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RAS activates ERK. 944 / 966
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"These experi-ments suggest that sustained activation of MAP and ERK pathway either by activation of Ras or by EGF signaling causes down- regulation of TbetaRII through the recruitment of HDAC activity[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
22028617
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"In contrast, siRNA knockdown of endogenous Sin1 protein expression in HEK293 cells enhanced the activation of ERK1/2 by Ras."
17303383
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"The inhibition of Ras with the farnesyltransferase inhibitor FTI2153 or a dominant negative form of Ras also induced apoptosis by inhibiting ERK activity."
22830400
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"It is well established that a Ras induced signal activates the ERK pathway through sequential activation of c-Raf1 and MEK1/2 27."
28174694
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"RasGRF2 is reportedly coupled to GluN2A containing NMDAR and activated by Ca 2+ / CaM and thus upstream of Ras mediated synaptic activation of ERK."
27559307
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"Through a Galphai mediated, ras dependent mechanism, S-1-P activates MEK1/2 and ERK1/2; MKK3/6 and p38 MAPK are activated by a Galphai mediated phosphatidyl-inositol 3 ' kinase (PI3-K)-dependent mediated pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells."
22480845
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"It has been demonstrated that active Ras and MAPK / ERK kinase-1 (MEK1) (the upstream activator of ERK) each induced cyclin D1 promoter activity [XREF_BIBR]."
16390551
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"The coupling of ERK and activated Ras has been reported previously in lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocyte."
23092099
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"The existence of these dimers in vivo is still discussed in the literature, but in vitro experiments have shown that forced RAS dimerization increases the activation of the ERK pathway [XREF_BIBR]."
33562401
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"Binding of ligands to RAGE leads to activation of multiple signaling pathways, including signaling pathways involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, Ras mediated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Akt, stress activated protein kinase and c-Jun-NH 2-terminal kinase (SAPK and JNK), p38 MAP kinase, small GTPase Cdc42 and Rac1, and NFkappaB and AP-1 transcription factors XREF_BIBR -."
21829704
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"TGF-beta induces both canonical Smad signaling and non canonical signaling, including the Ras induced ERK pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK)."
25996975
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"FSH control of granulosa cell differentiation and function is known to involve activation of Src, Fyn and Abl kinases, and inhibitor studies have demonstrated that the Src family kinases are required for transient Ras activation that, in turn, leads to extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation and stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in granulosa cells."
20591331
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"For instance, PI-3-K has been shown to contribute to ERK activation by both Ras-dependent and Ras-independent pathways [53–55]."
29372544
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"VEGF, which is overexpressed in PWS, significantly increases Ras signaling which activates ERK, thus increasing the expression of stem cell markers which may bolster and sustain the resident ESC like population in PWS (XREF_FIG)."
33634164
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"RAS can not only activate CRAF directly, but activated RAS can also induce transactivation of BRAF-CRAF heterodimers in the presence of RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib, leading to paradoxical activation of ERK."
22448344
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"Comparing the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A models, Ras and Raf (at 0.1 muM each) produced a transient ERK activation by the 5-HT1AR, but a sustained one by 5-HT2AR."
18762202
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"The large pre-synaptic p75 NTR has the dual role of modulating Trk receptor binding, Ras mediated activation of ERK and neurite outgrowth and activating c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), leading to apoptosis in a variety of neurons."
26788077
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"Phosphorylation at Serine 62 (Ser62) by Ras-activated ERKs stabilizes c-MYC and promotes activation ( xref )."
33718147
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"It is known that Ras activates ERK in an isoform-specific manner ( xref ), and thus, BTA-EG 4 may act differentially to promote dendritic spine density in wild-type mice (the normal condition) and in a mouse model of AD (the pathological condition)."
24316432
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"The GTP loading and the protein level of mutated RAS were decreased in cells with reduced ERK activity as a result of APC overexpression, indicating that APC regulates RAS-induced ERK activation at least partly by reduction of the RAS protein level."
16478791
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"Recently, we demonstrated that CNK is required for insulin induced Ras mediated activation of Raf, MEK, and ERK in Drosophila S2 cells and that CNK is at least partly responsible for recruiting Raf to[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
15028221
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"These studies demonstrate that BK stimulates Ras-dependent activation of ERK1/2 in mIMCD-3 cells via transactivation of EGFR through a novel mechanism."
12604671
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"Woessman and coworkers find that Ras mediated activation of ERK by cisplatin induces cell death independently of p53 in osteosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines."
26984736
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"Expression of a dominant-active (DA) Rac1 or PAK1 mutants overrides the inhibitory effect of Merlin on Ras induced ERK activation and soft agar colony formation, suggesting that Merlin functions through the Rac-PAK axis to suppress Ras-ERK signaling and tumor growth [XREF_BIBR]."
20302846
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"One of the pathways that exerts a regulatory effect on the TGF-beta pathway by regulation of Smad signaling is the Erk MAP kinase pathway, which is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as EGFR, and by Ras, a small G protein that is activated by RTKs."
21736894
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"Recently, IQGAP3 has been suggested to regulate cell proliferation via the RAS-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). xref Vestigial-like 1 (VGLL1), another TSA of our list, represents cancer-placenta (CP) antigens."
23802073
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"RAS and RAF signaling activates PI3K and AKT as well as MEK and ERK signaling pathways and could be inhibited by ERK and AKT kinase in feedback loop [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
32375238
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"H2O2 signaling to ARE4 was mediated by activation of both the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and ERK1/2 pathways modulated by Ras."
14638694
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"In various cell types activation of Ras leads to activation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, which exert opposing effects on adipogenesis, with ERK1/2 inhibiting and PKB and Akt promoting terminal differentiation."
12000769
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"We also identified two distinct signalling pathways : PKC selectively activates p38 MAPK, and the ras and raf pathway selectively activates ERK1/2 MAPK."
16091303
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"Knockout of Kras, the only RAS gene in these cells, causes their proliferative arrest and abrogates ERK signaling, but they remain viable."
26343582
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"Specifically, constitutive ERK activation by oncogenic Ras or MEK-DD suppressed alphaB-crystallin induction during matrix detachment, while pharmacologic MEK inhibitors mimicked matrix detachment by inducing alphaB-crystallin in adherent cells."
25684139
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"A central feature of signal transduction downstream of both receptor and oncogenic tyrosine kinases is the Ras dependent activation of a protein kinase cascade consisting of Raf-1, Mek (MAP kinase kinase) and ERKs (MAP kinases)."
7542586
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"Overexpression studies in mice suggest that ras mediated ERK activation plays an important role in the growth of individual cardiomyocytes, whereas p38 and JNK activation does not promote cardiac hypertrophy but instead promotes cardiac dysfunction."
18752467
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"In particular, oncogenic Raf and Ras promote cell growth by increasing the magnitude and duration, respectively, of ERK activity."
18248081
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"A closely related protein, RasGRP2 (CalDAG-GEFI), activates Rap1A and inhibits Ras dependent activation of the ERK and MAP kinase cascade."
20696322
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"The results implied that Rap1 signaling directly activated ERK, via B-Raf for instance (Mikula et al., 2001), or synergistically potentiated Ras mediated ERK activation as recently reported in neurona[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12892713
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"RAF1 is a member of the RAF family of signaling kinases, downstream of RAS, which activate the MEK–ERK pathway that promotes cell proliferation and survival."
32243019
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"The CAM-dependent step in the Erk1/2 activation cascade is downstream of Ras activation, because inhibitors of CAM antagonize Erk1/2 activation induced by constitutively activated mutants of Ras and c-Src but not by constitutively activated mutants of Raf and MEK (mitogen and extracellular signal-regulated kinase)."
9988712
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"The biochemical state of anergic T cell clones is also characterized by a block in Ras mediated activation of ERK1/2 and reduced activity of JNK and p38 XREF_BIBR."
24324645
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"Interestingly, the hyaluronan (HA) binding domains of intracellular forms of RHAMM are required for activation of erk kinase by mutant active ras and by growth factors that activate ras , such as[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
9872419
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"A pathway of Sos, Ras, Raf, and MEK can activate ERK1/2, but it is not known if AKT interacts with one of these compounds or interacts with the pathway at the level of ERK1/2."
23954166
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"BRAF V600E mutation has been implicated in the progression of several types of carcinoma by RAS independent activation of MEK and ERK signaling pathways 52, which has also been reported in about 46-82% of AM cases XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."
32382005
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"By contrast, V12S35 Ras activated ERK and JNK1 but was defective in stimulating membrane ruffling."
9024640
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"EphA2 signaling also inhibits R-Ras, a more distant Ras family member known to activate PI3 kinase but not the Erk MAP kinase pathway [XREF_BIBR]."
20837138
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"The activated EGF-R initiates a cascade of phosphorylation events involving sequentially the proteins Ras and Rho, Raf which targets ERKs or MEKK which targets Jun kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase."
14706512
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"Many investigators have linked Ras and ERK1/2 to learning and memory, since temporal modulation of ERK1/2 activation by Ras is known to play a critical role in several forms of neuroplasticity."
28649228
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"A dominant negative form of RHAMMv4 inhibits mutant active Ras activation of ERK and coimmunoprecipitates with both mitogen activated protein kinase kinase and ERK, suggesting that the intracellular RHAMMv4 acts downstream of Ras, possibly at the level of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase-ERK interactions."
9556628
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"Treatment of fibroblast cells with this compound had very little effect on RAS mediated activation of ERK and JUN kinase activities."
9399643
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"The Ras signaling cascade can result in stimulation of ERK1/2 (also referred to as p42 and p44 MAP kinase) and also the Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK, also referred to as Stress Activated Protein Kinases, SAPK)."
24929098
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"Likewise, ERK1/2 and RSK1, activated by the Ras signaling cascade, activate mTORC1 in the same manner."
25898275
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"The ERK O2M ' PK and p44M ` PK) cascade is initiated by activation of ras, which leads to a subsequent activation of raf-1, ERK kinase and ERK."
10374931
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"Although classical Ras (H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras) activated by NGF signaling induces activation of ERK pathway, the activation is transient and not sufficient for PC12 cell differentiation."
16923128
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"However, when ERK1/2 was selectively activated by an oncogenic RAS mutant, ERK5 phosphorylation at Thr732 was induced without affecting the phosphorylation status at TEY or Ser769/773/775."
25689862
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"The present results demonstrate that S1P can induce Ras-dependent ERK activation through PTX-sensitive GPCRs and that Ras plays a critical role in S1P-induced angiogenesis in HCECs."
12821130
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"RAS activates MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, which are essential for cell survival and proliferation [83]."
| PMC
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"26 Accumulating evidence indicates that some growth factors mediate Rap-1A/B signaling to minimize Ras mediated ERK activation in certain cell models."
23219753
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"Although oncogenic Ras leads to hyperactivation of the MAPK cascade, EGF treatment was nevertheless able to further increase Erk phosphorylation suggesting that mutated Ras leads to constitutive but submaximal activation of Erk via the MAPK cascade."
33777943
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"In this study, TGF-beta-mediated activation of Smad2 was not affected by Ras expression and Ras activation of ERK was not affected by TGF-beta treatment, although Ras and TGF-beta together cooperate to induce COX-2 expression."
18644977
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"In this signaling pathway, RAS proteins stimulate the activity of the kinase cascade of RAF, MEK and ERK to signal to the nucleus to transmit cell proliferation and survival signals."
19968818
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"For example, the ERK MAPKs are activated by a Ras dependent pathway in response to many growth factors and hormones [XREF_BIBR], whereas the SAPK and JNK and p38 MAPKs are activated by environmental stresses, such as, UV radiation, osmotic shock, heat shock, protein synthesis inhibitors, LPS, and by proinflammatory cytokines, such as, IL-1 and TNF [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
23269906
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"Ras-dependent activation of ERK and Akt involves a series of intermediary kinases and accessory proteins regulated by phosphorylation."
19922411
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"Similarly, AuQC 705 –BAMLET had negative impact on MAPK–ERK-mediated signal transduction, with a noticeable decrease in phosphorylation of Ras-activated MEK1/2, c-Raf and ERK1/2 as well as downstream c-Myc."
32661307
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"Focal adhesions and Ras are functionally and spatially integrated to mediate IL-1 activation of ERK."
21719512
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"The GTP loading and the protein level of mutated RAS were decreased in cells with reduced ERK activity as a result of APC overexpression, indicating that APC regulates RAS induced ERK activation at least partly by reduction of the RAS protein level."
16478791
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"These observations are clearly consistent with the notion that p62 is the missing link between Ras and IKK activation, because IKK activation has also been reported to require Ras induced ERK and Akt [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
18394557
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"Indeed, ectopic expression of NS1 inhibited RAS dimerization and nanoclustering and inhibited activation of ERK and AKT by both growth factors and oncogenic RAS."
35101232
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"Ras is known to induce ERK activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
19492026
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"Full-length Sin1 protein co-localised and interacted with Ras in vivo and its over-expression was found to inhibit Ras mediated activation of ERK1/2, Akt and JNK signalling.Full-length Sin1 sequences [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17303383
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"It is possible that the augmented activation of Ras by ST5 overexpression could not counteract Menin mediated suppression of the Ras and ERK pathway in the context of STZ induced diabetes.Rassf1a also[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
29650351
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"The classic Ras mediated pathway of ERK1/2 activation by LPS was confirmed when the specific Raf-1 inhibitor, GW 5074, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, both reduced ERK activation by 51-60%."
17045653
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"In contrast to the activation of ERK by Ras, JNK is activated by Rho family GTPases, including Rac and Cdc42."
12906932
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"Activated, GTP loaded Rap1 antagonizes Ras activation of Raf-1 and ERKs by binding to and sequestering Raf-1 away from Ras - an action that is triggered by PKA [37]."
12074885
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"The phosphorylation of Ras stimulates a stepwise activation of kinase signalling of Raf, MEK and ERK."
33776463
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"The BRAF V600E mutation is a well-accepted poor prognostic factor in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), as it confers Ras-independent stimulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway involved in proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and the suppression of apoptosis."
31353365
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"However, Ras-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK has been suggested to play a critical role in either growth or differentiation in different model systems."
11262176
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"Activation of Ras and Rheb stimulated downstream mTOR and ERK pathways."
34467534
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"p21 (ras) stimulates pathways in addition to ERK, p38, and Akt to induce elongation of neurites in PC12 cells."
11169613
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"In Drosophila larval NMJ growth regulation, ERK is specifically activated by Ras and its activation downregulates the protein levels of the cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin II (FasII) at NMJs [XREF_BIBR]."
18925939
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"Serum, fibronectin, Src (Y527) and Ras (V12) activated CaMKII and ERK, at different extents."
22592532
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"Overexpression of NRX selectively suppresses the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway and ablation of NRX by RNA-interference (RNAi) results in activation of TCF, accelerated cell proliferation and enhancement of oncogenicity through cooperation with mitogen activated extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) or Ras."
16604061
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"For instance, overexpression of active Rap1 inhibits Ras induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Xenopus oocytes, and in mammalian cells antagonizes the Ras dependent activation of extracellular signal [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
10675535
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"Ras small G protein isoforms activate a kinase cascade including Raf, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK, which in turn induce cell proliferation and growth regulation."
29864496
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"Previous studies have shown that the PHB complex is essential for Ras induced ERK activation."
| PMC
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"Oncogenic Ras constitutively activates ERK and increases transcription of JUN, JUNB, FRA1 and FRA2, but not of FOS, increasing the population of JUN–FRA1 dimers and thus increasing AP1 activity xref ."
20029425
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"In particular, receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent Ras activates the MAP kinase ERK, which contributes to the inhibition of TSC and activation of m-TOR [ xref , xref ]."
32885169
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"These efforts resulted in the identification of compounds that inhibit RAS and RAF binding and in turn suppress RAS driven ERK activation, but also compounds that have the deleterious effect of enhancing the interaction to upregulate pathway signaling."
34158349
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"Our results revealed that the Hippo-ERK network (shown in XREF_FIG) frequently displays biphasic behaviours (e.g., Akt induces biphasic (concave-down and -up) responses of ERK activity, and Ras induces biphasic responses of both ERK and MST2 activities) but interestingly it does not possess the IFF network motif explicitly."
27527217
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"RAS required CRAF to activate the MEK and ERK pathway."
25422890
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"Second, RAS tyrosine phosphorylation at position 32 negatively impacts on downstream signaling, possibly by favoring the interaction with RAS-GAP; by removing this modification, SHP-2 promotes ERK activation (Figure 2B) (52)."
31708921
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"Rap1 activity itself, however, is subject to suppression by the Rap1 GTPase, Rap1GAP (also Rap1GAPII), a phenomenon that arguably serves to facilitate Ras-induced downstream ERK1/2 activation [ xref – xref ]."
25742624
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"In contrast, the same drugs efficiently inhibited Ras induced ERK1/2 phospshorylation in rat brain neuroblasts [XREF_BIBR], as well as geranylgeranylation of Rho family GTPase in neurons [XREF_BIBR], leading to an increase in apotosis and tau phosphorylation, respectively [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."
21536132
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"TNF and Ras can activate a significant number of the above noted pathways (p38, ERK, and NF-kappaB in particular) in generating cells with CD44 +/CD24- phenotype."
20691079
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"In both cases, the ocular defects can be ameliorated by constitutional activation of ERK by Ras signaling."
25236977
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"Ras activation and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 were strongly suppressed by the dsRNA."
12964047
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"Oncogenic Ras causes constitutive activation of the ERK pathway, resulting in cellular transformation and tumorigenesis."
17535970
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"In order to measure the pathway activity, we first measured Ras protein activity levels able to stimulate the ERK cascade."
23506169
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"In addition, transient expression of βγ, but not α i , is often sufficient to induce Ras-dependent extracellular signal regulated protein kinase activation."
10443582
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"This unresponsiveness is associated with the constitutive activation of the small G protein, Rap1, and the lack of Ras-dependent activation of ERK."
12855697
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"Phosphorylation of Raf1 and activation of Ras promote ERK signaling [XREF_BIBR]."
22983898
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"Therefore, we investigated whether tipifarnib, an FTI, can similarly decrease Ras mediated ERK activation in RWPE-1, C4-2B, and PC-3 cells."
29802284
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"Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (AG 1478), Ras and Raf, as well as antioxidants inhibited activation of ERK and Akt, while the Src inhibitor PP2 had no effect."
16860436
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"We show that NPM-ALK induces Ras activation and phosphorylation of the ERK MAP Kinase consistent with activation of the Ras-MAP Kinase pathway."
17110082
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"Collectively, they are found in a set of important pathways such as the Ras driven Erk1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling, those mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), or those that are involved in cell cycle and apoptosis, DNA damage control, chromatin modification, and transcriptional regulation [XREF_BIBR], [XREF_BIBR]."
25265995
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"This Ras dependent stimulation of the MEK and ERK pathway occurs only in quiescent cells forcing them to enter S phase (Benn and Schneider, 1995)."
12686421
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"The constitutive activation of Ras, the differences observed in Grb-2.5 B associated tyrosine phosphorylated proteins reported here, along with previously reported upstream regulation [7], supports a [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
14516791
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"Our study demonstrates that RasGRP3, a regulator of both Ras and Rap1, negatively regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines (especially IL-6) by activating Rap1 and inhibiting ERK1/2 activation in response to low levels of TLR agonists, which may serve as an early regulatory machinery to limit inflammatory response of macrophages to feeble infection."
25118589
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"That activation of ERK1/2 by Ras can lead to the up-regulation of DR4 and DR5 has been previously demonstrated ( xref )."
19654295
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"Evidence is presented that PKC isotypes epsilon and zeta, but not lambda are required for the Ras mediated activation of ERKs."
11551901
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"In bladder cancer, LOXL1 and LOXL4 inhibited oncogenic RAS mediated activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), a tumor suppressive action leading to reduced colony formation [XREF_BIBR]."
33271772
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"Subsequent studies using these cell systems revealed that another potent inhibitor, gliotoxin, as well as the CMLD 7877 compound, which displayed binding to the CRAF-RBD at high concentrations in the SPR analysis, could also inhibit RAS-dependent ERK activation ( xref and xref )."
34158349
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"A dominant negative Ras (N17) construct expressed in primary hepatocytes prevented the activation of ERK by DCA."
11826403
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"Treatment of fibroblast cells with this compound had very little effect on RAS mediated activation of ERK and Jun kinase activities."
9309148
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"Initially, in addition to kinase inactive forms of Tpl-2 which were demonstrated to inhibit activation of ERK by Ras or Raf, inhibitory forms of Raf and Ras were able to block ERK activation by Tpl-2,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
9024636
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"For example, impeding KSR1 localization to the plasma membrane could disrupt Ras driven ERK activation."
28333549
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"Interestingly, bFGF induced PLD activation and neurite outgrowth did not require ERK1/2 activated by Ras."
17146759
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"This is because a constitutively active Ras, which can not be deactivated by Ras-GAP, is always able to activate Raf-1 and B-Raf which results in the constitutive activation of MEK and subsequently ERK to high levels."
19804630
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"Altogether, our data have demonstrated that N-Ras alone suppressed butyrate induced apoptosis, even though all of the Ras family members could activate ERK (XREF_FIG)."
23274911
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"As can be seen in Figure XREF_FIG, the Ras model produces a transient active ERK response whereas the other two models, which both include the Rap1 pathway, produce a sustained active ERK response."
