
IndraLab
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"Oxidative stress (81), hypoxia (114), oxidized LDL (68), C-reactive protein (110), phorbolesters (PMA) (58), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (58), and TNF-α (58) tend to downregulate endothelial TM expression, while an upregulatory effect has been attributed to thrombin (136), VEGF (20), retinoic acid (97), and heat shock (50)."
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"Finally, immune hemolysis is accompanied by activation of the complement cascade and production of TNF-alpha, which induces tissue factor expression in endothelial cells and decreases the endothelial expression of thrombomodulin, down-regulating the anti-coagulant pathway [XREF_BIBR]."
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"Thromobomodulin transgene expression driven by the enhanced PAI-1 promoter in rAAV vector transduced cultured endothelial cells was between 600- and 1000-fold higher than constitutive thrombomodulin gene expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and was up-regulated by TGFbeta1 and TNFalpha stimulation which may down-regulate endogenous thrombomodulin gene expression in endothelial cells."
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"For example, TNF-α and IL-1β can induce the expression of TF by vascular endothelial cells and downregulate the expression of thrombomodulin, the surface receptor for thrombin leading to reduced activation of the protein C system, which is one of the main anticoagulant defence systems [14]."