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sparser
"However, it has been shown that OSM, via OSMR, stimulated synthesis and release of IL6 from endothelial cells through an interleukin 1-independent mechanism, xref and more recently, that heterocellular OSM-OSMR signalling from macrophages induced the reprogramming of inflammatory fibroblasts to secrete IL6. xref Additional evidence indicated that in the gingiva, fibroblast-derived OSM induces CXCL10, xref which has been highlighted as a causal mediator for IL6 signalling in atherosclerosis in a recent proteogenomic study. xref "

sparser
"The failure to find OSMR ligands might be due to the fact that structural data for this receptor were limited in the dataset AlphaFold2 was trained on, as no structure of the OSM:OSMR complex is available to date."

reach
"In astrocytes OSM binds to OSMR to induce IL-6 expression."

sparser
"Human OSM is capable of binding not only to the OSMR but also to the LIF receptor, in contrast to murine OSM that only binds to the OSMR [ xref ]."

sparser
"Whereas OSM binding to the OSMR has been shown to promote cancer cell malignancy and reduce long-term survival in patients with breast cancer [ xref ], LIF activation of the LIFR suppresses tumor growth and metastasis [ xref ]."

sparser
"Recent reports highlight the involvement of IL-6 family cytokine signaling and chronic inflammation in resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition-based therapies. xref , xref However, the implications of OSM-OSMR signaling in cancer immunotherapy remain relatively unexplored."

reach
"Receptor components gp130, LIFR and OSMR that bind OSM are expressed by bone marrow osteoblastic cells, OB cell lines as well as mouse calvaria OBs, bone lining cells and osteocytes XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

sparser
"For instance, the roles of PROS1-AXL ( xref ), LAT-TNFRSF1B ( xref ), ANXA1-FPR1 ( xref , xref ), MIF-CD74 ( xref – xref ), SPP1-CD44 ( xref ), VEGFB-VEGFR ( xref ), IL6-IL6R ( xref ), and OSM-OSMR ( xref ) have been confirmed in macrophage activation in GBM."

reach
"OSM can form a complex with either LIFR/gp130 or OSMR/gp130 , and therefore the effects of OSM and activation of downstream signaling pathways such as STAT3, ERK, AKT, and Src signaling in breast cancer cells may be mediated through either LIFR or OSMR, but previous studies have not determined which receptor is responsible."

sparser
"The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in a variety of biological processes, including hematopoiesis, tissue repair, inflammation, differentiation, and apoptosis. xref In addition, the JAK/STAT transduction pathway has been widely studied in osteogenic differentiation of cells. xref , xref A previous study showed that Mφ‐derived OSM can bind to OSMR and promote osteogenic differentiation of cells in muscle tissue, thereby enhancing heterotopic ossification; moreover, silencing the OSMR gene can significantly reduce the incidence of heterotopic ossification. xref Another study reported that the combination of Mφ‐derived OSM and GP130/OSMR receptor complex during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs can activate JAK1/2 and mediate STAT3 phosphorylation to promote osteogenic differentiation, and the addition of JAK1/2 specific inhibitors can weaken osteogenic differentiation and inhibit the development of NHO in mice. xref In addition, Zhang et al. xref pointed out that blocking the JAK signaling pathway can effectively attenuate leptin‐induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

sparser
"These contrasting results suggest that the loss of adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling in vivo may be indirectly affecting adipokine production and secretion by altering OSM target genes to ultimately decrease SDF-1 expression in the Osmr FKO mouse."

sparser
"We conclude that adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling plays a role in adipose tissue SDF-1 production and may mitigate its effects on adipose tissue homeostasis."

sparser
"Recent reports highlight the significance of heterocellular OSM-OSMR signaling in promoting tumor metastasis through TAMs, tumor cells, and other stromal cells intercellular communication ( xref )."

reach
"The binding of a ligand to its receptor induces homodimerization of gp130 (upon binding of IL-6 and IL-11) or heterodimerization of gp130 with LIFR (following binding of LIF, OSM, CT-1 and CNTF) or OSMR (for OSM) [23]."

sparser
"However, we and others have shown that adipocytes do express OSMR [ xref , xref , xref , xref ], which suggests that adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling may play a role in WAT homeostasis."