19292901
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"Manumycin A is an inhibitor of the Ras farnesyl transferase (i.e., Ras mediated ERK activation), as well as the neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (n-SMase 2) [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
33322043
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"Similarly, competition for regulation of ERK activation by cAMP and Ras in tumors of neural crest–derived cells, such as melanoma ( xref ), may involve Rapgef2 or a closely related cAMP sensor."
23800469
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"Activation of Rap1 by cAMP induces the association of Rap1 with Raf-1 and limits Ras dependent activation of ERK."
11340161
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"IL-8 induces EMT through PI3K–AKT and rat sarcoma (RAS)–rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)–mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)–ERK in various cancers88."
34083781
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"The ERK cascade is usually initiated by Ras, a small G binding protein."
15196882
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"Ras also stimulates the mitogen activated kinases ERK1/2 via the Raf1 cascade."
23613993
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"The polyubiquitination and degradation of RAS was also observed in cells expressing MRAS, HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS as well as oncogenic RAS mutants and inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 and cell growth."
31337872
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"LOXL1 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene in bladder cancer by inhibiting colony formation and antagonizing Ras activation of the ERK signaling pathway."
33614230
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"Ras activation of ERK was inhibited by both Pak1(R299) and Pak1(L83,L86,R299), while neither mutant inhibited Raf activation of ERK."
9234703
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"Members of the MAP kinase family are frequently involved in TGF-beta and Smad signalling and nuclear accumulation of activated Smads can be modulated by Ras activated Erk kinases."
16611366
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"In contrast, FGF2 stimulation or overexpression of constitutively active Ras, Raf, or MEK enhances the activity of the TGF-beta1-induced Ras -- ERK pathway."
25996975
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"The presence of Ras will activate c-raf, MEK and ERK, followed by c-fos regulation once transported into nucleus."
27965575
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"Signaling studies suggest that the actions of IGFBP-5 in osteoblasts involve Ras association family isoform C activation of Erk-1/2 ( xref )."
29503631
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"According to a recent publication [33], expression of the dominant negative (DN) aPKC lambda K275W mutant reverses v-Ras induced transformation of NIH3T3 cells and interferes with the Ras mediated act[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
9762345
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"Several studies observed that romidepsin treatment inhibited Ras activation of ERK and AKT [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR], although the relevance of these activities to romidepsin anti-tumor activity has not been established."
19682393
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"In Bam32 deficient CD4 + T cells, it has been shown that TCR stimulated ERK phosphorylation depends both on Ras dependent and Bam32 dependent (but Ras independent) signaling pathways [XREF_BIBR], because overexpression of dominant negative Ras (dnRas) or Bam32 deletion leads to similar reductions in TCR stimulated ERK activation."
23506953
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"Other studies have demonstrated that elevated Rho signaling via oncogene Ras driven ERK activation or ErbB2 driven PI3K induce cytoskeletal contractility, cell growth, and destabilize tissue architecture XREF_BIBR."
20870407
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"We further show that mTOR inhibition with everolimus leads to activation of the Ras mediator Erk that is reversible with palbociclib."
28814434
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"Ras successively activates Raf, MEK, MAPKs, ERK, JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase), and p38 (HOG), among others, and the activated MAPKs then enter the cell nuclei to activate transcription factors (e.g. Elk1, Etsl, c-Myc) through phosphorylation."
29455668
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"ERK1/2 activated by Ras and heterotrimeric G proteins translocate not only to the nucleus but also the cytosol to activate a number of transcriptional factors, such as Elk and RSK, and regulate divers[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
26169956
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"Ras mediated peak stimulation of ERK by PACAP, whereas Rap1 was necessary for the sustained activation phase."
12473665
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"Studies on GPCR signalling to ERK have identified the involvement of G i βγ dimers (Crespo et al., 1994; Koch et al., 1994) , which can regulate nonreceptor tyrosine kinase-catalysed phosphorylation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11150592
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"Two kinds of signaling pathway converge at the SRE: one links TCF activity to the Ras- induced ERK activation, while the other links SRF activity to Rho family induced signals (see Figure 10A)."
7600583
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"In myeloid progenitors, Ras and PI3K have been reported to individually mediate M-CSF-induced MEK and ERK activation in parallel [XREF_BIBR]."
18275061
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"Later, activation of both G- and G-coupled receptors was found to induce ligand-independent tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR or PDGFR and, subsequently, Ras-dependent activation of ERK."
11583913
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"Together, these results support that up-regulation of OTUB1 may play a crucial role in tumorigenic transformation of cells harboring wt KRAS by promoting RAS induced ERK activation."
26881969
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"The betagamma dimer, acting as a functional subunit, is involved in Ras activation of ERK1/2 MAPK cascade, leading to changes in gene expression and cell cycle progression."
24904289
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"As shown in xref , unlike wild-type NgBR-HA ( xref , lane 4) or NgBR(L186)-HA mutant ( xref , lane 6), which does not lose the binding to Ras ( xref , lane 2 and 3), NgBR(E262)-HA and NgBR(TM)-HA mutants ( xref , lane 8 and 10), which lose the binding to Ras ( xref , lane 4 and 5), cannot increase EGF-stimulated Ras activation and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in NIH-3T3 cells ( xref , lane 8 and 10)."
28068323
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"In addition, overexpression of LPAAT-beta, but not the alpha isoform, cDNA in Xenopus oocytes enhanced both raf- and ras mediated activation of ERK and associated germinal vessel breakdown (Coon et al, 2003)."
15841084
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"In contrast to the activation of ERK by Ras, JNK is activated by Rho family GTPases, including Rac and Cdc42."
12906932
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"Indeed, signalling evoked by the ERK activator Ras has been found to be elicited by input activity in postsynaptic dendritic spines XREF_BIBR, and ERK inhibition affects structural plasticity and the synthesis of new proteins in a cell culture model of synaptic plasticity XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
17622349
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"Specifically, wild-type Ras overexpression and alterations in numerous growth factor and other non canonical pathways converge to activate ERK1/2."
28151720
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"SKAP-55−/− primary T-cells showed an increase in TCR mediated ERK activation, while the use of multiple independent shRNA knock down (KD) T-cells showed an increase in TCR mediated ERK and p21 ras activation."
18320039
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"At the molecular level, Ras dependent activation of the AKT and ERK pathways play important roles in UVA induced PTEN down-regulation."
23129115
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"We also demonstrated that while overexpression of the dominant negative form of Ras, N17-Ras, could inhibit ERK activation induced by EGF as reported [27,28]; it could not inhibit its activation induc[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
18771726
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"Our data delineate a complex interaction between BET proteins and RAS signaling in which BET inhibition can either activate or inhibit ERK, depending on the context."
29674704
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"Transient expression of the dominant negative H-Ras significantly suppressed ERK activation by full-length CD40, but marginally suppressed ERK activation by CD40 delta 246, compatible with the possibility that TRAF6 is a major transducer of ERK activation by CD40 delta 246, whose activity is mediated by a Ras independent pathway."
9432981
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"Thus, we propose that an additional step involving vesicle-mediated endocytosis is required for the rapid, Ras-dependent activation of Erk kinases in fibroblasts."
9395506
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"Zoledronic acid (ZA), an inhibitor of ras/rho, reduced the HCA -mediated ERK activation by both HCA agonists and the C10- but not the 3HDec-induced GPR84-mediated signal (Fig. 6a, Table S4)."
32102673
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"Indeed, it was found in mouse fibroblasts that the ERK activator Ras and also myc impact the cell cycle machinery through the cyclins D [30]."
17568564
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"In light of this, the simplest hypothesis is that a combined stimulation of Ras by Shc linked integrins and growth factor receptors is required to activate ERK beyond the threshold level required for [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
9741627
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"RAS can activate two major downstream MAPKs : ERK and JNK."
29925042
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"In contrast to the reciprocal effects of Gab1 and Gab2 in mediating Elk-1 induction, these two molecules have a similar function in extracellular signal regulated kinase activation induced by either oncogenic Ras or growth factor stimulation."
10391903
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"MRAS targets SHOC2-PP1 to dephosphorylate the S259 site of RAF proteins when bound to other molecules of RAS (or RRAS members) and plays a critical contribution to ERK activation by RTKs and mutant RA[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
24211266
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"The GTPase Ras is a main activator of Erk, and two types of Ras activators, Ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor (RasGRF) and Sos, have been implicated in NMDA induced Erk activation."
19429099
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"Mechanistically, we have shown that tau limits the binding of SynGAP1, a site specific inhibitor of Ras, to the post-synaptic PSD-95 protein complex, enabling Ras mediated ERK activation downstream of NMDARs."
28883427
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"ERK signaling is driven by oncogenic RAS and RTK proteins, as well as by mutational activated BRAF proteins."
29312543
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"DIRAS1 may serve as a competitive inhibitor of Ras and antagonize Ras mediated ERK1/2 signaling to promote cell apoptosis and suppress cell invasion."
28491151
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"30 The efficacy of sorafenib has been demonstrated in plenty of clinical studies since it was approved by the FDA as the first-line treatment of HCC in 2007.9,31,32 Sorafenib inhibits retrovirus-associated DNA sequence protein (RAS)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma protein (RAF)/mitogen activation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways.33,34 However, the resistance of sorafenib limits its long-term anticancereffect."
34765572
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"On the other hand, expression of dominant negative Ras proteins did not alter the activation of the HDC promoter, indicating that gastrin controls the HDC gene through a Ras independent pathway that a[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
10477091
sparser
"This signaling cascade leads to the activation of Ras and MEK kinase, which then activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinases [ERK1/2; xref ]."
21286247
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"BRAF is the principal downstream effector molecule of RAS signaling in the RAS-RAF-MEK and ERK kinase signal transduction pathway."
33319153
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"Instead, combination therapies that target growth factor receptors, multiple signalling pathways and signalling targets point the way forward [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]; an example of this would be an EGFR and ErbB2 inhibitor plus a multi signalling pathway inhibitor (for example, the Ras farensyltransferase inhibitor, which blocks ERK1/2 activation and mTor (mammalian target of rapamycin) signals plus a ' full oestrogen antagonist ' (for example, fulvestrant))."
19818165
sparser
"Although the requirements for Ras-dependent ERK activation are well defined during thymocyte development, RasGEF-dependent signaling does not seem to fully explain TCR-dependent ERK activation in peripheral T cells."
23506953
sparser
"Thus, IQGAP3 regulates the promotion of cell proliferation through Ras-dependent ERK activation."
18604197
sparser
"To investigate the specific role of A-Raf in this process we generated A-Raf deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and embryonic stem (ES) cells by gene targeting and characterized their ability to undergo proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, ERK activation, and transformation by oncogenic Ras and Src."
11821947
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"Ras activation is known to signal downstream through the RAF-MEK signaling axis to activate ERK1/2 or through the PI3K signaling axis to activate AKT."
25455859
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"NFLS belongs to the group of phenotypically overlapping neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes that are all caused by germ line mutations in genes of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and that present with some degree of learning difficulties or mental retardation."
19118178
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"When pyramidal cells were quiescent, interneuronal activation led to an upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and parvalbumin (Pvalb) gene transcriptions, mediated by activation of the Ras/extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/ERK MAPK) pathway."
30110232
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"Rap1 was originally reported to antagonize Ras activation of c-Raf and ERK."
21040840
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"ERK1/2 activation by GPCRs can be mediated by the activation of Ras, PKC, tyrosine kinases (e.g., c-Src), trans-activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, or via arrestins."
22174878
sparser
"Ras activation of ERK1/2 can also lead to phosphorylation and inhibition of GSK3β [ xref , xref ]."
22999860
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"To verify and extend these results, we expressed the same mutant form of Drosophila Ras that is predicted to selectively activate ERK signaling, in motor neurons and found that expression of Ras1V12S35 in motor neurons led to synapse expansion (XREF_FIG)."
20193670
sparser
"Inhibition of MAPK further increases gel contraction, while Ras activation of ERK-1/2 inhibits TGF-beta1-induced gel contraction."
19560950
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"We have investigated the role of two GPCR regulated tyrosine phosphoproteins, p125 (FAK) (FAK) and Shc, in the Ras dependent activation of Erk kinases by endogenously expressed GPCRs in Rat 1a fibroblasts."
9395506
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"Ras, thus in principle, could sharply activate ERK and MST2 triggering both cell proliferation and apoptosis in cells where Akt is weakly activated by Ras."
25607644
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"However, unlike KSR-1, which is required for the activation of Ras and MAPK pathway, KSR-2 has little effect on Ras induced ERK and IkappaB kinase activation [18]."
19563921
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"The Rat Sarcoma (RAS) GTPAse mediated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway regulates multiple biological processes across metazoans."
27924578
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"For example, the GTP bound active form of Rap1, a Ras related small GTPase which can also activate ERK1/2, has been shown to be preferentially enriched on endosomes, and Spred2 has also been shown to be capable of inhibiting Rap1 activation."
19822672
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"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR Our previous study, XREF_BIBR implicated changes of several abnormal gene networks including mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP) kinase, JAK and STAT, Ras pathway, Ras induced ERK1/2 and tumor protein 53 (p53) dependent pathways in HMGA2 silenced RB cells."
25232279
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"BRAF is one of three ras activating factors (RAF) that are stimulated by RAS and subsequently activate mitogen activated protein and extracellular signal regulated kinase (MEK) in this signaling pathway."
23677693
sparser
"Often depicted as such a simple pathway downstream of Ras, it prompts the logical assumption that inhibition of this pathway at the level of Raf or MEK should be equivalent in blocking ERK activation by mutant Ras."
22004085
sparser
"Of note, in PDO-KRAS G12V and PDO-NRAS Q61H , these challenging growth conditions provoked adaptive enhancement of ERK activation by oncogenic RAS ( xref ’), hinting either at direct signaling rewiring or at clonal selection over the course of weeks."
33795873
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"Collectively, these findings were consistent with the prevailing concept that GPCR dependent and receptor independent stimulation of Ras mediated ERK1/2 activation uses proximal signals generated by the betagamma subunits of G protein coupled to c-Src activation XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."
22384144
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"Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel pathway in ES cells that 8-Br-cAMP activate PLD through PKA and ERK1/2 and this ERK and PLD activation by 8-Br-cAMP is mediated by Src and Ras, separately."
16214133
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"CrkL mediates Ras dependent activation of the Raf and ERK pathway through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G in hematopoietic cells stimulated with erythropoietin or interleukin-3."
10514505
reach
"Furthermore, dominant active Rap1 mutants (Rap1V12) attenuate Ras mediated ERK activation, via competitive interference with c-Raf activation by Ras [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
29621614
sparser
"Low-grade stimulation through the T-cell receptor (TCR) in Jurkat cells results in Ras dependent Erk activation. xref We therefore utilized signaling assays with low grade TCR stimulation to evaluate the effects of 1b on Erk and Ras activation."
22142613
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"Intriguingly, PEA-15 also potentiates Ras activation of ERK by an adhesion independent mechanism."
22105357
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"Extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) or MAP kinases (MAPK) are also commonly disrupted in cancer, and ubiquitinylation of Ras is essential to activate ERK and MAPK."
25493413
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"Mutation C809Y within the C terminal tail of KSR1, and distal to the ATP binding domain, also disrupts MEK binding to KSR, yet allows for increased Ras mediated ERK signaling (XREF_TABLE) [XREF_BIBR]."
28333549
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"Additionally, the ERK pathway can be activated by the small G protein Ras via the Raf group of MAP kinase kinase kinases (MKKKs) [XREF_BIBR]."
26885533
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"PDGF receptor mediated signalling in this cell background is characterized by saturation of both Ras and PI3K activation at submaximal receptor ligation (spare receptor effect); therefore, if it were the case that FGF receptors access Ras dependent signalling with equal or less potency, co-stimulation with both ligands would fail to activate MEK and ERK beyond the maximum level stimulated by PDGF."
21943356
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"Ras is continuously activated in human malignant astrocytomas (32), and activated Ras promotes PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling activation to regulate proliferation, survival, and cell migration in lung cancer and oral carcinoma (33, 34)."
31114755
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"In the absence of oncogenic Ras and Raf mutations, other oncogenic events that engage the Ras and MAPK pathway are also likely to stimulate normal feedback mechanisms that may increase the activity of various intermediaries in the Ras and MAPK signalling module, thereby promoting the ongoing activation of ERK kinase signalling."
23524590
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"Ras activation of Erk restores impaired tonic BCR signaling and rescues immature B cell differentiation."
20176802
sparser
"This points to a highly unusual situation in T-cells where a single mediator has opposing effects on p21 ras -ERK activation and adhesion."
18320039
reach
"Grb2 links the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and activate the Ras and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, which subsequently activates ERK1/2 [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
27699085
sparser
"Several studies observed that romidepsin treatment inhibited Ras activation of ERK and AKT [ xref , xref - xref ], although the relevance of these activities to romidepsin anti-tumor activity has not been established."
19682393
sparser
"A recent study of growth factor receptors, however, has demonstrated that activation of endogenous Rap1 does not affect Ras-dependent Erk1/2 activation [49] ."
10781409
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"In most cases, the ERK cascade is initiated by Ras, a small monomeric G protein and upstream effector of Raf activation (Kyriakis, 1998)."
11707292
sparser
"In addition, Ras-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylates TSC2 at S664, also leading to inactivation of TSC2 ( xref )."
26522726
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"37 Inhibition of Ras either using chemical inhibitor FTI2153 or by overexpressing dominant negative form of Ras, induced apoptosis in leukemic LGL by inhibiting ERK activity."
19778848
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"Ras directly activates the MEK and ERK pathway and the MEK and JNK pathway, resulting in cell proliferation and transformation."
25815459
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"PKCα-mediated growth inhibition in these cells involved RAS- and RAF-independent activation of MEK/ERK (Wen-Sheng, 2006) and ERK-dependent induction of miR-101, which targets two subunits of the PRC2 methyltransferase complex, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and embryonic early development (EED), reducing methylation of histone 3 lysine 27 to regulate gene expression (Chiang et al., 2010)."
33307285
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"Nevertheless, a dominant negative mutant of Ras, Ras DN, completely blocked the stochastic ERK activity pulses."
24140422
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"Because RAS activates PI3K and AKT and ERKs and mTOR signaling, many combination therapies have been tested 34."
29440633
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"Downstream of RTKs, Merlin has been shown to inhibit Ras mediated activation of ERK and MAPK signaling."
21481793
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"Ras mediated activation of ERK by cisplatin induces cell death independently of p53 in osteosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines."
12439598
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"The betagamma dimer instead is mainly involved in Ras activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and activation of PI3K through direct interaction of the betagamma dimer with ion channels."
29666622
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"It is also well recognized that Ras activation mediates ERK activation through direct activation of EPAC by cAMP."
25524737
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"We found that both EGF- and HRG stimulated RAS signals emanate exclusively from disordered microdomains at the plasma membrane (PM), triggering ERK activation that exhibits similar kinetics at the nucleus and the cytoplasm."
27099370
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"Moreover, we found that ERK1/2 activated by Ki Ras stimulates mitochondrial MnSOD (11)."
15172403
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"Relief of negative feedback upon treatment with inhibitors of components of RAS/ERK signaling is a major cause of adaptive drug resistance, as it results in RTK upregulation, RAS activation and RAF dimerization promoting recovery of ERK activity (20–23)."
35486097
reach
"The PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras/MEK/ERK) pathways are the major downstream pathways of IGF-1R [24] (Figure 8)."
34113218
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"The RAS activated RAF --> MEK --> extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 '-kinase (PI3 '-kinase) --> PDK1 --> AKT signaling pathways are believed to cooperate to promote the proliferation of normal cells and the aberrant proliferation of cancer cells."
15572689
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"RAS can activate both MAPK and ERK and PI3K and AKT but only ERK has been shown to be activated in human WT (Hu etal., 2011)."
28188683
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"These results indicate a 10 ng/ml stimulus of LPS induces CD14 dependent Ras activation in human PBMC.PI3 kinase can modulate activation of both Ras and the MEK and ERK cassette in the same cellular c[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17126402
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"Ras activation of ERK in human tumors relies on Shoc2 function to cooperate in the activation of Raf."
16630891
reach
"However, in all three cases, the pattern is the same and synergy with overexpressed Shoc2 is observed at the lowest levels of exogenous Ras, before Ras overexpression leads to maximal ERK activation."
16630891
sparser
"Ras then activates ERK1/2, which ultimately leads to the phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors such as CREB-1, ATF-1 and CREM-1."
18638151
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"RTKs are a family of cell surface receptors with an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain that promotes many cellular functions through the activation of RAS dependent activation of AKT and ERK1/2 pathways."
33400686
sparser
"Here, we report that Twist1 is phosphorylated at Ser 68 by Ras-activated JNK, ERK and p38 MAPKs, and this posttranslational modification is required to maintain Twist stability and its stability-dependent functions in controlling EMT and cell invasion."
21502402
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"Thus, the biphasic response of ERK can be explained by splitting it into 2 phases as depicted in XREF_FIG g : low Ras upregulates ERK (Phase I), but as Ras level continues to rise, Akt is activated leading to accumulated inactive MST2 which subsequently sequesters Raf-1 into the complexes and inhibits its activation (Phase II)."
27527217
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"For example, ZAP-70 phosphorylates other substrates and eventually recruits effector molecules such as PLC gamma and promotes Ca 2+ signaling and Ras activation which stimulates the ERK pathway and leads to cellular activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
29701673
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"The pre-synaptic p75 NTR plays a role in regulating the binding to the Trk receptor, ERK activation by Ras, neurite protuberance and activation of terminal kinase (JNK), which causes apoptosis in different neuronal cells [2]."
