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Ketamine inhibits JUN. 3 / 3
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"In conjunction with the last cited study, also using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, ketamine inhibited NFkB and another pro inflammatory transcription factor, activator protein 1 (AP-1) in human neutrophils and a leukocyte like transformed cell line, which was not dependent on activation of NMDA or opioid receptors."
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"Ketamine up-regulated heme-oxygenase-1 and attenuated lipopolysacharide induced changes in gastric nuclear factor-kappass, activator protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase."
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"Ketamine and nifedipine also inhibited stretch-induced upregulation of c-fos and c-jun in mouse BSM cells (Supplementary Fig. 10) , suggesting that mechanical stretch during bladder filling and voiding modulates bladder function in a Cav1.2-dependent manner.IEGs and transcription factors modulated by Cav1.2 signaling are important for cell survival, plasticity, proliferation, and differentiation."
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