sparser
"Although our previous data suggest that adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling may have an important role in the maintenance of WAT immune balance and homeostasis, the mechanisms responsible for this homeostatic role remain unclear."

sparser
"Human OSM is additionally able to bind and signal via LIFR, while mouse OSM exclusively binds to OSMR [ xref ]."

sparser
"Supported by LUMINEX-ELISA and RNA-Seq analyses of PCCs, PSCs, and MØ isolated from PSC–PCC and PSC–MØ–PCC co-cultures, they found that MØ-derived Oncostatin M (OSM) activated the OSM receptor (OSMR) on PSCs and stimulated expression of inflammation-related secreted ligands, which in turn induced a protumor environment to activate proliferative and migratory signaling pathways in PCCs, implying therapeutic potential by targeting the MØs–PSC–PCC interaction through OSMOSMR complex."

sparser
"In an attempt to further assess the cell autonomous effects of OSMOSMR signaling on adipocyte SDF-1 expression, we treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with OSM."

sparser
"Human OSM is able to bind and signal via the OSMR and LIFR, while mouse OSM exclusively binds to OSMR [ xref , xref ] ( xref A)."

sparser
"Taken together, our current results, along with previous results from our lab and others, suggest that adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling may serve as a homeostatic regulator of adipose tissue SDF-1 levels."

sparser
"We identified three ligand-receptor pairs that signal from microglia to astrocytes with high downstream gene activity: IL1B-IL1R1 , OSM-OSMR , and TNF-TNFRSF1A ( xref , see xref for all ligand-receptor pairs)."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR Signaling Acts as a Brake to HSC Trafficking and Mobilization."

sparser
"Furthermore, previously predicted maternal-fetal interface interacting pairs ACKR2-CCL3/4/5, OSMR-OSM, FLT1-VEGFB and FGFR1-NCAM1 were also identified [ xref ] (Fig.  xref E and S4)."

sparser
"Though other cytokines (e.g., IL-6) interact with OSMR type I, it is thought that only OSM can bind to the OSMR type II complex."

sparser
"We conclude from these results that adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling is a regulator of adipose tissue SDF-1 levels."

reach
"OSM binds to gp130 and forms a heterodimer with LIFbetaR or with OSMR (Taga and Kishimoto, 1997)."

sparser
"The potency of OSM to induce cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation along with the predominant activation of c–Myc in mOSM–treated mice strongly suggest an intracellular interplay between glycolysis and dedifferentiation via OSMOSMR signaling [ xref ]."

sparser
"At a molecular and cellular level, haematopoietically derived OSM interacts with stromal-expressed OSMR to trigger an inflammation cascade."

sparser
"3.2.1 OSM-OSMR signaling."

sparser
"Mounting evidence suggests a causal role of TAMs in establishing a mesenchymal cell state in GBM through TAM-secreted ligands binding to receptors on glioma cells, such as between ligand-receptor pair OSM-OSMR, or via chemokine signaling xref , xref , xref , xref ."

reach
"OSM binds to the heterodimeric OSMR, which is comprised of OSMRβ and gp130, with higher affinity than it binds the heterodimeric LIFR, which consists of **LIFRβ and the common gp13021."

sparser
"4.3.2 OSM-OSMR signaling in PDAC."

sparser
"Mice with adipocyte-specific OSMR deletion (Osmr FKO ) are insulin resistant and exhibit adipose tissue inflammation, suggesting that intact adipocyte OSMOSMR signaling is necessary for maintaining adipose tissue health."

reach
"As OSM binds to OSMR, STAT3 signaling is activated, and gene transcription of VEGF-A and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is induced."

sparser
"Here, we highlight the OSMOSMR axis as a promising starting point to address the interplay of monocyte‐derived macrophages with synovial fibroblasts in OA, particularly for the inflammatory clinical phenotype."

sparser
"Finally, human transcriptomic analysis found a significant upregulation of the JAK-STAT signaling KEGG pathway in the colons of NE patients encompassing cytokines (IL-6, OSM-OSMR) that play a pivotal role in sustaining local inflammation within the digestive tract."