35625880
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"Whereas ERKs are activated by Ras, JNKs are activated by signals initiated from the small Ras like GTPases including Rac and Cdc42 (13)."
9442376
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"Expression of dominant negative Ras (N17Ras) abolished ERK activation by UVA."
15471881
sparser
"In addition to PI3K-dependent insulin signaling, another downstream limb involves IRS-1 activation of small GTPase Ras, which then activates Raf kinase, the MAP kinase (MKK1) and ERK 1/2."
25558187
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"We would predict that oncogenic Ras pathway mutations (e.g. at EGFR, Ras or Raf) would induce nuclear Erk activity that would still be subject to DUSP mediated adaptation and thus drive a brief transcriptional pulse, providing a valuable brake on sustained growth promoting gene activation."
28826673
sparser
"We show that while the FGF stimulation of PI3K signalling is relatively weak, this deficiency is compensated for by a more potent, Ras-dependent activation of ERK."
21943356
reach
"Ras activates MAPK kinase kinases, which phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases (MAPK and ERK kinase; MEK), which in turn phosphorylate and activate ERK1/2."
11137625
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"The oncogenic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ras activates ERK signaling, consistent with the observation that induction of EMT transcription factors, such as Twist1, requires concomitant Ras signaling to observe changes in phenotype."
25249658
sparser
"In Rat-1 cells, TPA activates endogenous Rap1 and this activation fails to affect Ras-dependent ERK activation, while insulin has no effect on Rap1 activity [16] ."
10675535
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"However, more physiologically relevant activation of endogenous Rap1, by growth factors, does not seem to repress Ras mediated activation of ERK (Zwartkruis et al., 1998)."
12892706
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"In vitro, CXCR2 was essential for CXCR2 ligand stimulated migration of ras transformed keratinocytes and for ligand activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt pathways."
19118017
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"In comparison to DBT, the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 was also increased by ~ 7-fold when MG-63 cells were treated with RA or RAS (XREF_FIG)."
19131392
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"These observations place PKNs downstream of PI3K, PDK1, and mTOR suggesting that PKNs may receive multiple PI3K-dependent inputs.The biological responses downstream to the interaction of chemoattractants with FPRs are regulated by Ras and Rho GTPases family, which induce the activation of PI3K, AKT and ERK1/2 [65,66,67]."
32471307
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"For example, the ERK MAPKs are activated by a Ras dependent pathway in response to many growth factors and hormones [24]."
11460313
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"In human breast cancer, the overexpressed HERV-K specifically increases Ras induced ERK activation, which suggests that the oncogenic activity of Ras protein is propagated by activation of HERV-K Env protein [XREF_BIBR]."
28070518
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"Ras induces the initial and transient ERK activation on the plasma membrane, whereas Rap1 induces persistent ERK activation in endosomes."
19864463
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"TLR stimulation results in Ras and c-Raf-dependent activation of the MEK and ERK pathway XREF_BIBR."
22384111
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"Rabex-5-mediated Ubiquitination Attenuates Ras induced ERK Activation."
20655225
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"These data indicate that RBJ may provoke MEK and ERK activation initiated either by Ras / Braf mutations or by other upstream signals activating MEK and ERK."
24746703
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"A second explanation could be that ERK activation elicited by GC RAS being of low intensity 9, would not be bolstered by co-occurring tp53 and ptprkappa mutations much further than by each of them individually."
30185827
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"The EGF induced activation of endogenous M-Ras correlates with the increased binding to Shoc2 and PP1c shown in Figure 1 E.To address any possible contribution of Shoc2 to Erk activation by Ras, the t[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
16630891
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"However, since direct activation of Raf-1 through phosphorylation by receptor activated PKC (and Ras independent activation of ERK1/2, thereafter) has been reported [20], we sought to test the involve[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12676358
sparser
"After activation, an MAPK cascade reaction occurs due to Ras activating downstream MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, resulting in the activation of multiple nuclear transcription factors and kinases in the nucleus and, thereby, affecting gene transcription and regulating cell function."
30541462
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"Two kinds of signaling pathway converge at the SRE : one links TCF activity to the Ras- induced ERK activation, while the other links SRF activity to Rho family induced signals."
7600583
sparser
"Evidence of RAS activating ERK1/2 was first provided by Sally Leevers and Chris Marshall [ xref ]."
33367512
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"While overexpression of wild-type Ras enhanced CpG ODN induced extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and NF-kappaB activation, overexpression of RasN17 inhibited CpG ODN induced ERK, JNK, and NF-kappaB activation."
12867418
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"Oncogenic Ras and Raf promote mTORC1 signalling in an ERK and RSK dependent manner."
22797077
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"Because effective RAS directed therapies are still lacking, targeting RAS-downstream signals such as MEK1/2 and/or ERK1/2 using small-molecule compounds is among the strategies used in RAS driven cancer."
33777953
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"Unexpectedly, Erk, and not PI3K and Akt or Ral was activated by Ras at mid-G1, albeit PI3K and Akt signalling was a necessary companion of Ras and Erk for sustaining cyclin-D levels and G1/S transition."
30560710
sparser
"It has also been demonstrated that, before the onset of dysplasia or cancer, metaplastic epithelium has already begun to progressively accumulate the molecular changes characteristic of invasive pancr[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12842085
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"Because Ras mediates both Erk and PI3K and Akt pathways, inhibition of these oncogenic pathways are also possible mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effect of ZOL."
23741352
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"This is further supported by the finding that NM23H2 blocks ERK pathway activation by oncogenic Ras."
19022560
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"The results indicate that Ras and Raf -1 activation mediated WISP-1-induced migration and MMP expression.The MEK and ERK signaling pathway is a critical downstream target of Raf-1 [38], which has been[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
24036215
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"These studies underscore the current challenge of reconciling how activation of ERK can be involved in mediating the pro apoptotic effects of Ras under certain conditions, while the preponderance of evidence over the past two decades points to a role for Ras mediated ERK activation in promoting mitogenesis and cell survival."
21196257
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"Moreover, ERK pathway activation triggered by RAS or RAF also contributes to EMT XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, and ERK1/2 blockade restrains EMT in lung cancer cells 15."
30042387
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"For example, the ERK MAPKs are activated by a Ras dependent pathway in response to many growth factors and hormones XREF_BIBR."
24278568
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"One candidate Ras isoform activated by RasGRF1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and has been shown to activate ERK less efficiently than other Ras isoforms."
24316432
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"We hypothesized that this could be due to a Ras driven ERK and p90 rsk contribution to S6 phosphorylation in MDA-MB-231 cells, similar to that seen in cells lacking p70 S6K [XREF_BIBR], and in 293E cells expressing NRas Q61L or stimulated with phorbol esters [XREF_BIBR]."
18498248
sparser
"The mammalian SUR-8 was also found to be able to form a ternary complex with Ras and Raf, specifically enhancing the Ras-induced ERK activation without any effect on AKT or JNK activity ( xref )."
20549726
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"Although both ERK1/2 and AKT activation are mediated by Ras, TIMP-2 activation of ERK1/2 is inhibited by PD173074, a specific inhibitor of FGFR1, whereas AKT activation is not inhibited."
26331622
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"It has also been demonstrated that, before the onset of dysplasia or cancer, metaplastic epithelium has already begun to progressively accumulate the molecular changes characteristic of invasive pancr[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12842085
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"Studies on GPCR signalling to ERK have identified the involvement of G i betagamma dimers (Crespo et al., 1994; Koch et al., 1994), which can regulate nonreceptor tyrosine kinase catalysed phosphoryla[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11150592
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"In addition, oncogenic Ras activates both the PI3K-Akt and Erk pathways and is among the most common oncogenes in human cancers."
19956179
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"Increased Ras activity in CsA treated SiHa cells, intriguingly, did not elicit the downstream Raf or ERK signalling."
25003316
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"The Ras dependent activation of ERK1/2 may involve the betaArrestin dependent recruitment of c-Src to the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR)."
11602178
sparser
"Examples include the indirect activation of ERK by RAS, which is described by one reaction in the considered pathway model."
32119655
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"Accordingly, [Ca 2+] i oscillations were shown to reduce the threshold for Ras activation potentiating ERK activation induced by suboptimal agonist concentration."
16492806
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"For example, the ERK MAPKs are activated by a Ras dependent pathway in response to many growth factors and hormones [20]."
11360925
sparser
"In turn, Ras-GTP activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinases (PI3K) ( Aguiler[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
30240634
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"These results suggest two possible Erk activation mechanisms, or combinations thereof : Ras and PI3K promote Erk signaling independently, or PI3K lies upstream of Ras in the same pathway, in which case at least one additional pathway would be responsible for the residual Erk phosphorylation seen when either Ras or PI3K is inhibited."
19225459
sparser
"Erk can be activated by Ras, while p38 and Jnk are activated by Rho family GTPases, including Rac and Cdc42 ( xref )."
34169073
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"KSR1 functions to induce the Ras dependent activation of ERK."
23217704
sparser
"Arsenite inhibits Ras-dependent activation of ERK but activates ERK in the presence of oncogenic Ras in baboon vascular smooth muscle cells."
11269657
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"Previous studies have indicated that activation of ERks in this cell line is dependent upon Ras since a dominant negative Ras (Asn 17) blocks ERK activation by insulin."
7862167
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"Expression of dominant negative Ras inhibited ERK activation by TSH, forskolin, and N (6)-monobutyryl (6MB)-cAMP, a selective activator of PKA."
19720729
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"This observation and other data on the antagonism between Rap1 and Ras in insulin signal transduction [167] and in T-cell anergy led to the notion that Rap antagonised Ras by competing for Raf and thu[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12384139
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"The last documented signaling pathway of the G-CSFR is the MAPK/ERK mediated by the p21/Ras pathway (Shc and Grb2 proteins) (25)."
33677228
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"It can be substantially stabilized when phosphorylated at serine 62 (Ser62) by Ras activated Erk activity (XREF_FIG)."
18463697
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"In contrast, both Ras and ERK activation were not affected in 1629B/SPA -1 cells, suggesting that the ERK activation was mediated by constitutive Ras activation that was independent of Rap1 signaling [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12892713
sparser
"Our findings are consistent with a prior report of RAS-dependent paradoxical ERK activation in BCR-ABL T315I–mutant chronic myeloid leukemic cells exposed to imatinib, nilotinib, or dasatinib in vitro. xref "
23134356
sparser
"Previous studies have shown a similar PKC dependence of ERK1/2 activation for the human PAC1-Hop1 isoform ( xref ), and Ras-dependent ERK1/2 activation upon PACAP38 exposure of rat cerebellar granule neurons ( xref ), where Kv4.2 is abundantly expressed ( xref )."
26456351
sparser
"Using an optogenetics-driven MAPK activation approach in cultured mammalian cells, it was revealed that distinct Ras/MAPK regulation (such as a paracrine STAT3 circuit) can distinguish between biochemical signaling outputs, namely sustained (strong) or transient (weak) Erk activation by Ras [ xref ]."
33296356
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"For example, phospholipase Cepsilon can activate both Rap1 and Ras and induce Ras dependent activation of ERK [XREF_BIBR; XREF_BIBR]."
19725049
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"In contrast to FLNA, we report that targeting FLNB enhances RAS induced tumor growth and metastasis which is associated with higher matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activity."
25244493
reach
"Therefore, increased Ras activation resulting from inhibiting farnesylation suggests that Ras must be alternately prenylated, since unprenylated Ras would not remain membrane associated and would not cause activation of ERK, p38, etc.."
20406948
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"The presented hMEC model was interrogated to ensure that it is able to reproduce some of the known global biological phenomena as previously observed experimentally (XREF_FIG), including EGF induced activation of Akt and Erk, EGF independent regulation of Erk via activated Ras, integrin dependent stimulation of Erk, Rac, and Cdc42, G protein Coupled Receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase, as well as ErbB receptor dimerization hierarchy."
23637902
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"The expression of tight junction proteins is mediated by triggering the oncogenic signaling pathway, for instance, by triggering the Ras activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in cells."
28587412
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"VI2G37 Ras was unable to bind Raf-1 or activate ERK activity in cells."
9024640
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"Interestingly, RGS14 engages upstream signaling proteins in each of these kinase cascades : Ca2 + / CaM upstream of CaMKs, Galphai/o subunits that regulate PKA, and H Ras that activates ERK."
29911178
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"Furthermore, magnolol inhibited VEGF induced Ras activation and subsequently suppressed extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and p38, but not Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)."
24066970
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"ZOL inhibits the prenylation of the small G protein Ras thereby altering the Ras mediated Erk and PI3K and Akt signaling pathways, which are critical to the intrinsic IR resistance of tumor cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
27765919
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"The recent studies revealed that RAS driven proliferation requires ROS to buffer RAS activated ERK1/2 activity [XREF_BIBR]."
30728883
sparser
"The ERK pathway is regulated by the sequential activation of the proto-oncogenes, Ras and Raf-1, and the MAPK kinases, MEK1/2, which then activate ERK1/2 by a dual phosphorylation of threonine and tyr[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
16102563
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"In human lung cells, oncogenic Ras stimulates ERK1/2 signaling, upregulating Nox1 in primary fibroblast and Nox4 in primary human embryonic fibroblast."
29710840
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"In this stepwise fashion, 14-3-3 is hypothesized to be a positive regulator of the ras-Raf-MEK-ERK MAPK cascade.To complement the biochemical data supporting a positive role of 14-3-3 in Raf-1 activat[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12385753
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"We further showed that dominant negative RAS blocked MEK and ERK activation in BCR-ABL T315I cells and that imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib drove RAF dimerization in BCR-ABL cells when oncogenic RAS was ectopically introduced."
22169110
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"Our current study provides convincing evidence that HERV-K specifically increases Ras induced ERK activation, and suggests that the oncogenic activity of Ras protein is propagated by activation of HERV-K Env protein."
27557521
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"As already outlined above, the disturbed intracellular Ca 2+ signaling could be a primary event in ADPKD and may be responsible for the switch to a proliferative phenotype with an elevation in B-Raf protein levels and cAMP stimulated, Ras dependent activation of B-Raf and ERK [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
23076254
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"We show here that focal adhesion protein Ras Suppressor 1 (RSU1) plays a critical role in cell-ECM detachment induced down-regulation of ERK signalling."
33229436
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"Oncogenic RAS and BRAF V600E mutations have been reported to activate the MEK and ERK pathway, resulting in DUSP4 expression upregulation and further ERK1/2 inhibition in colorectal cancer cells."
27143921
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"The unique interaction of Galpha 16 with TPR1, which promotes the Ras mediated ERK activation [XREF_BIBR], might be one of the possible explanations."
19025606
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"We also examined the phosphorylation of Akt at S473 and T308 and found that phosphorylation of Akt at these sites were not significantly increased by electrical stimulation (Additional file 3 : Figure S2E-H), suggesting that the signaling in response to repetitive stimulation is primarily through Ras and Raf activation of ERK1/2."
25717360
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"To do so, we determined the role of CaMKII in Raf-1 and ERK activation by oncogenic Ras and other factors."
22592532
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"Collectively, these results are consistent with the notion that the heightened PDE activity detected in asthmatic HASM cells is partly, but significantly, attributed to constitutively increased co-localization of Rap1GAP with Gα, a phenomenon that is ostensibly permissive of Gi-βγ-stimulated Ras-induced ERK1/2 activation consequent to inactivation of Rap1 by Rap1GAP."
25742624
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"In this study, TGF-β–mediated activation of Smad2 was not affected by Ras expression and Ras activation of ERK was not affected by TGF-β treatment, although Ras and TGF-β together cooperate to induce COX-2 expression."
18644977
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"This mechanism appears to be dependent on Jak mediated Ras or Raf activation of ERK (1/2)."
25698661
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"WITHDRAWN : Curcumin shifts RAS induced pro proliferative MEK and ERK signaling toward pro apoptotic p38MAPK and JNK1 signaling, triggering p53 activation and apoptosis."
28684422
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"On the other hand, it was shown that site-selective activation of Ras at the Golgi can produce Golgi-specific ERK activation."
36122391
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"DAG and other ZAP-70 derived signals activate Ras, which, in turn, activates Erk in a MAPK cascade that results in the generation of AP-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor of Fos and Jun proteins ( xref )."
23408835
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"Our results suggest that simvastatin may attenuate acrolein induced mucin protein synthesis in the airway and airway inflammation, possibly by blocking ERK activation mediated by Ras protein isoprenylation."
20359552
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"Ras signaling can then activate Erk and Jnk kinases."
15795236
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"198 Several pathways have been implicated in micropinocytosis events, such as the ERK and MAPKpathway activated by oncogenic RAS, and PI3K and mTOR signalling pathways."
33223534
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"The role of SOS1 in Ras mediated ERK activation in peripheral is controversial due to contradicting studies in which targeted SOS1 deletion has had both positive and negative effects XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
25397617
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"These data provided a direct link between the α-catenin null state, hyperproliferation, increased insulin sensitivity, and enhanced Erk MAPK and Ras activation."
11239416
sparser
"Gab1 recruits Grb2, which leads to Ras-dependent ERK activation."
18974120
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"Ras independent pathways, originating from the NGF receptor, can thus synergize with second messenger analogues bypassing the ERK cascade but leading to the same biological result -- neurite formation."
11722606
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"In zebrafish embryos, overexpression of araf-tv2 is sufficient to inhibit Fgf and Ras promoted Erk activation, mesodermal induction, dorsal development, and neuroectodermal posteriorization."
26306042
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"These data therefore support a role for Ras in coordinate activation of PI3K and Raf acting in parallel to mediate MEK and ERK promoted osteoclast survival induced by M-CSF."
18275061
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"RAS may suppress p53 through Raf/MEK/MAP kinase mediated transactivation of MDM2 and induction of p19ARF in mouse cells XREF_BIBR, while loss of p53 may induce cell proliferation through RAS independent activation of MEK and ERK signaling XREF_BIBR."
30867818
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"Additionally, CagA has been shown to increase oncogenic transformation of simian virus (SV) 40 large T-antigen and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) pre-immortalized gastric epithelial cells by Ras independent activation of ERK1/2 kinase signalling XREF_BIBR."
22312430
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"It is known that Erbin inhibits Ras mediated activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) by binding to Soc-2 suppressor of clear homolog (Shoc2)."
24711380
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"For instance, in mammary epithelial cells, depleting Crb or Pals caused dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of YAP, which is a crucial step for the inhibition of the Hippo signalling pathway and results in increased cell proliferation. xref , xref In a DMBA/TPA‐induced skin cancer model, the loss of Par3, aPKC or both, strongly reduced tumour size and multiplicity, mainly via impairing the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt by Ras. xref In mammary epithelia, dysregulation of Scrib prevented Myc‐induced apoptosis and promoted epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumorigenesis. xref , xref The effects of cell polarity disruption on tumour growth rely on the association and regulation of downstream signalling pathways. xref , xref Besides, the roles of polarity proteins in tumorigenesis seem complicated, displaying either pro‐ or anti‐tumorigenic functions and largely depending on the context of the cells. xref , xref , xref "
30328653
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"Inhibition of Ras (RasN17) significantly decreased ERK, Smad1/5/8 and AKT activation, and osteogenic markers expression."
23606500
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"Our data also provide a strong evidence of signal cross-talk between Ras and MAPK pathway and Jak and STAT pathway in T cells, showing that IL-4-induced STAT6 activity is regulated by Ras and MAPK com[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17433443
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"Together, our data indicate that NM23H2 is a negative regulator of cellular proliferation stimulated by EGF- and Ras mediated activation of the ERK pathway."
19022560
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"Ras signaling activates RAF, MEK and ERK along with other proteins, providing a strong rationale for the use of the RAS pathway to develop therapeutic interventions."
33980886
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"Finally, together with increased PDE activity attributed to free Gbetagamma regulated ERK1/2 activation, the results demonstrated that asthmatic HASM cells also exhibit markedly increased direct binding of the small Rap1 GTPase activating protein (Rap1GAP) to the alpha-subunit of G protein, a phenomenon that serves to cooperatively facilitate Ras induced ERK1/2 activation, thereby enabling enhanced Gbetagamma regulated PDE activity."
25742624
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"Ras mediated activation of the ERK pathway drives the cells out of quiescence, whereas the PI3K pathway contributes to mitogenic signaling at a later time in the cell cycle [42,48]."
15465038
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"The model correctly inferred the topology of the signal transduction pathways (i.e., RAS activates Erk and Akt, cf. xref , panel 7) as well as the translation of transcription factor mRNAs (panel 5)."
22864383
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"While Ras mainly targets the ERK pathway, Rho, Rac1 and cdc42 are mainly involved in the activation of JNK and p38 cascades XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
25025279
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"It appears that the biphasic activation of Ras by ET-1 sequentially activates the ERK cascade and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in GMC."
25966347
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"While this result suggests that Gβγ-subunit proteins and EGFRs utilize distinct mechanisms to stimulate Erk, both signal via Ras-dependent Erk activation [58] ."
11897506
sparser
"In Drosophila larval NMJ growth regulation, ERK is specifically activated by Ras and its activation downregulates the protein levels of the cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin II (FasII) at NMJs [ xref ]."
18925939
sparser
"Activated, GTP-loaded Rap1 antagonizes Ras activation of Raf-1 and ERKs by binding to and sequestering Raf-1 away from Ras – an action that is triggered by PKA [37] ."
