IndraLab

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"Azithromycin prevents the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B or activator protein-1, which may be the reason behind their inhibition of the synthesis of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [25]."

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"Conversely, it has been shown that azithromycin inhibits the binding of activator protein-1, nuclear factor of activated T cells, and interferon consensus sequence binding protein to the DNA binding site in the IL-12p40 promoter, and down regulation of TLR-4 receptor by azithromycin has also been reported, and these could represent important mechanisms contributing to the anti-inflammatory effects of azithromycin."

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"3.3 Azithromycin Inhibits the Activities of TGF-beta/Smad and JNK/C-Jun Signaling Pathways in Mouse Pulmonary Fibrosis."