sparser
"Heterocellular OSM-OSMR signalling reprograms fibroblasts to promote pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis."

sparser
"Here, we highlight the OSMOSMR axis as a key mediator of the interplay between monocyte‐derived macrophages and synovial fibroblasts in mice with CiOA."

sparser
"The analysis of severe NE cases requiring colic resection revealed the activation of the STAT1 transcription activator pathway involving cytokines from the IL-6 family (IL-6, LIF, and OSM-OSMR) [ xref ], the IL-10 family (IL-10, IL-24), as well as the IL-7R. Interestingly, high expression of OSM [ xref ], IL-24 [ xref ], and IL-7R [ xref ] genes have also been reported in colonic samples of patients with IBD."

sparser
"Second, adipocyte OSM-OSMR signaling may be required to maintain the balance between lipid storage and immune cell cytokine production."

sparser
"Work in human fibroblast or epithelial cells show that OSM ligand binding to OSMR induces receptor degradation and then increases the level of receptor synthesis. xref In hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, OSM induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1α gene transcription via a Janus kinase/signal transducer. xref Considered in the context of the literature that indicates that OSM helps regulate erythropoiesis, the fact that we observed increased abundance of OSMR fragments in patients with poor EPO response might be expected."

sparser
"These results suggest that intact adipocyte OSM-OSMR signaling is necessary for adipose tissue immune cell homeostasis."

sparser
"In IBD, the stromal OSM-OSMR axis has been suggested to play a crucial role in the propagation of inflammation [ xref ] and high expression of the OSM gene [ xref ] or elevated plasma OSM levels [ xref ] have been found to predict corticosteroid-dependency [ xref ] and resistance to anti-tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF) therapy."

sparser
"Some of the molecular mechanisms by which specific disruption of adipocyte OSM-OSMR signaling axis promotes adipose tissue dysfunction still remain unclear, although our current data provide new information."

sparser
"While it remains unclear as to which cells in the adipose tissue are responsible for the increased adipokine production, it is clear that the loss of adipocyte OSM-OSMR signaling disrupts adipose tissue homeostasis in the absence of obesity."

sparser
"Taken together, these results and our previous results strongly suggest the need for intact adipocyte OSM-OSMR signaling in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis."

sparser
"Hence, in NE patients, the depletion of butyrate production by the gut microbiota may have contributed to the up-regulation of the OSM-OSMR axis and enterocyte barrier dysfunction."

sparser
"In addition, tumor cells also showed increased expression of OSMR, which suggests the presence of the OSM-OSMR axis in metastatic ccRCC potentially acting as an independent RANKL-inducing pathway."

sparser
"Our results support the relationship of the OSM-OSMR axis (Additional file xref : Fig. S7B) in promoting an osteolytic microenvironment as the tumor-associated MSC-2 population as well as the tumor cells themselves gain expression of OSMR, thereby favoring aberrant osteoclast formation and differentiation."

sparser
"Taken together, these data demonstrate how OSM-OSMR signalling coordinates heterocellular interactions to drive a pro-tumourigenic environment in PDA."

sparser
"These findings open new avenues for future research into the role of OSM-OSMR in chemotherapy-related gastrointestinal damages and for nutritional management aimed at preserving SCFAs production."

reach
"OSM can bind to either OSMR : gp130 or LIFR : gp130 heterodimeric receptors."

reach
"Upon brain infiltration, macrophages release several cytokines and ligands such as oncostatin M, which binds to the oncostatin M receptor and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor that signals through the signal transducer and activator of transcript 3 pathway to induce the MES-like transcriptional program in glioma cells [22]."
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reach
"Binding of OSM to OSMR is said to be implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD."

reach
"Docking was used to establish the near-native structure of the OSM-OSMR complex, and long-time scale MD simulation in an explicit solvent was used to sample the conformations when OSM binds to OSMR."

reach
"Following the equilibration of the simulated system, the per-residue energy contribution was determined to describe the key residues for the formation of the OSM-OSMR complex."

reach
"The predicted 3D structure of the OSM-OSMR complex and the discovered “hotspots” provide useful information in understanding the OSM-OSMR interactions, and the identified locations serve as potential targets in designing small molecules to inhibit the interactions[122]."