12074885
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"However, growth factor–induced activation of Rap1 does not correlate with the repression of Ras-dependent Erk activation ."
12384139
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"These results raise the possibility that a simultaneous stimulation of Ras by Shc linked integrins and growth factor receptors may be needed to activate ERK to the extent required for cell cycle progr[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11511365
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"Furthermore, ectopic expression of constitutively active Ras in anergic T cells restores Erk1/2 activation and reverses the anergic state."
18759932
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"In their studies, activation of endogenous Rap1 failed to affect Ras-dependent ERK activation [16] ."
10675535
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"Ras induces the activation of ERK via the Fgd1-Cdc42-PAK1-MEK1 cascade ultimately resulting in interaction between FAK and PTP-PEST."
22319531
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"The V600E mutation results in RAS -independent constitutive activation of downstream MEK and ERK [ xref ]."
33407701
sparser
"DNMT1 upregulation, global DNA methylation, and malignant transformation are achieved by Ras-induced ERK activation."
26064422
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"Knockout (KO) of Kras, the only RAS gene in these cells, causes their proliferative arrest and abrogates ERK signaling, but they remain viable."
26343582
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"Cells receiving a RAS insertion that produces sufficiently high levels of expression to drive truly excessive ERK activity could be driven into senescence and thus prevented from establishing a cell line."
33073539
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"In a previous study using colon cancer cell lines, the activation of ERK by RAS oncogenes was proposed as a mechanism responsible for the strong expression of ARC [XREF_BIBR]."
28464919
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"In conclusion, Fumos has no effect on the Shp2 independent activation of Erk1/2 induced by PMA or oncogenic Ras."
26626996
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"Accordingly, while Ras-GTP is normally detected in BDNF treated cells, no Ras-GTP could be detected in striatal STHdh Q111 cells upon BDNF treatment, and transfection of the cells with constitutively active Ras restored ERK activation [XREF_BIBR] further underscoring the selective effect of Htt insult on the ERK pathway in striatal cells."
22334892
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"Ras activates ERK through Raf and MEK, and phosphorylated ERK translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus."
31788042
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"The mammalian SUR-8 was also found to be able to form a ternary complex with Ras and Raf, specifically enhancing the Ras induced ERK activation without any effect on AKT or JNK activity."
20549726
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"Increased BMP4 also promotes the Ras mediated ERK signaling cascade."
28278424
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"Here we show that RAS at the Golgi is selectively activated by apoptogenic stimuli and antagonizes cell survival by suppressing ERK activity through the induction of PTPRkappa, which targets CRAF for dephosphorylation."
30185827
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"The Ras, Raf, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade is critically involved in cellular signaling with activating mutations in Ras and Raf present in many human tumors."
20482377
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"Axin inhibits cellular proliferation and ERK pathway activation induced by either epidermal growth factor or Ras, indicating a role of Axin in the regulation of growth induced by ERK pathway activation."
17374607
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"Whereas ERKs are activated by Ras, JNKs are activated by signals initiated from the small Ras-like GTPases including Rac and Cdc42 (13)."
9442376
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"Since Ras is an upstream target of ERK, the inhibition of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway by EGCG may be significant to inhibit angiogenesis."
18355401
sparser
"Ras-induced ERK1/2 activation was accompanied with a significant β-actin decrease and γ-actin increase while the total actin amount remained unchanged (Figure xref , xref )."
26008973
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"Since previous studies suggested that romidepsin may impair Ras mediated activation of these two pathways [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR], we determined whether romidepsin treatment inhibited Ras induced activation of ERK or AKT in our cells."
19682393
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"We have shown previously that Ras stimulated ERK activation is essential for the induction and continued G1 expression of cyclin D1."
9407076
sparser
"Induction of oncogenic ras activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38(HOG) kinase in 2-12 cells."
15093608
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"These findings suggest that ERK activation by UVA is mediated by PKC in a Ras dependent pathway."
15471881
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"Moreover, wild-type Rap1 and, even more so, constitutively active Rap1-V12 induced GTP loading on Ras and ensuing activation of CRAF, MEK, and ERK (XREF_FIG)."
25531777
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"Since Ras, a 21kd protein, requires isoprenylation to activate downstream proliferative cascades of ERK and AKT [XREF_BIBR], it is perhaps not surprising to find that phosphorylation of ERK does indeed occur with the use of fluvastatin and zoledronic acid in this cell line."
24212635
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"RAS activates AF kinases such as BRAF and its downstream signalling cascade including MEK (MAP kinase) and ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinases or MAPK)."
18505566
sparser
"In contrast, Araf-tv1 overexpression enhanced ERK1/2 activation by various RAS proteins to some degrees."
26306042
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"G12V RAS activated ERK by approximately 4-fold (Figure 1D) ."
15035987
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"From the steady-state analysis, we concluded that the peak level of Ras activity in E1/4 cells was sufficiently high to induce the ultrasensitive ERK activation."
18335053
sparser
"Interestingly, RGS14 engages upstream signaling proteins in each of these kinase cascades: Ca2 + /CaM upstream of CaMKs ( xref ), Gαi/o subunits that regulate PKA ( xref ; xref ; xref ), and H Ras that activates ERK ( xref ; xref ; xref )."
29911178
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"It is not clear whether intermittent recruitment of signaling proteins to an activated receptor has any physiological implications, but it is interesting to note that the molecular circuitry of RAS me[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
25863072
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"During platelet derived growth actor (PDGF) receptor mediated signaling in fibroblasts, RHAMM was demonstrated to associate with ERK1 and overexpression of a dominant negative RHAMM mutant caused abro[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11403955
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"Although the precise nature of the interaction between the Met tyrosine kinase and integrins was not elucidated, the role of Ras in this system appears important for the sustained and enhanced activation of the PI-3 kinase and Erk kinase pathways."
15717924
sparser
"Furthermore, recent studies have shown that RabGEF1 can bind to active Ras to induce Ras ubiquitination and thereby inhibit Ras-dependent ERK activation [ xref – xref ]."
26588713
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"PI3K and Akt Dependent ERK1/2 Activation Is Mediated by Ras We next investigated the possible cross talk mechanism between the PI3K and Akt and MAPK pathways."
20126471
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"Ras Displays Multi-Functional Role and Drives Biphasic Responses of both MST2 and ERK."
27527217
sparser
"The Ras GTPase-mediated canonical activation of Erk prompted us to find out what is the state of Ras in conditions similar to those described for Erk1/2."
| PMC
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"Ras signaling contributes to the activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK and ERK) cascades that are involved in cancer progression [XREF_BIBR]."
25621889
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"That activation of ERK1/2 by Ras can lead to the up-regulation of DR4 and DR5 has been previously demonstrated."
19654295
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"Specific physiological effects of Ras glutathionylation (and subsequent activation of MEK and ERK and Akt) that might contribute to atherosclerosis were not reported here; however, it has been reported in other contexts that MEK and ERK activation within the endothelium may induce proliferation of endothelial cells, contributing to atherogenic vascular remodeling."
18774901
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"XREF_BIBR Recent studies have suggested that merlin can regulate multiple pathways implicated in tumorigenesis including retrovirus associated DNA sequences (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen extracellular signal regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), Rac and p21 activated kinase (PAK)/C-Jun kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the intranuclear E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4 (DCAF1) (XREF_FIG)."
33447015
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"Utilizing cultured cells, previous studies showed that activation of RAS by OGG1.8-oxoG induces downstream signaling, e.g., MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
25250913
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"We found that the Ras activated ERK1/2 pathway is responsible for the growth arrest upon MKL1/2 depletion in DLC1 deficient cells, because the MEK1 inhibitor U0126 abolished the anti-proliferative effect of MKL1/2 knockdown."
23853104
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"To this end, the activation of endogenous RAS oncogenes triggers minimal ERK and AKT activation in our system and others (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY and); yet, transgenic RAS alleles robustly stimulate these pathways."
25252692
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"EGFR phosphorylation, in turn, led to Ras-dependent Erk activation."
12966092
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"Neurofibromin, a Ras GPTase Activating Protein (RasGAP) encoded by the Neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) gene is thought to modulate Ras and ERK signaling, LTP and learning in mice."
18984165
sparser
"PLC-γ1-independent, Ras-dependent ERK activation."
23506953
reach
"Further, transfection of oncogenic Ras into HER2 overexpressing, lapatinib sensitive SKBR3 and BT474 cells has been shown to activate MEK and ERK signaling and abrogate response to lapatinib [XREF_BIBR]."
23531216
sparser
"Moreover, Erbin inhibits the Erk activation by active Ras, while it fails to do so in the presence of active Raf-1."
12379659
reach
"In the case of the signaling pathway studied by Birtwistle et al., the EGF signal is transmitted across the membrane to generate activated Ras, and the Ras signal, considered unimodal in the cell line used, activates the MAPK and ERK cascade after passing a threshold."
23134773
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"Concomitantly, StpC repressed Ras mediated ERK and AP-1 activation."
| PMC
reach
"Both of these G-proteins are able to activate the PI3K and Akt pathway by transactivating receptor tyrosine kinases, and the ERK1/2 pathway through induction of Ras causing ERK1/2 to translocate to the nucleus and initiate transcription."
21645150
sparser
"Previous studies have shown that Ras-dependent ERK activation as well as c-JUN transcriptional regulation is involved in NET cell proliferation xref , xref and is a common feature of neoplastic cell proliferation pathways xref – xref ."
19634160
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"Ras induced ERK1/2 activation was accompanied with a significant beta-actin decrease and gamma-actin increase while the total actin amount remained unchanged."
26008973
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"In LbetaT2 cells, Pyk2 was shown to act as a scaffold for the assembly of a signaling complex containing c-Src, Grb2, and Sos, and this complex was suggested to form a direct link between GnRH induced calcium currents and canonical Ras dependent activation of the ERK pathway [XREF_BIBR]."
20451543
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"Similarly, a dominant negative Ras construct, which suppresses ERK activation by IL-1, has been used to ameliorate inflammation and reduce joint destruction in a rat model of adjuvant induced arthritis."
19656083
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"ERK1/2 signaling is classically triggered by activation of the small G protein Ras at the myocyte menbrane, which then recruits and activates c-Raf, a MAP3K [XREF_BIBR]."
27941647
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"This represents another event where the Rap1 and Ras signals mediate the distinct modes of ERK activation to induce different effects (Section 1)."
17383543
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"Similarly, the Ras(L61)-induced activation of Raf-1, MEK, and ERK were also reduced by transfection of NM23H2 into HEK293 cells ( Fig. 3 C)."
19022560
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"For example, phospholipase Cε can activate both Rap1 and Ras and induce Ras-dependent activation of ERK [ xref ; xref ]."
19725049
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"As shown in XREF_FIG (A), inhibition of Ras using the FTI B581 suppressed Raf-1, MEK and ERK activation by the TCR."
23758320
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"Many different signaling molecules can induce cell migration by activating the small GTPase Ras, which in turn activates both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways."
| PMC
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"Although this Ras independent pathway may be sufficient to enhance MEK and ERK activation, the evidence presented here implies that this alone would be associated with a decline in the Ras activation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11024454
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"The authors demonstrate that the Ras activated, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylates TSC2, thereby dampening the repressive effect of TSC1/2 on Rheb-mTORC1 activity [XREF_BIBR]."
20948608
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"The Ras induced ERK pathway (Raf -- MEK -- ERK) is typically activated by growth factors through their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which mobilize adaptor proteins, such as Shc and Grb2, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) like Sos."
25996975
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"In the current study of PCa, we investigated a pathway of metabolic and proto-oncogenic processes including Ras activation that aberrantly activates ERK and Akt."
22258408
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"Active RAS signals activate ERK and downstream effectors as shown in XREF_FIG."
22216021
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"NA also enhanced cAMP induction, RAS activation and phosphorylation of ERK1/2."
24929186
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"APC inhibits ERK pathway activation and cellular proliferation induced by RAS."
16478791
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"Previous approaches primarily cover the inhibitors of upstream ERK activators such as Raf and Ras and MEK XREF_BIBR."
23657295
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"Furthermore, we found that TGF-beta1 promoted COX-2 expression through galectin-1 interaction with Ras and subsequent activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), and NF-kappaB pathway."
22696230
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"APC also regulates cell proliferation of RAS induced ERK activation playing an important role in colorectal tumor suppression [XREF_BIBR]."
24943349
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"Induction of NMDAR dependent LTP at hippocampal synapses can trigger Ras signaling and subsequent activation of ERK via both CaMKII-alpha and RasGRF2."
27559307
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"Furthermore, it has been shown that different levels of NR2A and NR2B at synapses differentially regulate the surface expression of glutamate receptor type 1 (GluR1)-containing 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor via the Ras activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which is essential for the modification of synaptic strength XREF_BIBR."
26877964
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"Thus, binding of a Grb2 and Sos complex to a receptor leads to activation of the Ras GTPase, which in turn stimulates the Raf, Mek, and Erk protein kinases."
10380918
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"Interestingly, L was a stronger inhibitor of ERK in HCT15 cells than the reference inhibitor PD and than the structure related compound Q.Because MAPK and ERK and PI3K and Akt pathways are both activa[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
19344998
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"Cyclin D1 expression generally requires the sequential activation of Ras, Raf1, mitogen activated protein kinase (MEK1/2) and sustained activation of ERKs (discussed below), but there are circumstance[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
14643412
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"In contrast, siRNA knockdown of endogenous Sin1 protein expression in HEK293 cells enhanced the activation of ERK1/2 by Ras."
17303383
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"This is the first report to indicate that elevated intracellular cAMP can activate ERK activity while inhibiting proliferation and the data support the concept in CSF-1-treated macrophages of Ras independent activation of ERK activity."
9514945
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"Similar results are observed in response to FGF1 stimulation or when ERK is activated by expression of RAS family GTPases : SHOC2 KD inhibits, whereas SCRIB KD stimulates, MEK and ERK phosphorylation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
24211266
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"Overexpression of 3CH134 was found to block oncogenic ras -induced activation of ERK in rat embryonic fibroblasts, REF-52 cells (Sun et al., 1994)."
9988117
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"The discovery of RAF dimerisation and its role in RAS-dependent ERK activation."
33367512
sparser
"Signaling events downstream of DAG, such as Ras activation and phosphorylation of Mek1/2 and Erk1/2, which correlate with activation of these enzymes, are elevated in DGKζ deficient T cells compared to WT controls."
18759932
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"However, further tests will be needed to confirm whether there is indeed a relationship between the mutational status of p53 and the therapeutic efficiency of Eph inhibitors.Approximately 30% to 50% of CRCs express a mutated RAS gene that promotes the constitutive activation of the ERK/MAPK downstream signaling pathway [37]."
32184826
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"If so, activation of RAS in BRAF V600E cells should prevent inhibition of ERK signaling by RAF inhibitors."
20179705
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"Binding of Src to Shc was required for its activation and for Ras dependent activation of ERK1/2, cell proliferation, and wound recovery."
12194965
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"Recent studies including ours have reported that these Galphas family 5-HT receptors induce Ras dependent activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
24614691
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"Interestingly, recent studies have revealed that Ras driven proliferation requires ROS buffering of Ras activated ERK1/2 activity [98], while ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein kinase, which is bes[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
23500136
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"Surprisingly, a role for Ras in the heat shock response was eliminated by the failure of a dominant negative Ras (Asn 17) mutant to inhibit ERK MAPK activation and the failure to observe increases in Ras.GTP."
11005808
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"H 2 O 2 signaling was mediated by activation of both the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and ERK1/2 pathways modulated by Ras."
21029308
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"ERK1/2 pathway is triggered by the activation of Ras at the myocyte membrane."
29204251
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"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR The expression of BNIP3 has also been reported to be regulated by E2F-1, 26 which is activated by Ras induced ERK and MAPK."
28151469
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"This inhibition is specific to Cot, because Ras induced ERK and IkappaB kinase induced NF-kappaB activation are not significantly affected by hKSR-2 co-expression."
12975377
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"In contrast, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, Ras stimulated ERK activity inhibits Rac activation but promotes Rho activation [25]."
19048123
sparser
"To summarize, serine 62 phosphorylation by Ras-activated ERK permits the phosphorylation of threonine 58 by GSK-3β."
21851818
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"Reintroduction of LOXL1 in bladder cancer cells was shown to inhibit colony formation and antagonize Ras mediated activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway."
24407025
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"On the other hand, Lin et al. noted that Ras induces generation of superoxide and subsequent activation of ERK and nuclear c-Jun, leading to TGF-beta1-induced ECM accumulation in mesangial cells under high glucose milieu [XREF_BIBR]."
26119175
reach
"One possibility is that it may inhibit Ras dependent activation of the Erk and MAP kinase cascade in striatal neurons."
25309327
eidos
"From these reports , it is reasonable to speculate that upon TCR engagement of CD8 + T cells , PLD2 recruits the Ras GEF RasGRP1 to the plasma membrane to activate Ras , which in turn activates Erk1 / 2 to promote cell proliferation and survival ."
29674728
trips
"Thus, unlike galectin-1, which prolongs Ras activation of ERK and inhibits PI3-K, K-Ras-GTP/galectin-3 interactions promote, in addition to PI3-K and Raf-1 activation, a third inhibitory signal that attenuates active ERK."
15205467
reach
"In the isolated MAP kinase module, ERK and MEK are activated by a Ras input of constant magnitude."
19156131
reach
"More recently, a Ras independent mechanism by which Raf inhibitors can activate the Erk pathway has been described."
24937142
reach
"The V600E mutation results in RAS independent constitutive activation of downstream MEK and ERK [XREF_BIBR]."
33407701
sparser
"Whereas Ras activates ERK, Rac activates JNK."
9462509
reach
"In M-1 cells, we showed that calcium restriction was associated with an elevation in B-Raf protein levels and cAMP stimulated, Ras dependent activation of B-Raf and ERK."
15263001
reach
"For instance, both Ras dependent (Lee and Juliano, 2004) and independent (Chen et al., 1996; Howe and Juliano, 1998; Illario et al., 2003) mechanisms have been implicated in integrin mediated ERK acti[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
16266749
reach
"The activation of Ras and Raf signals to MKKs (specifically MEK1/2) and these kinases phosphorylate and activate ERKs (ERK1/2), which then can activate by phosphorylation both, other protein kinases and several transcription factors."
23519101
sparser
"Members of the MAP kinase family are frequently involved in TGF-β/Smad signalling and nuclear accumulation of activated Smads can be modulated by Ras activated Erk kinases."
16611366
reach
"We have thus uncovered a LAT and Ras independent, Bam32 nucleated pathway that activates Erk signaling in T cells."
22981863
sparser
"In turn, Ras-GTP activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinases (PI3K) ( xref ; xref ; xref ; xref )."
30240635
reach
"Although both the Erk pathway and the PI3-kinase activity can be stimulated by transfection of activated Ras, the high level of activated forms of Erk and Akt - pErk and pAkt - is found only in MCF10DCIS.com and MCF10CA1a cell lines indicating that overactivation of Erk and Akt might be critical for developing malignant breast cancer."
24558516
sparser
"These data indicate that rPMT employs G(q/11) family heterotrimeric G proteins to induce Ras-dependent Erk activation via protein kinase C-independent "transactivation" of the epidermal growth factor receptor."
10636931
reach
"Statins Reduce Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Growth in Marfan Syndrome Mice via Inhibition of the Ras Induced ERK (Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase) Signaling Pathway."
30571378
reach
"Additionally, rat sarcoma and effector of RAS and mitogen activated extracellular signal regulated kinase and extracellular regulated protein kinases (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK) signaling pathway is associated with tumorigenesis."
32412051
sparser
"Dotted line represents the level of ERK-MAPK activation by each RAS mutant in the presence of CFP and was arbitrarily set to 1."
35139380
sparser
"By contrast, V12S35 Ras activated ERK and JNK1 but was defective in stimulating membrane ruffling."
9024640
reach
"Apart from the Smad dependent pathway, TGF-beta1 also initiates non-Smad-dependent pathways including phosphorylation of TAK1 and then activate the MKK-p38 MAPK or MKK-ERK1/2 signaling cascade as well as activating Ras induced ERK pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK) [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
30482881
sparser
"As already outlined above, the disturbed intracellular Ca 2+ signaling could be a primary event in ADPKD and may be responsible for the switch to a proliferative phenotype with an elevation in B-Raf protein levels and cAMP-stimulated, Ras-dependent activation of B-Raf and ERK [ xref , xref ]."
23076254
reach
"Conversely, inhibition of Ras [XREF_BIBR], BRAF [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR], or MEK blocks ERK activity and inhibits the growth of melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo."
24416617
reach
"RAS can activate major downstream mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)."
29925042
reach
"Ras pathway activates ERK pathway, but also is tightly connected with stress response, cell motility and cytoskeleton rearrangements [29]."
30202637
reach
"ERK is activated by the small GTPase Ras, which recruits the Ser/Thr kinase Raf to the plasma membrane for activation."
25990957
reach
"In a separate - but related - mechanism, Ras signaling promotes the activation of MAPK and ErK."
28438613
sparser
"Inhibition of MAPK further increases gel contraction, while Ras activation of ERK-1/2 inhibits TGF-β1-induced gel contraction."
19560950
reach
"These data indicate that the CrkL and C3G complex plays a role in Epo- or IL-3-induced, Ras dependent activation of the Raf and ERK pathway leading to the activation of Elk-1 and the c-fos gene transcription."
