxychloroquine reduces disease activity, CV risk, insulin resistance and thromboembolic events; therefore, in the perioperative period, it should not be discontinued and could even be protective [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."