10514505
reach
"The use of several kinase inhibitors and a dominant negative ras construct (N17Ras) showed that the matrix mediated downregulation of COL1A2 occurs via Ras dependent activation of the MEK and ERK signaling pathway."
22131293
sparser
"Such a mechanism is reported for Ras-dependent ERK activation induced by the protease-activated receptor-1 in astrocytes (Wang and Reiser [ xref ])."
18404483
reach
"Through a Galphai mediated, ras dependent mechanism, S-1-P activates MEK1/2 and ERK1/2; MKK3/6 and p38 MAPK are activated by a Galphai mediated phosphatidyl-inositol 3 ' kinase (PI3-K) -dependent mediated pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells."
19081473
sparser
"The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1–domain-containing protein (Spred)-1 has recently been identified as a negative regulator of growth factor–mediated, Ras-dependent ERK activation."
15630138
reach
"The possibility of the interaction between Aurora-A and KSR or RASSF1A requires more investigation and the involvement of other unidentified factor (s) in ERK1/2 activation induced by Aurora-A in Ras V12 transformants can not be excluded."
20003375
sparser
"Both B-Raf and C-Raf were constitutively bound to oncogenic Ras and contributed to Ras-dependent ERK activation."
23893412
reach
"Expression of constitutively active Ras, which activates both ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, is sufficient to induce LTP."
19054758
reach
"As shown in XREF_FIG, it can be seen that arsenic increased levels of Ras and p-ERK in normal cells indicating that arsenic led to ERK signaling pathway activation."
29328451
sparser
"The CD44-merlin complex antagonizes Ras-dependent activation of ERK as well as the GTP-loading of Rac [ xref , xref ] ( xref )."
19174187
reach
"SFKs are also related to the Ras mediated activation of ERK and MAPK pathway."
29312576
reach
"In addition to PI3K dependent insulin signaling, another downstream limb involves IRS-1 activation of small GTPase Ras, which then activates Raf kinase, the MAP kinase (MKK1) and ERK 1/2."
25558187
reach
"M-Ras activated by NGF signaling is responsible for this sustained activation of the ERK pathway, resulting in the neuronal differentiation, whereas classical Ras activates the ERK pathway only transi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
19800879
reach
"Dominant negative Ras inhibited both ERK activation and ANF up-regulation by Ang II, whereas constitutively active forms of Ras and MEK were sufficient to activate the ANF promoter."
10727428
reach
"Indeed, extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERKs) (also known as the 42 and 44kDa isoforms (ERK1/2) pathway) are typically initiated by Ras, which can be stimulated by inflammatory cytokines from high-glucose injured EC [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
25918730
sparser
"cAMP inhibited the growth of H1299 cells and Ras-dependent ERK activation via PKA."
23893412
sparser
"An alternative explanation takes into account the fact that SW480 cells express a constitutively active Ras (K-RasV12) mutant that activates ERK1/2 ( xref ) and expression of mesenchymal markers."
20876280
reach
"Oncogenic mutations in RAS or BRAF can drive the inappropriate activation of the ERK1/2."
23647573
reach
"The activation of the Ras–MAPK pathway promotes cell survival, cell differentiation and synaptic plasticity through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)."
25224451
sparser
"In addition to ERK, JNK and AKT are also activated by endomembrane Ras [ xref ]."
34204435
sparser
"It has been shown that the oncogenic Ras mutant, RasV12, activates ERK1/2 strongly, and that the constitutively active MEK5 mutant, MEK5D, selectively activates ERK5 xref , xref ."
28724963
reach
"In addition, treatment of MCF10A cells with the MEK inhibitor U0126 was found to have similar effects on p120-catenin phosphorylation and binding to E-cadherin as did Shoc2 depletion (XREF_FIG), suggesting the need for localized ERK cascade signaling induced by the active M, Ras, and Shoc2 complex."
30808747
reach
"Activation of NFAT requires dephosphorylation by the calcium mediated calcineurin phosphatase to promote NFAT nuclear accumulation, and the Ras activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, which targets NFAT partners, to potentiate transcription."
15657420
reach
"Abeta 1-42 -Activated Ras Enhances ERK Signaling and Suppresses Src Activity."
33536910
reach
"Ras, a GTPase, is able to activate ERK through a Ras-Raf-MEK cascade."
25745402
sparser
"Analysis of downstream signaling showed no impact of ErbB3 depletion on the Ras G12V -dependent activation of Erk and Akt ( xref )."
27447549
sparser
"From these reports, it is reasonable to speculate that upon TCR engagement of CD8 + T cells, PLD2 recruits the Ras GEF RasGRP1 to the plasma membrane to activate Ras, which in turn activates Erk1/2 to promote cell proliferation and survival."
29674728
sparser
"Rap1 was originally reported to antagonize Ras activation of c-Raf and ERK ( xref ; xref ; xref ; xref )."
21040840
sparser
"However, in our experiments, pretreatment with NAC did not impair the effect of RGS in inhibiting RAS downstream activation of MEK and ERK ( xref , xref )."
34347396
reach
"Plk2 overexpression also markedly reduced activation of the downstream Ras target ERK and increased active p38 (a Rap target) compared to GFP expressing or untransfected neurons (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."
21382555
reach
"PKC inhibitors did not affect CSF-1 induced Ras and A-Raf activity but markedly reduced MEK and Erk activity, implying that PKCzeta regulated the CSF-1-Erk pathway at the level of MEK."
22028782
reach
"As further support for Ras mediated signaling, constitutively active (ca) Ras promoted MEK and ERK activation and osteoclast survival, which was blocked by inhibition of PI3K or Raf."
18275061
reach
"Ras activated ERK pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade) regulates a variety of cellular responses including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis."
30742807
reach
"One of the main DAG targets in thymocytes is RasGRP1, a Ras guanine-exchange factor (GEF) that activates the Ras and ERK pathway directly."
24201811
reach
"Furthermore, dominant active Rap1 mutants (Rap1V12) attenuate Ras mediated ERK activation, via competitive interference with c-Raf activation by Ras [168, 169]."
29621614
reach
"Overexpression of Ras has been shown to activate ERK, which mislocalizes and decreases expression of ROCK kinases, thus inhibiting stress fiber formation in the presence of activated RhoA in MDA-MB-231 cells."
19173291
sparser
"Collectively, these data showed that Rasal1 inhibits anti-CD3-induced p21 ras -ERK activation in T cells."
31641113
reach
"However, these authors did report that the expression of constitutively active Ras enhanced ERK activity and prevented MK 801induced apoptosis, suggesting a role of the Ras and ERK pathway."
19887077
reach
"Most likely, cellular stress is provided by TGF-beta-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that is prevented by Ras induced ERK and MAPK signalling."
17395640
reach
"To determine which Ras isoforms are potentially mediating the increase in ERK activation in PLC-gamma1 deficient cells, we examined the activation of the Ras isoforms, N-Ras and K-Ras."
21705626
sparser
"The DED was required for this blockade but PEA-15 did not prevent ERK1/2 activation by Ras."
24657708
sparser
"Furthermore, our results indicate that Ras-dependent activation of AKT and ERK may play an important role in UVA-induced PTEN down-regulation."
23129115
reach
"In this cascade, active Ras (Ras-GTP) triggers the sequential activation of RAF-1, MEK-1/2, and ERK-1/2."
21985599
reach
"However, Ras mediated activation of ERK is not the only ERK regulating signal."
19025606
sparser
"Ras activates ERK through Raf and MEK, and phosphorylated ERK translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus."
31788042
reach
"This effect is secondary to Ras and c-Raf-dependent activation of MEK and ERK signaling and eventual enhancement of CHOP and Elk1 mediated transcription of the DR5 gene."
27222248
reach
"Ras is also known to activate Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) independently of the ERK and MAPK pathway [XREF_BIBR]."
23205323
reach
"Earlier in vitro studies done with ectopic rLOX-PP expression in cancer cell lines indicate that LOX-PP inhibits Ras mediated activation of Erk1/2 by inhibiting FGF-2 to FGFR1 receptor binding and activation, and by direct interaction with Hsp70 and c-Raf XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
22363577
reach
"Transduction of splenic CARTg CD4 + T cells with constitutively active Ras prolongs ERK activation and signaling induced by TCR and CD28 crosslinking and augments acute IL-2 production."
25397617
reach
"In certain contexts, both Rap1 and Rap2 have been shown to inhibit Ras mediated ERK signaling."
18701680
reach
"Second, because the Raf-Mek-Erk pathway is one of the well characterized Ras signaling pathways, and because it has been shown that oncogenic Ras can constitutively activate Raf, Mek and p42 mapk (a Xenopus Erk) in activated Xenopus egg extracts and/or in Xenopus oocyte extracts, we also wanted to know whether oncogenic Ras induces continuous accumulation of cyclin B2 through constitutive activation of the Raf-Mek-Erk pathway."
23376039
reach
"Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases increases NHE1 activity through the Ras mediated ERK cascade."
24999355
reach
"Unbridled signalling through the ERK pathway caused by activating mutations in RTKs, RAS or RAF has been linked to several human cancers."
19727074
reach
"Growth factors binding to their receptors result in the activation of RAS, which either activates ERK (MAPK signaling) or PI3K and AKT signaling."
26123544
reach
"RAS can activate both MAPK and ERK and PI3K and AKT but only ERK has been shown to be activated in human WT."
28188683
reach
"Interestingly, we found that while Ras V12 and DAB2IP-loss activated ERK and AKT in prostate tumors, NF-kappaB was exclusively activated in DAB2IP deficient tumors as demonstrated by the nuclear versus cytoplasmic staining of NF-kappaB, supporting the conclusion that DAB2IP has distinct effects on NF-kappaB (XREF_FIG and XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."
20154697
reach
"Moreover, we have recently shown that MC3181 is effective in vivo against the A375 human melanoma cell line, characterized by the BRAF V600E mutation [20], which leads to RAS independent constitutive [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
25795251
reach
"Simultaneously, Ras dependent stimulation of the prosurvival ERK pathway was also observed, followed by an increased activation of the caspase-9 and caspase-3 cascade in cells with impaired Ras function."
23859017
reach
"The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Src has been demonstrated to be involved in the Ras dependent activation of ERK by many GPCRs (Dikic et al., 1996; Luttrell et al., 1996; Simonson et al., 1996; Wan et [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12644311
reach
"Independent of the RAS, binding of prorenin to the (P) RR activates ERK1/2 pathways stimulating TGF-beta1 and PAI-1 production in mesangial cells in culture; it also stimulates proliferation of these cells [XREF_BIBR]."
26608077
reach
"ERK activation by GPCRs can be mediated by the activation of Ras, Rap, PKC, tyrosine kinases (e.g., c-Src), transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases, or via beta-arrestins [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
24396730
reach
"For instance, prolonged treatment of either RAF or MEK inhibitors, as used in melanoma, result in a rebound ERK activation due to the amplification of upstream drivers, such as RTKs and RAS [53]."
34064232
sparser
"Finally, by controlling the temporal dynamics and strength of Ras signalling, they determined that the strengths of Ras and Erk activation are reliably coupled, but that the dynamics of Ras activation of Erk encode distinct outcomes xref ."
25858669
reach
"It is well known that RAS oncogenic signaling can activate ERK1/2."
22564524
reach
"Our data suggest that co-targeting ERK-signaling intermediates alongside KRAS(G12C) may prolong the benefit of therapy in the setting of emergent hotspot mutations in RAS or BRAF."
34759319
reach
"Our results are also consistent with hyperactivation of Ras mediated Erk signaling and progression into undifferentiated carcinoma upon inhibition of Smad4 in transformed keratinocytes."
21245094
reach
"Activated Ras, via the canonical Raf-MEK pathway, induces ERK1/2 activation."
33879509
reach
"Current RAF inhibitors are contraindicated for the treatment of RAS-driven tumours as they promote RAF dimerization and ERK-activation in these cells ."
31182717
reach
"These data suggest that the interaction between KSR and MEK is dispensable for Ras induced ERK signaling and raises the possibility that this interaction reflects a negative regulatory role for KSR1 to control the timing and spatial location of MEK activation."
28333549
reach
"The best studied pathway to regulate Smad signaling is the Erk MAP kinase pathway, which is potently activated by growth factor receptors and Ras, and is upregulated in about a third of all cancers."
19595713
sparser
"Interference with ERK activation by either highly specific inhibitors of MEK1 or a dominant negative ras mutant profoundly impaired the ability of EWS/FLI-1 to transform NIH3T3 cells to growth in semi-solid medium."
11002425
reach
"ERK activation by beta2AR is mediated by SRC, SHC, SOS, and RAS."
28634209
sparser
"This phosphatase complex regulates a crucial step in the activation cycle of RAF kinases and provides a key coordinate input required for efficient ERK pathway activation and transformation by RAS."
29311130
reach
"When combined with a ligand, they activate numerous pro inflammatory metabolic pathways, including the activation of NADPH oxidase, which generates ROS, and a Ras dependent pathway that activates ERK1/2 and p38MAPK kinases, which ultimately leads to the activation of NFkB and expression of adhesion molecule genes, TNFalpha and pro inflammatory interleukins (IL-1, IL-6) [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC
reach
"Using CIAR, we show that direct RAS activation elicits markedly different RAS and ERK signaling dynamics compared to growth factor stimulation, and that these dynamics differ between cell types."
27870838
sparser
"The DEF domain containing protein kinase suppressor of ras (KSR) is a scaffold protein that has been shown to facilitate Ras-dependent activation of membrane targeted ERKs through nucleation of signaling complexes containing all the core kinases of the ERK pathway [ xref ]."
20451543
sparser
"This observation and other data on the antagonism between Rap1 and Ras in insulin signal transduction and in T-cell anergy led to the notion that Rap antagonised Ras by competing for Raf and thus inh[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12384139
reach
"As in growth factor-regulated ERK activation, 5-HT R-induced ERK activation is mediated by the small GTPases Ras and Raf [22,48,51,52] and active MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) [22]."
26262615
sparser
"In addition, it could lead to Gs-mediated, Ras-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 ."
14659469
sparser
"A dsRNA interference technique showed that KSR was necessary for the Ras-dependent ERK activation in cells [82] ."
12639708
sparser
"Several reports link NCAM1 to Ras-dependent activation of ERK MAPK's [ xref , xref ]."
21385341
reach
"The model correctly inferred the topology of the signal transduction pathways (i.e., RAS activates Erk and Akt, cf. XREF_FIG, panel 7) as well as the translation of transcription factor mRNAs (panel 5)."
22864383
reach
"In particular, the abovementioned RAS driven PI3K and AKT and ERK pathways (XREF_FIG B), which have a synergistic effect on the mTOR complex in cells, have longevity regulating roles."
| PMC
sparser
"The dampening of p21 ras -ERK activation during an increase in adhesion and conjugation induced by SKAP-55 could alter the threshold of T-cell activation."
18320039
reach
"Thus, the FGF2 and FGFR signaling axis triggers two antagonistic cell cycle regulatory pathways in Ras driven malignant cells : the classical mitogenic ERK pathway and a novel G2/M cell cycle arrest pathway."
23991123
reach
"Simultaneous inhibition of MAPK further increases contraction, while RAS activation of ERK-1/2 inhibits TGF-beta1-induced matrix contraction."
19560950
reach
"HA tagged wild-type RAS overexpression resulted in enhanced MEK and ERK activation by RAF inhibitor, which was more pronounced when mutant RAS was overexpressed (XREF_FIG and XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."
20179705
reach
"While our present results are consistent with the prevailing concept that GPCR dependent and receptor independent stimulation of Ras mediated ERK1/2 activation uses proximal signals generated by Gbetagamma coupled c-Src activation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR], our data also concur with established evidence domonstrating that : 1) ERK1/2 activation is suppressed by recruitment of the GTP binding protein, Rap1, which inhibits Ras function (36-38) : and 2) this suppression is reversed by membrane recruitment of Rap1GAP, a GTPase which also acts as a GDI that binds via its GoLoco motif to the alpha-subunit of Gi protein, thereby inhibiting Rap1 activity [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
25742624
reach
"Rap1 shows the highest homology to Ras among the family and shares several downstream effecter molecules with Ras, including Raf family kinases (Bos et al., 2001), and it was reported that Rap1GTP eit[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12892713
reach
"CagA has also been shown to mediate oncogenic transformation of normal gastric epithelial cells by rat sarcoma virus oncogene (Ras)-independent activation of ERK1/2 kinase signalling [65]."
19665497
reach
"This process results in RAS activation and initiation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway."
29487568
reach
"In the light of MAPK signal pathways mediating nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, which is required for its transcription activity, and galectin-1 directly interacting with Ras, which subsequently activates Erk1/2 and P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR], we proposed that the mechanisms of galectin-1 inducing MDR1 expression may involve MAPK signal activation and NF-kappaB translocation."
27050374
sparser
"Upon activation by Rap1GAP, the small G protein, Rap, antagonizes Ras-dependent ERK activation [57–60] ."
10989284
reach
"Although dominant negative inhibition of Ras signaling reduces GH4T2 cell proliferation and transformation, sustained ERK activity with Ras inhibition suggests that ERK might be activated by a Ras ind[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
29753028
sparser
"In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that S1P induces angiogenesis and Ras-dependent ERK activation is involved in this process."
12821130
reach
"Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and RAS/ERK pathways by the co-stabilization of β-catenin and RAS as well as by genetic mutations in these pathway components contribute to colorectal tumorigenesis."
30459318
reach
"Analogously to human cancers, mutational activation of LET-60 and Ras promotes ERK activation, leading to excess vulval induction (XREF_FIG), while loss of pathway components results in vulval absence."
21238927
reach
"Oncogenic Ras activates the MAPK and ERK cascades in senescent cells."
24272483
reach
"Similarly, galectin-1 was shown to interact specifically with GTP bound HRas, which stabilizes HRas-GTP nanocluster and prolongs the duration of Ras mediated Erk activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
26423697
reach
"This step precedes the engagement of signaling branches including the activation of the protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) and PKC-β downstream of TCR and BCR, respectively, and the activation of rat sarcoma (RAS) that links with the MAPK pathway and activates JNK, p38, and ERK1/2."
33644906
reach
"The study of Ras dependent activation of the ERK mitogen activated protein kinase pathway by GPCRs has produced a story with remarkable similarities."
12086610
reach
"Additionally, oncogenic RAS activated ERK signaling was indicated that associated with the stimulations of cap dependent translation 32."
29844447
reach
"21 The PI3K/AKT pathway in the central and peripheral nervous system also mediates pain hypersensitivity induced by nerve injury, incision, or inflammation.22,23 Previous studies have demonstrated that CXCR3 activates several intracellular kinases, such as Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT.24,25 Intrathecal injection of CXCL10 induces rapid ERK activation in the spinal cord."
33469355
sparser
"When mTORC1 is inhibited by rapamycin or its derivatives (rapalogs), this negative-feedback loop is disrupted, leading to activation of PI3K and its effector Akt. xref PI3K can then act on Ras to promote Ras-dependent ERK activation. xref The binding of Ras to PI3K activates the EGFR- and FGF2-signalling pathways."
27099521
reach
"Furthermore, administration of a pharmacological agent, Trametinib, which inhibits Ras activation of ERK kinase, increased Drosophila lifespan."
30059502
reach
"It is well documented that Ras transformation of NIH 3T3 cells causes constitutive upregulation of ERKs."
10740269
reach
"beta 2 adrenoceptors mediate Ras dependent activation of ERK signaling pathways, which require the activation of the Src tyrosine kinase (Ref."
11343921
sparser
"Overexpression of 3CH134 was found to block oncogenic ras -induced activation of ERK in rat embryonic fibroblasts, REF-52 cells ( Sun et al., 1994 )."
9988117
reach
"Collectively, these results are consistent with the notion that the heightened PDE activity detected in asthmatic HASM cells is partly, but significantly, attributed to constitutively increased co-localization of Rap1GAP with Galpha, a phenomenon that is ostensibly permissive of Gi-betagamma-stimulated Ras induced ERK1/2 activation consequent to inactivation of Rap1 by Rap1GAP."
25742624
reach
"Activation of ERK1/2, e.g. by expression of a constitutively active Ras, but not constitutively active Akt leads to hepatocyte dedifferentiation and to features of epithelial to mesenchymal transition -- EMT."
23974980
sparser
"Previous studies have shown that the PHB complex is essential for Ras-induced ERK activation ( xref , xref , xref )."
| PMC
sparser
"In summary, exposure to As, Zn, and V initiated EGFR signaling and Ras-dependent activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, but only V induced Ras-dependent NF-kappaB nuclear translocation."
11943669
reach
"Dominant negative Ras or Raf transfection inhibited H2O2 mediated ERK1/2 activation and cell death in control cells."
14975446
sparser
"GPCRs mediate both Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation via stimulation of PKC and Raf, and Ras-dependent ERK1/2 activation via receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases ."
12943720
reach
"Ras, in turn, via a sequential of phosphorylation events activates ERKs [44-46]."
9113418
reach
"As shown in XREF_FIG, low expression of KSR2 (10 ng) accelerated the maturation of oocytes expressing Ras V12, whereas high KSR2 expression (60 ng) blocked both oocyte maturation and ERK activation induced by Ras V12, demonstrating a concentration dependent effect."
19560418
sparser
"In turn, Ras-GTP activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinases (PI3K) ( Aguiler[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
30240635
sparser
"Ras associates with TLR2 and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)/transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling activates p38 MAPK."
15496409
reach
"These include the Rho family of small GTPases and the MAPKKK TAK1 and its upstream kinase HPK1, that are involved in regulating TGF-beta-dependent activation of JNK [128,130,144,145], Ras GTPase depen[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
14746809
reach
"On other hand, we used Plasmid V12, encoding activated Ha-Ras [XREF_BIBR], a mutant form of Ras possessing irreversible GTP binding activity, to stimulate the ERK1/2 activity."
25748447
reach
"Unlike other oncogenes in the Erk pathway, hyperactive Ras alone can both initiate and sensitize the Erk cascade, potentially explaining the striking etiological feature of Ras oncogenes in human cancers."
24342356
reach
"In this study, the data demonstrates that the enhanced tyrosine kinase activities mediated by IL-13Ralpha2 and EGFRvIII complex could lead to activation of oncogenic RAS, which subsequently activates the MEK and ERK signaling cascade under serum and serum-free culture condition."
29203859
reach
"Further investigation of individual contribution of the RAS isoforms indicated KRAS as major RAS activator of the ERK signaling in these cells."
25413220
reach
"RAS stimulation of the ERK MAP Kinases would inhibit TGF-beta 1 -mediated matrix contraction providing a possible cause for poor venous ulcer healing."
19560950
reach
"Numerous studies had confirmed that SPRY2 played its biologic role mainly through inhibiting the canonical MAPK/ERK signaling, which was composed and consecutively activated by EGFR, RAS, RAF, MEK, and ERK ."
30464168
reach
"In this pathway, GTP bound active Ras initiates a kinase cascade, involving sequential activation of Raf, MEK, and MAPKs of the ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase) family."
12620228
reach
"This is the first demonstration of the sensitivity of tumors driven by RAS- or RAF dependent activation of ERK signaling to RTK inhibition."
31515458
sparser
"KSR1 functions to induce the Ras-dependent activation of ERK."
23217704
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"Thus, the mechanistic studies indicate that mIL-17RE probably targets at or upstream of RAS to activate ERK MAPK pathway.IL-17R family represents a distinct receptor family with single transmembrane d[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
16310341
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"The results indicated that promotion of Ras activity activated the MEK and ERK pathway, resulting in the regulation of NRF1 activation."
29908161
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"Specifically implicating Ras stimulated ERK over-activation, this study also found that neuronal expression of a constitutively active ERK mutant phenocopied the dNf1 growth defect."
25054093
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"The combined absence of Ras dependent and Bam32 dependent pathways resulted in nearly complete loss of TCR induced Erk activity."
22981863
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"Such assumption is supported by the results showing that CGRP (8-37) had no effect on proliferation under serum deprived conditions, whereas CGRP (8-37) inhibited proliferation under serum supplementa[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12667639
sparser
"Moreover, experimental evidence for melanocytes and neural stem and progenitor cells proved that sole BRAF mut activity leads to the cancer-protective, oncogene-induced cell senescence [9,10] — a p[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
24495477
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"Another important pathway converging on mTOR involves MAPK3 and ERK, which can be activated by Ras and NF1."
21658583
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"Activation of Ras can stimulate ERK, and ERK is an important MAPK that phosphorylates downstream transcription factors related to cell proliferation-, migration- and invasion related genes, such as PDGF-A, PDGF-B and EMT related genes [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
32536815
sparser
"The EGF-induced activation of endogenous M-Ras correlates with the increased binding to Shoc2 and PP1c shown in Figure 1 E. To address any possible contribution of Shoc2 to Erk activation by Ras, the[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
16630891
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"Our results suggest that activated Ras and Src could induce gefitinib resistance by activating either or both of Akt and Erk signaling pathways, thus providing a strategic rationale for assessment of these specific signaling molecules downstream of EGFR to customize treatment."
16532343
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"Phospholipase mediated Ca 2+ Influx Enhances Ras mediated ERK Activation."
20071468
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"Wen et al [XREF_BIBR] have shown that ERK1/2 activation in response to suboptimal stimulation of thymocytes is dependent on Ins (1,4,5) P 3 3-kinase B; they propose a model in which Ins (1,4,5) P 3 3-kinase B dependent production of Ins (1,3,4,5) P 4 acts to sequester an Ins (1,3,4,5) P 4 -binding GTPase activating protein 1 [XREF_BIBR], promoting Ras dependent activation of ERK1/2."
16445858
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"Beyond that, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is also involved in cancer pathogenesis, being regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors (Ras), which activates the downstream factor (Raf) and MEK and ERK, thereby activating gene transcription [46, 47]."
31783811
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"These results show that the metastatic properties of the Ras effector domain mutants segregate, and that, whereas Ras mediated tumorigenicity can arise independently of ERK1/2 activation, experimental metastasis appears to require constitutive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway."
9671754
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"Because a PKC inhibitor Go6983 did not inhibit EGF induced ERK activation, we speculated that a PLC mediated increase in Ca 2+ influx enhanced the Ras mediated ERK activation in a PKC independent manner."
20071468
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"In breast cancer cells, targets are fibronectin stimulated FAK signaling and ERK1/2 activation 109, inhibition of beta-catenin activation by targeting the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa 110, inhibition of Ras signaling by direct targeting of Hsp70 and Raf leading to reduced ERK1/2 activation 111, inhibition of CIN-85-mediated invasion 112, and inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis in vivo 88."
26848785
sparser
"Our results in C643 cell line are in accordance with the activation of ERK proteins by activated RAS through BRAF dependent mechanism [ xref ]."
19878585
sparser
"Thus, unlike galectin-1, which prolongs Ras activation of ERK and inhibits PI3-K, K-Ras-GTP/galectin-3 interactions promote, in addition to PI3-K and Raf-1 activation, a third inhibitory signal that attenuates active ERK."
15205467
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"The Rac and Cdc42 family of p21 like GTPases have been shown to induce JNK activation [3,4], suggesting that they could do so in a manner resembling the Ras activation of the ERK cascade [5]."
12753919
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"In PC12 cells, Ras and Raf causes transient activation of ERK, while Rap1 and B-Raf leads to sustained ERK signals [XREF_BIBR]."
20471282
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"Mnk‐1 in turn is activated by the RAS‐regulated MAPK/ERK and p38/Jnk kinase‐signaling pathways."
22495651
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"Furthermore, administration of a pharmacological agent, Trametinib, which inhibits Ras activation of ERK kinase, increased Drosophila lifespan."
30059502
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"The results also showed that Ras was the upstream regulator and participated in myostatin induced Erk1/2 activation because the expression of a dominant negative Ras prevented myostatin mediated inhibition of Erk1/2 activation and proliferation."
16452185
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"Based on the above results, we may conclude that the interaction of p53 with the RAS signaling molecules ERK and AKT differentially regulate HDAC4 phosphorylation and HIF-1alpha protein stability."
30867818
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"In addition, activated PKA transactivated the EGFR and its downstream effectors, the ras dependent mitogen activated protein kinases MEKK and ERK1/2 [XREF_BIBR]."
20146581
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"The result indicates that Ras mediated upregulation of STAT6 activity is mainly due to kinases sensitive to PD98059 but not to LY294002, suggesting that Ras induced Erk activity is mostly responsible [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17433443
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"Syk recruitment and activation evoked downstream signaling cascades, including phospholipase C-gamma activation induced calcium flux and Ras activation mediated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which need to be investigated in the future."
27102437
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"More recently, it has been reported that Sp1 hyperphosphorylation following EGF receptor stimulation is mediated through Ras dependent activation of MEK-1 and ERK pathways [67,68]."
17889508
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"This cascade includes the initial Ras activated kinase RAF-1 [XREF_BIBR], a mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase; MEK, an intermediate mitogen activated protein kinase kinase; and ERK, a mitogen activated protein kinase, which phosphorylates multiple target proteins in cytosol and nucleus."
23209942
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"The data suggest that Ras not only induces Erk and Akt activity, but also potentiates IL-4-mediated Jak1 activity, which is associated with increase in STAT6 activation in T cells."
17433443
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"Therefore, Rg3 inhibited tumorigenesis by regulating EMT signals.Moreover, many signaling pathways participate in EMT, such as TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, Ras, Notch, PI3K/AKT, and ERK pathways [30]."
32733585
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"Finally, we found that romidepsin did not inhibit Ras activation of the ERK and AKT effector pathways in NIH 3T3 and RIE-1 cells, suggesting that romidepsin does not directly antagonize Ras."
19682393
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"MKK7 and Raf-1 are two critical kinases in the transfer of signals from upstream kinases such as RhoA and cdc42 [XREF_BIBR] and Ras [XREF_BIBR], which are commonly activated by extrinsic stimuli, to intrinsic JNK and Jun and ERK and Fos cascades, respectively."
26734995
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"In conclusion, NGF activation of the TrkA receptor involves two distinct signalling pathways : PKC selectively activates p38, and the ras and raf pathway selectively activates ERK1/2."
16091303
sparser
"Serum, fibronectin, Src (Y527) and Ras (V12) activated CaMKII and ERK, at different extents."
22592532
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"BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated directly by RAS and is strongly expressed in melanocytes, neural tissue, testes, and hematopoietic cells."
| PMC
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"In those studies a dominant negative Ras protein did not prevent insulin induced membrane localization but inhibited the activation of the Erk MAP kinase (20)."
11384750
sparser
"The data we obtained demonstrate that (+)-MK801 treatment leads to more prominent decrease in Ras-activated protein kinases pERK1/2 and Rac-activated proteins p-p38 and pSAPK/JNK, as compared to DAG-dependent pPKCθ and Ca²⁺-dependent pCaMKII."
22117548
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"DAG and other ZAP-70 derived signals activate Ras, which, in turn, activates Erk in a MAPK cascade that results in the generation of AP-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor of Fos and Jun proteins."
23408835
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"Because Ras induced activation of ERK has been shown to increase cytokine secretion and cell proliferation XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR we examined whether these effector functions were indeed enhanced in the lymphocytes that acquired GFP-H-RasG12V."
18030338
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"Moreover, M-CSF-induced MEK and ERK activation was decreased by inhibition of Ras or PI3K (XREF_FIG)."
18275061
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"The ERKs cascade is generally activated at its origin by GTPases of the RAS family that subsequently switch-on, by not fully understood mechanisms, an upstream echelon constituted by MAPKKKs of the RAF family."
27303664
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"In this regard, it is worth noting that the expression of Ras V12 has the same effects on Erk sem subcellular localization as the over-expression of Tay, as both Tay and Ras V12 increase the nuclear and cytoplasm ratio of Erk sem accumulation."
24348264
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"It was also proposed that a molecular mechanism in which the persistent venous hypertension (via pressure mediated mechanotransduction) could stimulate Ras production, which in turn would activate MAPK and Erks, and hence inhibit TGF-beta1 regulated matrix contraction (resulting in prolonged wound healing) [XREF_BIBR]."
29186866
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"For instance, shifts in the balance of Ras signaling from the pro survival PI 3-Kinase pathway to the pro death effector pathways (e.g., Nore1, discussed in the following sections) certainly could play important roles in modifying the net outcome of Ras activation of ERK."
21196257
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"Treatment of fibroblast cells with this compound had very little effect on RAS mediated activation of ERK and JUN kinase activities."
10667210
sparser
"ERK is activated by the small GTPase Ras, which recruits the Ser/Thr kinase Raf to the plasma membrane for activation."
25990957
reach
"Pathophysiology in FXS has been linked to excess activity of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) which is driven by the small GTPase Ras and MAP-ERK Kinase (MEK)."
30639292
sparser
"This is further supported by the finding that NM23H2 blocks ERK pathway activation by oncogenic Ras."
19022560
reach
"In many GPCRs, the Ras dependent activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway requires Src kinase signaling [XREF_BIBR], and the interaction between beta-arrestin and Src kinase plays an important role in this GPCR-Src-ERK1/2 pathway [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
29359050
sparser
"The mammalian SUR-8 was also found to be able to form a ternary complex with Ras and Raf, specifically enhancing the Ras-induced ERK activation without any effect on AKT or JNK activity (Li et al., xref )."
20549726
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"The rat sarcoma (RAS)-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-mitogen-activated protein and extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway constitutes an attractive potential target, as v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) mutations occur in 2-4% of NSCLC adenocarcinoma."
26301799
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"Later, activation of both G i - and G q -coupled receptors was found to induce ligand independent tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR [8,11] or PDGFR [18] and, subsequently, Ras dependent activation of E[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11583913
sparser
"This suggested that RanBPM is able to inhibit MEK and ERK activation by Ras and thus functions to regulate signaling events between Ras and MEK."
23118896
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"Why might H 2 O 2 -induced Ras glutathionylation activate the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cardiomyocytes vs. p38 and Akt -- but not ERK -- in vascular smooth muscle?"
18774901
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"Results from these studies highlighted three well-known BCR signaling pathways, the ERK MAP kinase, the RAS GTPase (a well-known activator of ERK), and the PI3K lipid kinase ."
34997597
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"As in growth factor regulated ERK activation, 5-HT1AR-induced ERK activation is mediated by the small GTPases Ras and Raf [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] and active MEK [XREF_BIBR], a signal cascade that requires the calmodulin dependent endocytosis of receptors as an intermediate step [XREF_BIBR]."
20363322
sparser
"Intriguingly, PEA-15 also potentiates Ras activation of ERK by an adhesion independent mechanism ( xref )."
22105357
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"Ras activated ERK and PI3K pathways differentially affect directional movement of cultured fibroblasts."
23363700
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"The use of the Ets related transcriptional repressor Erf, an established effector of the Ras induced Erk and MAPK pathway essential for EMT, creates the possibility to evaluate direct and indirect roles of transcriptional control during EMT induction."
22875994
sparser
"Ras activation of ERK in human tumors relies on Shoc2 function to cooperate in the activation of Raf."
16630891
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"It has been reported that Rap1, a Ras like small G protein, activates the ERK pathwayby activating B-Raf, while Rap1 in turn is activated by membrane depolarization in a cAMP and PKA dependent manner (reviewed in."
19200235
sparser
"Similarly, increased expression of NgBR in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells also enhances EGF-stimulated Ras activation and phosphorylation of AKT and ERK."
30208932
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"Cells with oncogenic Ras that are resistant to TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition could display Ras mediated Erk activation that abrogates Smad2 or Smad3 nuclear accumulation, or both 34."
10664585
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"Incubation of AEC with DA resulted in rapid and transient stimulation of ERK activity, which was mediated by Ras proteins and the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1."
11943676
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"The βγ dimer interacts with several proteins, such as Ras, which in turn activates extracellular regulated kinases (ERK)."
31861827
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"Similarly, competition for regulation of ERK activation by cAMP and Ras in tumors of neural crest derived cells, such as melanoma, may involve Rapgef2 or a closely related cAMP sensor."
23800469
sparser
"Ras, a GTPase, is able to activate ERK through a Ras-Raf-MEK cascade ( xref )."
27848025
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"However, while it is often assumed that this implicates p21 Ras, Erk can also be activated downstream of Rap and by mechanisms independent of activation of the Ras family."
12384139
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"The rat sarcoma (RAS)-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-mitogen-activated protein and extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen activa[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
26301799
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"The ERKs are activated by a Ras dependent pathway in response to many growth factors and hormones XREF_BIBR."
21206905
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"A couple of recent studies also proposed Ras independent activation of ERK through the conventional Raf-MEK pathway, however, the exact mechanism of Raf activation has not been determined in these studies [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
23360980
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"Insulin like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) stimulates growth and IGF-I secretion in human intestinal smooth muscle by Ras dependent activation of p38 MAP kinase and Erk1/2 pathways."
11923300
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"GTP loaded Ras triggers the sequential activation of Raf, MEK and ERK to promote cell survival and various cellular functions."
25716690
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"Thus, B2M can induce EMT via the induction of RAS independent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways."
33114182
sparser
"Rabex-5-mediated Ubiquitination Attenuates Ras-induced ERK Activation."
20655225
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"From these reports, it is reasonable to speculate that upon TCR engagement of CD8 T cells, PLD2 recruits the Ras GEF RasGRP1 to the plasma membrane to activate Ras, which in turn activates Erk1/2 to promote cell proliferation and survival."
29674728
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"ERKs are typically initiated by Ras, which can be stimulated by inflammatory cytokines from high-glucose injured endothelial cells, leading to the proliferation of SMCs [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
28883907
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"However, it remains possible that other MKPs of the DUSP family could affect active Ras induced Erk1/2 activity."
24602610
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"We next determined whether Ras proteins were activated in response to LF and then activated ERK1/2."
26506094
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"Ras induces activation of MEK and its downstream ERK via interaction with the Ras effector Raf-1."
32242084
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"Hence, U0126 treatment clearly uncoupled the mitogenic pathway MEK1/2 --> ERK1/2 from the cytostatic pathways triggered by FGF2 in Ras dependent malignant cells."
23991123
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"The CD44 and merlin complex antagonizes Ras dependent activation of ERK as well as the GTP loading of Rac [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."
19174187
sparser
"Specifically, constitutive ERK activation by oncogenic Ras or MEK-DD suppressed αB-crystallin induction during matrix detachment, while pharmacologic MEK inhibitors mimicked matrix detachment by inducing αB-crystallin in adherent cells."
25684139
sparser
"Screening for monobodies aimed at RAS inhibition resulted in the discovery of NS1, a molecule that can bind HRAS and KRAS, but not NRAS, inhibiting RAS-induced ERK activation and cellular transformation [ xref ]."
| PMC
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"The first step of Ras dependent activation of ERK signaling is Ras binding to members of the Raf family of MAP kinase kinase kinases, C-Raf and B-Raf."
23893412
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"This view is supported by the effects of Homer proteins and beta-arrestin on the Ras mediated activation of the ERK1/2."
29359050
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"BRAF and MEK kinase inhibitors : vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib, cobimetinib, selumetinib and encorafenib Mechanism of action, approved indications and off-label uses In the mitogen activated pro[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
29454849
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"This observation suggests that Rap2 suppresses Ras mediated activation of ERK and MAP kinase cascade in quiescent cells."
11235208
sparser
"The βγ dimer interacts with several proteins, such as Ras, which in turn activates extracellular regulated kinases (ERK)."
31861827
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"Although multiple genetic mutations in RTKs, Ras, Raf, and MEK cause constitutive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway and drive many types of malignancies, patients with prostate cancer frequently do not have these oncogenic mutations."
33493514
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"As we anticipated, expression of the active Ras or BRaf increased ERK activity at low cell densities."
27936234
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"GPCR mediated transactivation of the EGF-R initiates the ERK1/2 MAP kinase cascade through recruitment of adaptor proteins, such as the Shc, Grb2, and Sos complex, which activate the small G protein, [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12943720
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"Still, it is known that Ras activation which stimulates ERK, and subsequently Elk-1 transcription factor activation, directly contributes to HGF production and autocrine stimulation of MET."
23543207
sparser
"Because MKP-1 is robustly induced by mitogenic stimulation and oncogenic Ras which also activates ERKs, it was proposed that MKP-1 acts as a feedback control mechanism to switch off the ERK pathway."
31837332
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"It inhibits Ras mediated activation of ERK in response to growth factors."
16301319
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"For example, activated Ras can directly interact with MAPK kinase kinase and activates distinct MAPK cascades (ERK, JNK, p38) [58]."
29338737
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"In contrast, stimulation of Erk signaling by co-expression of a constitutively active RAS (H-RAS ) shifted reporter localization to the cytoplasm of muscle cells at 48 hpf (n = 235 cells, 5 embryos) (Figures 1E,E′)."
30320107
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"Arsenite inhibits Ras dependent activation of ERK but activates ERK in the presence of oncogenic Ras in baboon vascular smooth muscle cells."
11269657
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"Once activated Ras predominantly signals via activation of a canonical kinase cascade involving RAF, MEK and ERK."
29660312
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"This complex then activates the small GTPase Ras and the protein kinase Raf, which activate the ERK cascade."
20001914
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"Phosphorylated PLCG2 binds to activated RAS to promote the activation of ERK [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
29371955
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"In contrast, VEGF-A induces intense activation of Ras and Ras mediated activation of Erk in HMECs."
18391074
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"Furthermore, among GTPases, Ras-mediated activation of ERK and Akt was increased by increasing Ras activity through Slit2/Robo signaling.In summary, these factors may play critical roles in epithelial cell proliferation, facilitating the repair of the damaged epithelium associated with lung regeneration.Our findings suggest for the first time that Slit2 may have potential as a therapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of emphysema-associated lung regeneration."
34035465
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"Together, these results suggest that Ras controls PI3K signaling in the endoplasmic reticulum and ERK signaling in lipid rafts.To verify that Ras signals the PI3K pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
29706584
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"The oncogene Ras activates ERK, and eight of the ten pathways we found to be significant for the Ras gene signature were also found to be significant for the Yang et al. gene signature."
17498287
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"In these two organisms, mutations in Ksr were found to attenuate Ras mediated activation of the ERK pathway."
10209154
sparser
"HERV-K ENV is also reported to increase Ras-induced ERK activation in human breast cancer cells and promote tumorigenesis (Wang et al., 2020c; Zhou et al., 2016) ."
34963103
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"Since TGFbeta induced EMT in EpRas cells depends on an elevated Erk and MAPK pathway induced by oncogenic Ras, we tested whether stable ILEI expression had similar effects."
16959614
sparser
"Binding of Src to Shc was required for its activation and for Ras-dependent activation of ERK1/2, cell proliferation, and wound recovery."
12194965
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"We show that, whereas the FGF stimulation of PI3K signalling is relatively weak, this deficiency is compensated for by a more potent Ras dependent activation of ERK."
21943356
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"All combinations of Rac and Raf and Ras and Raf and Rho and Raf effector mutants that transform cells cooperatively stimulated ERK."
10022875
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"Other studies have linked cyclic AMP stimulation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and RAS signaling or GPCR activation of ERK in promoting cardiac hypertrophy [XREF_BIBR]."
23153826
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"The MAPK and ERK pathway can also be reactivated upstream of BRAF by mutations in RAS, meaning proliferation can continue, as RAS acts on ARAF and CRAF and compensates for the loss of BRAF [XREF_BIBR]."
29100459
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"We found induction of activated Ras was sufficient to promote ERK and Akt activation that was maintained over at least a 3 day period (XREF_FIG)."
20388785
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"Specifically, plasma membrane Ras nanoclusters activate ERK in a digital manner, but the number of signaling Ras nanoclusters is dependent on the strength of the input signal (EGF concentration)."
20855880
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"Phosphorylation at Serine 62 (Ser62) by Ras activated ERKs stabilizes c-MYC and promotes activation."
33718147
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"Functionally, Rap1 either interferes with Ras mediated ERK activation or activates ERK independently of Ras in a cell-context dependent manner."
14607972
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"Ras, in turn, via sequential phosphorylation events activates ERKs [45, 46]."
9113418
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"Taken together, these results suggest that SIRT1 would act as a tumor suppressor by modulating RAS driven ERK activity through MKP1 deacetylation."
32276460
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"In the case of the perturbation of IRS and RAF, GS and RAS were down-regulated due to the decay weights, whereas GS and RAS were up-regulated when we amplified signal flows by adjusting four weights : the negative feedbacks of ERK (ERK to GS and ERK to GAB1), and AKT cascade (PI3K to PIP3 and PIP3 to IRS)."
29588498
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"Indeed, a strong activation of ERK1/2 by active Ras or Raf leads to cell cycle arrest in cell line models by inducing the expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21."
27741519
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"Given the role of Rabex-5 in promoting HRas ubiquitination and endosomal association, we surmised that ERK activation by Ras would be attenuated by overexpressing Rabex-5."
20655225
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"In pancreatic cancer, the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) forms complexes with Smads and transactivates the Snail1 and Snail2 genes that elicit EMT [XREF_BIBR], whereas the Ras oncoprotein promotes Erk MAP-kinase signaling that also contributes to Snail1 induction [XREF_BIBR]."
27367735
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"Ras activation of ERK was inhibited by both Pak1 (R299) and Pak1 (L83, L86, R299), while neither mutant inhibited Raf activation of ERK."
9234703
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"Because keratinocytes in different epidermal layers exhibit distinct responses to Ras mediated Erk signaling, it is not too surprising that proliferation was unaltered by Dsg1 deficiency."
19546243
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"Thus, unlike galectin-1, which prolongs Ras activation of ERK and inhibits PI3-K, K-Ras-GTP and galectin -3 interactions promote, in addition to PI3-K and Raf-1 activation, a third inhibitory signal that attenuates active ERK."
15205467
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"Ras mediates zinc induced activation of ERK1/2."
20412391
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"As expected, Fumos shows little effects on the Shp2 independent ERK1/2 activation induced by PMA or oncogenic Ras."
26626996
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"Based on the concept of oncogene addiction, it could be postulated that expression of a mutated active RAS protein which in a cell type dependent fashion constitutively increases ERK1/2 and/or PI3K activities would in turn facilitate the cytotoxic actions of both 17AAG, whose HSP90 inhibitory actions will tend to reduce signaling through ERK1/2 and AKT, and of MEK1/2 inhibitors whose actions will reduce signaling through ERK1/2."
20442308
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"Together, these results support that up‐regulation of OTUB1 may play a crucial role in tumorigenic transformation of cells harboring wt KRAS by promoting RAS‐induced ERK activation."
26881969
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"Lipid raft Ras nanoclusters with diameter of 6-12nm, consisting of active Ras, the MAPK module and scaffolding proteins form transiently (~ 400ms) to produce a digital burst of active ERK."
21772823
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"It is thought that βγ dimers are dissociated from Gα i upon agonist stimulation, leading to a Ras-dependent ERK activation, frequently via PI3-kinaseγ [23,27,28] ."
10989284
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"Thus, it appears that Rap1A and B may have over-lapping functions.Early studies showed that in response to nerve growth factor stimulation, C3G activated Rap1 binds to B-Raf to sustain activated ERK a[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
29621614
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"Ras-mutant cancer cells display B-Raf binding to Ras that activates extracellular signal regulated kinase and is inhibited by protein kinase A phosphorylation."
23893412
sparser
"Yoshimura and his colleagues cloned the Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1-domain containing protein (Spred)-1 and identified it as a negative regulator of growth factor-mediated, Ras-dependent ERK activation."
21986312
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"As Spred inhibits active Ras induced ERK activation, Spred might modulate the unidentified activation steps of Raf by a novel mechanism."
15630138
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"Moreover, the BRAF inhibitor inhibits tumor growth by inhibiting the ERK pathway, and this in turn inhibits the negative feedback inhibition of ERK on RAS, which partially restores RAS activity, leading to the formation of BRAFV600E dimers induced by RAF [29]."
32605090
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"We have demonstrated that transactivation includes a positive feedback circuit that connects proteolytic release of autocrine TGFalpha to EGFR binding to Ras mediated ERK signaling, and that the activity of this circuit can be regulated at different points by diverse inputs."
20458382
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"In metazoans, the protein Ras, Raf and MEK act sequentially to activate ERK [XREF_BIBR]."
25826266
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"In a previous study, Gao et al. discovered that increased NgBR can enhance EGF-stimulated Ras activation and phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells ( xref )."
33716742
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"An alternative explanation takes into account the fact that SW480 cells express a constitutively active Ras (K-RasV12) mutant that activates ERK1/2 and expression of mesenchymal markers."
20876280
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"The Ras dependent activation of Erk kinases by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is thought to involve tyrosine phosphorylation of docking proteins that serve as scaffolds for the plasma membrane recruitment of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors, such as the Grb2 and mSos complex."
9395506
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"In a seemingly reductant route, PLC mediated PKC downregulation also results in RAS mediated ERK and MAPK downregulation."
28493713
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"Noonan syndrome is associated with increased ERK activity induced by RAS activation and, therefore, RANKL up-regulation may lead to development of multiple central giant cell lesions (CGCLs) of the jaws and other parts of the body [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
30429698
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"Without EGFR activity, active RAS levels are not sufficient to induce robust MEK and ERK activity, a requirement for epithelial transformation."
22975374
sparser
"PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ signaling has also been shown to induce Ras-dependent ERK activation."
30716386
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"In a second example, it was found that activated MEK promoted the same upregulation of ERKs caused by activated Ras, yet only Ras caused a proliferative response in human thyroid epithelial cells 37."
10740269
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"Subsequently, it was shown that targeting Ras (e.g., by farnesyltransferase inhibitors and FTIs or HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors and statins) blocks UCN-01-induced ERK1/2 activation and dramatically increases lethality in vitro and in vivo."
20068082
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"Another important pathway converging on mTOR involves MAPK3 / ERK , which can be activated by Ras and NF1."
21658583
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"For instance, the binding of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) to its specific receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) at the surface of the VSMC membrane activates ras, which triggers the extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction, resulting in cell cycle suppression by inactivating MYT1, which restrains cell cycle progression, accelerating p27Kip1 degradation to activate cyclin E/Cdk2 and inducing cyclin D1 transcription to raise DNA synthesis by regulating Cdk4 and Cdk6."
24853429
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"TRAPs may recruit Grb2 from the cytosol to the membrane and thereby deliver Grb2-bound Son of sevenless homolog 1 (Sos1) in proximity to the small GTPase Ras, which then activates ERK [8] ."
19879355
sparser
"Axin inhibits cellular proliferation and ERK pathway activation induced by either epidermal growth factor or Ras, indicating a role of Axin in the regulation of growth induced by ERK pathway activation."
17374607
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"Indeed, using primary human T cells, it was shown that both Ras activating proteins RasGRP1 (downstream of DAG) and SOS1 are required to activate Ras and thus the ERK pathway after an activating TCR trigger."
27242165
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"To test this idea, we inhibited Fos or CREB in neurons that express an activated form of Ras that is known to stimulate the ERK pathway (previous section, and)."
20193670
reach
"It has been reported that ERK MAP kinase activated by Ras causes cytoplasmic retention of Smad protein via linker region phosphorylation [XREF_BIBR]."
24905473
reach
"Finally, by controlling the temporal dynamics and strength of Ras signalling, they determined that the strengths of Ras and Erk activation are reliably coupled, but that the dynamics of Ras activation of Erk encode distinct outcomes 53."
25858669
reach
"EGF activates the small GTPase Ras, which activates ERK downstream of the Raf and MEK kinases."
22920937
reach
"Albeit that IL-6 signaling can be achieved through other pathways (e.g. JAK and STAT and PI3K and Akt), the Ras mediated ERK pathway is a major effector of IL-6/IL-6R/GP130 activation."
21565184
reach
"Moreover, Ras can activate both the ERK and MST2 pathways, but owing to the Akt mediated MST2 inhibition, Ras inactivates MST2 instead in cells where Akt is strongly activated by Ras [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
27527217
reach
"RAS in turn activates RAF (proto-oncogene RAF protein), MEK, and ERK through phosphorylation (XREF_FIG)."
23133319
sparser
"However, a biochemical link between PE and GAP inactivation is missing and GEF stimulation is hard to reconcile with the observation that dominant-negative S17N-Ras does not compromise Ras-dependent ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) activation by PE."
16709153
sparser
"The critical role of RAS activation of ERK1/2 in granulosa cells of ovulating follicles led us to ask what effects premature expression of RAS would exert in small growing follicles."
30780130
reach
"One of the major pathways that regulate cellular growth is extracellular related kinase (ERK) which triggers a cell surface-receptor mediated signaling cascade involving Ras, Raf, MEK [mitogen activated protein (MAP)/ERK kinases] and ERK."
22235203
reach
"Instead, the Pak mutants appeared to inhibit transformation by preventing Ras activation of the ERK and mitogen activated protein kinase cascade."
9560242
sparser
"Many investigators have linked Ras and ERK1/2 to learning and memory, since temporal modulation of ERK1/2 activation by Ras is known to play a critical role in several forms of neuroplasticity ( xref )."
28649228
sparser
"Ras-dependent ERK activation at the poles increases the rate of Cic nuclear export and decreases nuclear import."
28495673
reach
"Fumos also shows little effects on the Erk1/2 activation induced by PMA in a Ras independent manner."
26626996
reach
"The upstream inhibition of Ras --> Raf-1 effectively prevented translocation and nuclear localization of phosphorylated extracellularly regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2)."
15258898
sparser
"The activation of the transcription factor Elk1, which can be phosphorylated by ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2, was diminished by the inhibition of ERK1/2 regardless of the localization of Ras, though less so if ERK1/2 was activated by Ras at the Golgi membrane."
27819030
reach
"SHOC2 is a scaffold protein mediating RAS promoted activation of the ERK MAPK cascade in response to extracellular stimuli."
31825160
reach
"However, it has been shown that Ras mediated activations of Erk MAP kinases results in the phosphorylation of Smads 1, 2, and 3 at MAP kinase sites in the linker sequence between the MH1 and MH2 domai[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12809600
reach
"This unresponsiveness is associated with the constitutive activation of the small G protein, Rap1, and the lack of Ras dependent activation of ERK."
12855697
reach
"IL-8 induces EMT through PI3K–AKT and rat sarcoma (RAS)–rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)–mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)–ERK in various cancers ."
34083781
reach
"Although Ras is strongly activated by the concomitant stimulation of TCR and CD3 and CD28 receptors to induce ERK activation, it is poorly activated by TCR and CD3 stimulation alone (Carey et al., 200[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17383543
reach
"RAS independent (pro) renin receptor signaling contributed to diabetes induced activation of retinal ERK1/2."
19389828
reach
"For example, in tumor cells carrying mutations in Ras or Raf, which activate ERK constitutively, IGF-I may promote cell migration and invasion."
16365168
reach
"This Ras and c-Raf-dependent activation of ERK can be modulated by the cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade induced by engagement of G protein coupled receptors (GPCR), and defects in GPCR signaling may result in chronic colitis XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."
22384111
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"Hence, these data demonstrate that Raf induced paxillin phosphorylation appears not to impact the ability of paxillin to associate with previously identified binding partners.Oncogenic transformation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12837288
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"Grb2, which interacts with both IRSs and SHC, then associates with SOS, a Ras nucleotide exchanger, thereby initiating activation of Ras and subsequently Raf-1, mitogen or extracellular regulated kina[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
12618213
sparser
"The pre-synaptic p75 NTR plays a role in regulating the binding to the Trk receptor, ERK activation by Ras, neurite protuberance and activation of terminal kinase (JNK), which causes apoptosis in different neuronal cells [2] ."
35625880
reach
"This mutant is thought to have a dominant negative effect on the activity of RAS by occupying GTP-exchange factors of RAS XREF_BIBR, thus inhibiting EGF induced, RAS mediated ERK1/2 activation (XREF_FIG)."
22606262
sparser
"Trametinib, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of melanoma, is one such potent and highly specific inhibitor of the Mek kinase, preventing activation of Erk by Ras ( xref )."
26119340
reach
"Ras could activate the ERK signaling pathway and cause rapid cell proliferation.20 Rho and Cdc42 could enhance cell migration and invasion by regulating cytoskeletal rearrangement.21 Moreover, in our study, SQLE was observed to activate ERK signaling, which has been reported as an effector of the mevalonate pathway."
30734525
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"Of these, Ras guanine nucleotide releasing proteins have been implicated in BCR induced Ras and extracellular signal regulated kinase signaling in a PLCgamma2 dependent manner."
18362175
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"ERK activity, however, was stimulated by Ras (L61) expression (data not shown)."
9462509
reach
"The B cell receptor (BCR) initiates three major signaling pathways : the Ras pathway, which leads to extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activation; the phospholipase C-gamma pathway, which causes calcium mobilization; and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway."
11976336
sparser
"Wen et al [ xref ] have shown that ERK1/2 activation in response to suboptimal stimulation of thymocytes is dependent on Ins(1,4,5)P 3 3-kinase B; they propose a model in which Ins(1,4,5)P 3 3-kinase B-dependent production of Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 acts to sequester an Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 -binding GTPase-activating protein 1 [ xref ], promoting Ras-dependent activation of ERK1/2."
16445858
reach
"We thus propose that PI3-kinase dependent Ras activation in turn mediates stimulation of MEK and ERK signaling cascade, but definitive proof awaits experiments in which dominant negative Ras proteins [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17126402
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"ERbeta gene knockdown, as well as coexpression of the dominant negative Ras and Raf, reduced stimulation of ERK1/2 by NNK."
17638897
reach
"Interestingly, the CD44 and LARG complex has been also reported to interact with the EGF receptor and to promote Ras mediated stimulation of Raf-1 and ERK pathway and cell proliferation [XREF_BIBR]."
20363320
sparser
"We have shown that uPA and uPAR downregulation inhibits invasion in SNB19 glioma cells by decreasing phosphorylation of the Ras-activated FAK, p38MAPK, JNK and ERK1/2, as well as the MEK-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT and mTOR pathway, indicative of a feedback signaling mechanism of the uPAR/uPA system [ xref ]."
22004682
reach
"Early studies showed that in response to nerve growth factor stimulation, C3G activated Rap1 binds to B-Raf to sustain activated ERK activation that is initiated by Ras [XREF_BIBR]."
29621614
reach
"Oncogenic RAS and BRAF that potently stimulate ERK signalling drive neoplasia of cutaneous melanocytes in zebrafish and are commonly mutated in human CM, but mutations are vanishingly rare in UM."
27166257
reach
"In cardiac myocyte, ERK signaling cascade is classically initiated at the cell membrane by activation of the small G protein Ras, leading to the recruitment and activation of MAP3K, c-RAF."
26257652
reach
"In its GTP bound form, Ras recruits the protein kinase Raf at the plasma membrane and subsequently activates MEK and ERK1/2 (p42 and p44 MAPK)."
25742784
reach
"RAF inhibitors are ineffective in RAS tumours since they drive paradoxical ERK1/2 pathway activation and adventitious tumour development ."
31048689
sparser
"RAS transmits extracellular signals to intracellular effectors pathways: the activation of RAF kinases requires the interaction with RAS, which, in turn, activates mitogen/extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (MEK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK)."
27148534
sparser
"As expected, Fumos shows little effects on the Shp2-independent ERK1/2 activation induced by PMA or oncogenic Ras."
26626996
reach
"Studies show that SUR-8 functions as a MAPK scaffold that forms a ternary complex with Ras and Raf, which then specifically enhances Ras induced ERK activation by facilitating the interaction between Ras and Raf, without any effect on AKT or JNK activity."
26973524
reach
"Via Ras and Raf proteins, this complex activates the MEK and ERK (" mitogen activated ERK activating kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase ") signaling pathway, which controls many diverse cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and development."
23966944
reach
"Shc phosphorylation engages the upstream components of the ERK1/2 pathway, Grb and SOS, and activates Ras mediated ERK1/2 signaling [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
20045011
reach
"Initially, in addition to kinase inactive forms of Tpl-2 which were demonstrated to inhibit activation of ERK by Ras or Raf, inhibitory forms of Raf and Ras were able to block ERK activation by Tpl-2,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
9024636
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"UT7-Mpl cells represent the second cellular model in which Ras and Rap1 act in concert to modulate the duration of ERK signal in response to a growth factor and thereby the differentiation program."
11283246
reach
"Significant evidence has emerged that members of Ras family of small GTPases modulate ERK activation in a cell-context dependent manner [XREF_BIBR; XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."
18784646
reach
"SOS1 mediates the EGF induced activation of Ras, which stimulates the Erk1/2 pathway."
22042618
reach
"Furthermore, retroviral delivery of active Ras or c-Raf promoted ERK activity and angiogenesis, which anti-alphavbeta5 blocked upstream of Ras, whereas anti-alphavbeta3 blocked downstream of Ras, but upstream of c-Raf."
12952943
reach
"We have noted in both carcinomas and hematological malignancies that inhibitors of RAS farnesylation synergistically interact with Chk1 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo to cause cell killing by blocking Chk1 inhibitor -induced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway (see below)."
19395305
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"The small GTPase Ras activates the ERK MAPK pathway and, in mammalian cells, RhoA cooperates with Ras during cell transformation XREF_BIBR."
22359503
reach
"HERV-K ENV is also reported to increase Ras-induced ERK activation in human breast cancer cells and promote tumorigenesis (Wang et al., 2020c; Zhou et al., 2016)."
34963103
sparser
"Simultaneous inhibition of MAPK further increases contraction, while RAS activation of ERK-1/2 inhibits TGF-β1-induced matrix contraction."
19560950
reach
"The major findings of this study are as follows : (1) Statins reduce aneurysm formation primarily via inhibition of Ras prenylation, (2) Ras prenylation reduction decreases downstream ERK signaling, and (3) statin mediated attenuation of Ras signaling correlates with inhibition of ERK dependent MMP activation."
30571378
reach
"Downstream of Ras, signals that activate ERK1/2 through the Raf1 and MAPK kinase (MEK1) cascade are not essential for survival of anchorage dependent primary fibroblasts on a FN matrix."
10791986
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"The present study proposes a novel mechanism by which prolonged activation of active Ras can modulate Erk1/2 activity through induction of the MKP3 gene in NIH3T3 cells."
24602610
reach
"We studied the Shc adaptor proteins p52 and p46Shc, which can activate the RAS and Mitogen Activated Protein kinase pathway, p66Shc which is uncoupled from RAS and MAP kinases and the MAP kinase family members Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal protein Kinase (JNK) or Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK)."
11423998
sparser
"Thus, p38 MAP kinase stimulation could perhaps partially account for ET-1 contractive properties, whereas ET-1-induced cell proliferation occurs primarily via Ras-dependent activation of the ERK."
12193071
reach
"However, evidence has been presented showing that inhibitory Ras constructs do not prevent activation of ERK by G q PCR linked agonism [165] and Ras independent pathways for such agonists may exist."
9376213
sparser
"As mentioned earlier, transcription factors act as a substrate for Ras-activated ERK1/2 or P38MAPK."
34204435
reach
"191 RAS overactivation in CVD increases AT1R stimulation by Ang II, promoting ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways to downregulate ACE2 while upregulating ACE expression."
32264791
sparser
"The oncogene Ras activates ERK, and eight of the ten pathways we found to be significant for the Ras gene signature (Table xref ) were also found to be significant for the Yang et al . gene signature (Table xref )."
17498287
reach
"T cells from aged SPA-1-/- mice with high amounts of Rap1GTP showed normal or even enhanced Ras activation with little extracellular signal regulated kinase activation in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, indicating that excess Rap1GTP induced the uncoupling of Ras mediated extracellular signal regulated kinase activation."
12958214
sparser
"This signaling cascade leads to the activation of Ras and MEK kinase, which in turn activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinases [ERK1/2; xref ]."
21286247
reach
"Expression of Ras V12 increased activity of the MAPK and Erk pathway, which is the canonical route of Ras signaling in Drosophila (XREF_FIG)."
18670627
reach
"Trametinib, an FDA approved drug for the treatment of melanoma, is one such potent and highly specific inhibitor of the Mek kinase, preventing activation of Erk by Ras."
26119340
sparser
"Since previous studies suggested that romidepsin may impair Ras-mediated activation of these two pathways [ xref , xref - xref ], we determined whether romidepsin treatment inhibited Ras-induced activation of ERK or AKT in our cells."
19682393
reach
"These TGF-β superfamily proteins activate not only Smad signaling but also non-Smad signaling including the Ras-mediated ERK pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade)."
34676394
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"Similarly, Ras is known to activate other downstream molecular pathways, in addition to Erk, that also may be involved in B cell differentiation."
20176802
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"The ability of each downstream Ras effector to mediate activation of the MEK and ERK pathway downstream of M-CSF was next evaluated (XREF_FIG)."
18275061
reach
"Because Rin1 is a Ras effector [XREF_BIBR], this constitutes a negative feedback which serves to attenuate Ras mediated ERK signalling."
23902637
reach
"Ras modulation of superoxide activates ERK dependent fibronectin expression in diabetes induced renal injuries."
16572112
reach
"Campisi et al have reported that over expression of Oncogenic RAS stimulates ERK MAP Kinase signalling and the induction of a senescence response in other fibroblast strains XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
19560950
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"In the absence of EGF, the mutated Ras resulted in the constitutive activation of ERK, as expected."
19804630
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"Here we apply a systematic approach combining quantitative measurements and mathematical modelling to compare the signalling networks accessed by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors in mouse fibroblasts, in which the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is activated by Ras- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent pathways."
21943356
reach
"Furthermore, activated RAS, upon stimulation from extracellular signals, may activate ERK in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation, and has been associated with OA cartilage degradation."
29042963
reach
"Because Ras can activate the Raf-1 and ERK pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, we asked whether Rap activation limits the ability of the BCR to signal via these pathways."
12904304
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"Since the Ras pathway is known to activate ERK in neurons and has been implicated previously in neuronal plasticity, we asked if synaptic plasticity in CK mutants requires Ras signaling."
20193670
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"This is the first demonstration that CaMKII interplays with Raf-1 and regulates Erk activation induced by Ras stimulated Raf-1."
12954639
reach
"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR For example, prolonged treatment of either RAF or MEK inhibitors results in rebounded ERK activation due to the amplification of upstream drivers, such as RTKs and Ras."
32939510
sparser
"Ras, a GTPase, is able to activate ERK through a Ras-Raf-MEK cascade (Avruch et al., xref )."
25745402
reach
"Whereas moderate ras activities only stimulated the mitogenic MEK-ERK pathway, high intensity ras signals induced MEK and ERK to higher levels, leading to stimulation of the MKK3/6-p 38 pathway, which had been shown previously to act downstream of Ras-MEK to trigger the senescence response."
14593117
reach
"In the comparison, we only consider parameters associated with single model reactions summarizing multi-step signaling processes.Examples include the indirect activation of ERK by RAS, which is described by one reaction in the considered pathway model."
32119655
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"Over expression leads to activation of ERK1/2 but not RAS [XREF_BIBR]."
22821175
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"Thus, these observations are most consistent with a model wherein a single p53-mutant neural stem cell spontaneously loses Nf1 or acquires other oncogenic mutations, activating Ras mediated Erk and MAPK signaling pathway and promoting clonal expansion of p-Erk + Olig2 + p53 Mutant -expressing glioma precursors."
32699356
reach
"NFAT is regulated by the calcium dependent calcineurin signaling pathway, and AP-1 is activated via the Ras initiated ERK MAP kinase signaling pathway (Deng and Karin, 1994; Foletta et al., 1998; Garc[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11696409
reach
"Furthermore, our results indicate that Ras dependent activation of AKT and ERK may play an important role in UVA induced PTEN down-regulation."
23129115
reach
"However, it has not been examined whether Ras or Raf activation is sufficient to activate ERK at high cell density."
27936234
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"For example, a particular factor regulated by CXCL12 signaling in a TCR dependent way is RasGRP1, a Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, which activates ERK and has important functions in autoimmunity and immunodeficiency."
26347749
reach
"The largely presynaptic p75NTR [XREF_BIBR] serves dual roles in that it modulates Trk receptor binding and is involved in prolonged Ras mediated activation of ERK and neurite outgrowth [XREF_BIBR], though p75NTR induced neurite outgrowth ceases after prolonged p75NTR activation [XREF_BIBR]."
21966294
sparser
"Interestingly, bFGF-induced PLD activation and neurite outgrowth did not require ERK1/2 activated by Ras."
17146759
reach
"It is controversial whether Ras activation bypassing the TCR signal (e.g., PMA) would restore ERK activation (Schwartz, 1997)."
17383543
reach
"This similarity suggests that the ERK activity contributed by RAS‐independent sources is near the minimal baseline value.We next used our platform to perform a comprehensive survey of the effects of various growth factors on each cell line."
33073539
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"To investigate the phenotypic effects of Nf1 loss in vivo, we used the expression of phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) as a readout for activation of Ras mediated Erk and MAPK signaling during early stages of tumor evolution in vivo XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
32699356
sparser
"Activation of Rap1 by cAMP induces the association of Rap1 with Raf-1 and limits Ras-dependent activation of ERK."
11340161
reach
"The compound inhibited RAS mediated activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K signaling pathways via growth factor stimulation and activating mutation in NRAS."
28062402
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"When tethered to the Golgi, constitutively active Ras, RasQ61L, is a strong activator of ERK and the Akt protein kinase (also known as protein kinase B), but weakly activates JNK."
19091303
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"The canonical ERK1/2 signaling pathway initiates when an extracellular ligand binds a receptor tyrosine kinase, usually a growth factor receptor, leading to activation of Ras which promotes Raf serine/threonine kinase activity and sequential activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 by phosphorylation [7]."
35074688
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"Experiments from the current study disclosed that PDT triggers a decrease in the HSP90 and Ras protein levels and inhibits ERK activity (XREF_FIG)."
21541041
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"In XREF_FIG, Ras increased by -fold from to; ERK and MYC increased by -fold from to and from to, respectively; miR-9 increased by -fold from to; MMP increased by -fold from to compared to their values in normal cells; SOS decreased by -fold from to; let-7 decreased by -fold from to, and E-Cadherin decreased by -fold from to."
23365639
reach
"ERK activity was proportional to the stability of EGFR, consistent with the ability of EGFR mediated Ras and MAPK to activate ERK, which is reflected by its phosphorylation state."
24340049
reach
"The reduced IL-2 response is associated with compromised ERK activation, and this is consistent with the concept that persistent Rap1 activation interferes with Ras mediated ERK activation downstream [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
17383543
sparser
"Taken together, these results show that KLF11 phosphorylation by Ras-activated Erk-MAPK is responsible for the reduced potential of KLF11 to enhance Smad signaling in pancreatic cancer cells and refle[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
15300592
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"In addition, Ras and Rap1 function to activate the ERK1/2 pathway in response to bacterial components such as LPS to stimulate macrophage phagocytosis XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR."
26051945
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"We found that although Ras activates ERK, it does not activate JNK even in the presence of other stimuli (data not shown)."
9462509
reach
"Other pathways, such as the Ras stimulated ERK1/2 (extracellular signal responsive kinase) pathway, were not affected by tocopherol treatment."
15385541
reach
"It is known that Ras activates ERK in an isoform specific manner, and thus, BTA-EG 4 may act differentially to promote dendritic spine density in wild-type mice (the normal condition) and in a mouse model of AD (the pathological condition)."
24316432
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"Activation of these signalling molecules following integrin engagement can promote the activation of the small GTPase Ras leading to increased and sustained ERK and Map kinase signalling, which may in turn affect cell proliferation (Renshaw et al, 1996; Roovers et al, 1999)."
15597106
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"For example, in colon carcinoma cells, Ras- stimulated ERK activity promotes Rac activa-tion but inhibits Rho activation [61]."
19048123
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"Here we show that low levels of Ras activity stimulate extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-p42/44 MAPK (extracellular signal regulated kinase [ERK]) signaling, whereas high levels of Ras activity stimulate additional Pi3 kinase (Pi3K)-protein kinase B (PKB) signaling, each accounting for approximately 50% of the potentiation during long-term potentiation (LTP)."
16107614
eidos
"Up to half of the patients diagnosed with CM carry activating mutations in the serine-threonine kinase of the BRAF gene ( BRAF-V600 ) , with almost a quarter of patients ( 15-25 % ) carrying mutations in the RAS gene ( Q61R , Q61K ) , which downstream activate RAF , MEK , and ERK ."
33925915
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"The activation of the transcription factor Elk1, which can be phosphorylated by ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2, was diminished by the inhibition of ERK1/2 regardless of the localization of Ras, though less so if ERK1/2 was activated by Ras at the Golgi membrane."
27819030
reach
"Mechanistically, Ras and Rap1 cooperate to initiate and sustain ERK signaling, which is activated in many malignancies and is the target of successful therapeutics."
29621614
reach
"In the present study we apply a systematic approach combining quantitative measurements and mathematical modelling to compare the signalling networks accessed by FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) receptors in mouse fibroblasts, in which the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) cascade is activated by Ras- and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-dependent pathways."
21943356
reach
"Rap1-GTPase has been shown to negatively regulate Ras mediated Erk and p38 activation in some studies; however, it is controversial."
18714009
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"DSG1 can also promote epithelial differentiation through its interactions with ERBIN, which sequesters SHOC2 to attenuate RAS mediated ERK activation 20."
24220297
sparser
"In EGF-stimulated cells, tyrosine-phosphorylated MVP complexes with the SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and interacts with ras-activated downstream kinase Erk, presumably to fine-tune the activity of the Erk-downstream target Elk-1 [ xref ]."
22040803
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"Despite the fact that Ras (12V,37 G) expression does not elevate ERK activity, inhibition of this kinase by a conditionally expressed ERK phosphatase demonstrated that ERK activity was necessary for Ras (12V,37 G)-transformed cells to express matrix degrading activity in vitro and tissue invasiveness in vivo."
11486034
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"We show that Ras, but not Rap-1, is activated cell-specifically and mediates the cAMP dependent activation of ERKs, while Rap-1 is not involved in this process in melanocytes."
10856235
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"Specific inhibitors of PLC-beta, PKC-beta and Ras (farnesylthiosalicylic acid) inhibit activation of ERK1/2, whereas the PKC-zeta inhibitor GF109203X had no effect."
21993263
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"First, Ras itself is an upstream activator of PI3K, thus activation of Ras leads to the activation of both Erk and PI3K [137]."
| PMC
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"Expression of CalDAG-GEFI activates Rap1A and inhibits Ras dependent activation of the Erk and MAP kinase cascade in 293T cells."
9789079
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"The binding of different growth factors (e.g. EGF and IGF-1) to their receptors (e.g. EGFR, IGF-1R) induces activation of Ras, which in turn activates c-raf, MEK and ERK."
19665249
reach
"A possible explanation for this ambivalence is that oncogenic Ras activates both pro- (i.e. JNK and ERK) and anti-autophagic (i.e. class I PI3K/Akt/mTOR1) signaling pathways, depending on cellular context."
24583697
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"All six genes tested in this pathway are markedly downregulated, by 3- to> 6-fold (XREF_TABLE), and RNAi inhibition of let-60 (encoding a RAS membrane co-receptor that initiates ERK and MAPK signaling) significantly improves survival of oxidative stress (XREF_FIG)."
19360094
sparser
"Using Sos1 (T) −/− and Rasgrp1 −/− mice, the RasGEFs that are responsible for Ras-dependent ERK activation in developing thymocytes have been defined."
23506953
reach
"Ras dependent activation of the Erk kinase pathway relies on the productive contact of Ras-GTP with members of the Raf family of serine/threonine kinases (collectively Raf), which together with other coincident inputs result in Raf activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
24383791
sparser
"Consistent with these findings, cellular expression of polypeptides that sequester free Gβγ subunits block Ras-dependent ERK activation via the LPA receptor [19 • ] , α2A adrenergic receptor [5,9] ,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
10209148
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"These results could mean that the inhibition of Ras signaling by drugs or siRNA may not have sufficed to block ERK1/2 activation."
21726627
reach
"Although a PKC activity was previously hypothesized to couple TCR signaling to Ras mediated activation of the ERK cascade, this function was recently assigned to a non PKC diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensor [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11973130
sparser
"It is widely reported that overexpression of a Rho GTPase cannot in itself lead to ERK activation, however, dominant-negative Rac can block Ras-dependent ERK activation in 293 cells ( Frost et al. 199[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
11057896
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"Furthermore, ERK promotes cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis, and is activated by EGFR and Ras small guanosine triphosphatases [XREF_BIBR]."
29339715
reach
"Upon ligand binding, RAGE activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways involving in the small guanine nucleotide triphosphatases (GTPases) ras related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), Ras mediated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt, stress activated protein kinase and c-Jun-NH 2-terminal kinase (SAPK and JNK), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-kappaB and caspases [XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC
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"Increased BMP4 levels promote Ras mediated ERK signalling cascade activation."
27293450
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"Moreover, phagocytosis assays, using various inhibitors, showed that ERK activity was vital for efficient phagocytosis and that ERK may be activated by both Ras dependent and Ras independent mechanisms."
15158361
sparser
"Given the role of Rabex-5 in promoting HRas ubiquitination and endosomal association, we surmised that ERK activation by Ras would be attenuated by overexpressing Rabex-5."
20655225
reach
"Whereas Ras activates ERK, Rac activates JNK."
9462509
sparser
"APC also regulates cell proliferation of RAS induced ERK activation playing an important role in colorectal tumor suppression [ xref ]."
24943349
reach
"The small GTPase Ras couples growth factor receptor signaling to ERK (MAPK) and PI3K pathways."
20501647
sparser
"Therefore, both cAMP and Ca2+ may contribute to the Ras-dependent ERK1/2 activation after 5-HT7 receptor stimulation, through activation of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor with activity towards Ras."
15853814
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"Dominant negative Ras inhibited activation of ERK."
12759139
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"Ras activates two major survival pathways, the ERK cascade and AKT (Anderson and Tolkovsky, 1999; Bonni et al, 1999; Datta et al, 1999)."
11953870
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"Interestingly, although Ras is also activated during Chlamydia infection and usually functions to activate ERK1/2 through Raf, ERK1/2 is activated independently of Ras and Raf1 [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"Evidence of RAS activating ERK1/2 was first provided by Sally Leevers and Chris Marshall [XREF_BIBR]."
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"Unlike in the hematopoietic progenitors, excess Rap1GTP in the antigen primed T cells interfered with the Ras mediated ERK activation and proliferation via antigen receptor stimulation leading to aner[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"The results of an in vitro kinase assay clearly showed that the RAS induced extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which is responsible for FRA1 induction, was markedly attenuated in the HDF compared with that in the REF, despite no obvious differences in the phosphorylation status of ERK between the species."
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"After the ligand attaches to the receptor, the RAS oncogene is activated which in turn activates the ERK."
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"Specifically, RAS overexpression activates the ERK pathway in all four cell lines as it significantly elevated protein levels of p-ERK, ranging from a 1.7 fold increase in PC3 cells and an 18.4 fold increase in Myc-CaP cells (XREF_FIG)."
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"If in the interim variant cells have extinguished the expression and function of key tumor suppressors these cells may escape the arrest and senescence program and proceed to unchecked proliferation.I[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"It is well established that Ras, Raf and MEK form the major upstream signalling pathway to activate Erk1/2 in cells."
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"Of note, previous studies have shown that the PHB complex is required for Ras-induced MEK and ERK activation ( xref , xref )."
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"ALI enhanced expression of the following growth-, invasion-, and motility related molecules in the cells with or without hypoxia more greatly than SMC : c-Met, Ras, mitogen activated protein kinase cascade proteins (Raf-1, MEK-1, and ERK-1/2), matrix metalloproteinase-1, and filamin A."
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"The binding of growth factors, such as EGF and IGF-1, to their receptors stimulates RAS activation, which in turn induces c-Raf, ERK and MEK activation."
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"These studies demonstrate that BK stimulates Ras dependent activation of ERK1/2 in mIMCD-3 cells via transactivation of EGFR through a novel mechanism."
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"To determine if the effects of PP2 and U0126 were due to direct action on Sam68, we coexpressed the SFK Fyn or a constitutively active form of RAS (RAS L61Q), which stimulates the ERK1/2 pathway, with suboptimal amounts of Sam68 and determined the effect on the cyclin D1 minigene AS."
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"ERK activation by NECA or UTP is unaffected by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein), attenuated by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122), and is abolished by a MEK inhibitor (PD098059) or dominant negative Ras."
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"The binding of different growth factors (e.g. EGF and IGF-1) to their receptors (e.g. EGFR, IGF-1R) induces activation of Ras, which in turn activates c-raf, MEK and ERK."
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"Ras independent activation of ERK signaling via the torso receptor tyrosine kinase is mediated by Rap1."
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"These data show that caveolin-1 is necessary for optimal KSR1-dependent ERK activation by growth factors and oncogenic Ras."
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"The ligation of TCR by anti-TCR antibody induced Ras dependent activation of ERK in thymocytes, splenic naive and memory CD4 T cells."
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"In most cell types the ERK pathway which is activated by RAS is one of the key pathways required to trigger cell proliferation."
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"These observations will facilitate clarifying the molecular mechanism whereby Spreds and Sproutys suppress Erk activation.The Ras and MAP kinase pathway has been shown to be regulated in many ways."
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"Consequently, due to the importance of RAS activated RAF --> MEK --> ERK signaling in PDA, we examined in more depth the effects of mitogen activated protein and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibition on patterns of mRNA expression in vitro and in vivo using a panel of PDA cell lines."
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"Mutations in Ras or Raf are known to induce constitutive activation of ERK which further act as a transcription factor to many prosurvival or pro apoptotic proteins."
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"Moreover, our data show that this ERK1/2 activation is suppressed by dominant negative expression of Ras and Raf-1 confirming the prototypical ERK1/2 signalling cascade [55]."
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"Constitutively active Ras and a Ras double mutant, RasV12S35, that selectively activates the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, a major MAPK pathway, can mimic the effect of slow mot[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"BRAF V600 mutations induce RAS independent activation of the ERK pathway, with consequent dysregulation of ERK signaling (high expression and activation of ERK), driving cell proliferation and survival 39."
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"However, the mechanisms that sustain RTK and Ras elicited ERK pathway activity in malignant cells have remained elusive."
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"In response to LTP inducing stimuli, Ras activates both ERK and PI3K cascades to drive GluR1 containing AMPA receptors into synapses."
21040840
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"It is also well known that cytoplasmic ERK is activated by the RAS and RAF pathway through the phosphorylation of certain threonine and tyrosine residues in its TXY motif [16]."
24735981
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"Activation of the small GTPase Ras by the TCR induces the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK 1,2) cascade involving several cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases."
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"They are regulated by phosphorylation via the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway involving the GTPase Ras, which activates the serine-threonine kinases Raf, MEK and ERK."
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"Ras-activated ERK phosphorylates and stimulates MLCK activity, while Rho increases MLC-P by phosphorylating and inactivating the targeting subunit of myosin phosphatase 1 (MYPT)."
| PMC
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"DNMT1 upregulation, global DNA methylation, and malignant transformation are achieved by Ras induced ERK activation."
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"Biochemical studies demonstrated that both inhibitors of the Src family PTK and Ras attenuated JEV induced extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activation."
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"Recently, PTPN11 (SHP2), a non receptor type PTP, was reported to play an oncogene like role in laryngeal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma, and the mechanism appeared to involve dephosphorylating RAS to activate the RAS and ERK pathway XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."
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"This fact, together with the observation that S could inhibit PDGF induced DNA synthesis in synchronized SMC [10,11], led us to analyze Ras mediated ERK1/2 activation in these cells."
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"Then, to determine whether the prenylation inhibitors reduce Ras‐dependent ERK activation, we quantified Ras, pRaf1, and pERK1/2 activation in TGF‐β–stimulated Fbn1 C1039G/+ SMCs following MA and PA treatment (Figure  xref A– xref C; n=5 per group)."
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"Thus, p38 MAP kinase stimulation could perhaps partially account for ET-1 contractive properties, whereas ET-1-induced cell proliferation occurs primarily via Ras dependent activation of the ERK."
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"On the other hand, Ras, but not Rap1, mediates K25 activation of PI3K and Akt and MEK and ERK pathways."
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"This observation raises the possibility that the Erk pool that mediates strain stimulated hypertrophy is activated by Ras, whereas another Erk pool that is not involved in hypertrophy is activated ind[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"XREF_BIBR The action of NO * is at the level of Ras that in turn will activate Raf, MEK, ERK and thus generate ERK substrates that are needed for capacitation associated tyrosine phosphorylation."
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"Specifically, E1A binds to and sequesters co-activators p300 and CBP, while Ras causes constitutive activation of ERK kinase [11] creating a condition for permanent phosphorylation of Elk-1 factor and[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"Similarly, to confirm that Ras signals the ERK pathway in lipid rafts, we acutely overexpressed M1-, LCK-, CD8-, and LAMP1-MEK (dn)-IRES-GFP in CA1 neurons in cultured rat slices for ~ 10 hr for subce[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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