reach
"Anjali Geethadevi1 et al. found that in ovarian cancer by RNA seq, Binding of OSM to OSMR caused OSMR-IL6ST dimerization, which is required to produce oncogenic signaling cues for prolonged STAT3 activation (15)."

reach
"Human OSM can bind to either the type I receptor complex consisting of gp130 and the LIFR (gp130 and LIFRbeta) [35] or the type II receptor complex consisting of gp130 and the OSMR (gp130 and OSMRbeta[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"In mice, OSM binds to GP130 and recruits OSM receptor (OSMR) as a coreceptor; in humans, OSM-bound GP130 recruits either LIF receptor (LIFR) (type II receptor complex) or OSMR (type I receptor complex) as co-receptors to mediate signal transduction."

sparser
"We have indicated 7 SNPs in domain 2 (Ig-like) that might have an influence on OSM:OSMR interaction, which were identified by our analysis of the human OSM:OSMR interfaces (Provean [18] in supplementa[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"OSM, on the other hand, binds to gp130 and signals through either a gp130:LIF-R or gp130 and OSM receptor (OSM-R) hetero-dimer ( Mosley et al., 1996 )."

sparser
"These SNPs may have effects on OSM:OSMR complex formation and are displayed in stick representation."

sparser
"In astrocytes OSM binds to OSMR to induce IL-6 expression ( xref )."

sparser
"Besides binding to LIFR, OSM can also bind to OSMR at Site 3 to form the type II receptor complex (Fig.  xref )."

sparser
"Interestingly, the ligand‐receptor pair OSMOSMR, known to regulate fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis, [ xref ] was decreased in responders after neoCRT but increased in non‐responders, associated with neoCRT response (Figure xref , Supporting Information)."

sparser
"In contrast, in non‐responders, TAM‐mediated OSMOSMR signaling is elevated, promoting fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis, indicative of a “fibrosis‐enhanced” TME."

sparser
"Collectively, the increase of CAF_infla in responders and the enhanced TAM OSMOSMR signaling in non‐responders highlight the interplay between immune activation and fibrotic remodeling in shaping treatment outcomes."

No evidence text available

reach
"It would be interesting for future complementary studies to provide evidence demonstrating the pre-clinical significance of the authors’ findings, by showing whether targeting the OSM/OSMR interaction[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"OSMR is known to be expressed in osteosarcoma, and binding of OSM to OSMR enhances apoptosis through JAK-STAT and p53 [ xref ]."

reach
"This is consistent with the fact that OSM interaction with OSMR produces a particularly prominent activation of the ERK pathway [72]."

sparser
"Interestingly, our ligand receptor analysis showed the presence of the OSM-OSMR signaling axis between the infiltrating macrophages and the tumor epithelia, respectively."

sparser
"Expression profiling of OSM-treated cell lines and cervical SCC tissue identified consistent patterns of gene induction following OSM:OSMR interactions, which led to functional analyses of OSM-induced promalignant effects in cervical SCC cells ( xref )."

sparser
"Our data now show that the OSMOSMR signaling axis between tumor-infiltrated macrophages and ccRCC epithelia may be a major factor influencing this phenomenon."

sparser
"OSMOSMR Interaction between Epithelial Cell and Macrophage in Cervical Cancer."

sparser
"Notably, the OSMOSMR interaction between macrophages and epithelial/cancer cells is greater than other relationships between IL-6 family ligands and their receptors ( xref d)."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR signal transduction plays a vital role in inflammation, oxidative stress, hematopoiesis, and development and is increasingly considered an essential factor in tumor progression [ xref ]."

sparser
"The expression level of OSMR correlates with the reactivity of OSM, and STAT3 activation induced by the OSMOSMR interaction is observed in various cells, including cancer and immune cells [ xref , xref , xref , xref ]."

sparser
"STAT3 activation via the OSMOSMR interaction increases EMT, sphere-forming capacity, and tumor invasiveness [ xref , xref ], but how the OSM-STAT3 signaling pathway regulates a distinct transcriptional program is still unclear."

sparser
"OSM:OSMR interactions are able to induce EMT, increased cancer stem cell-like properties and enhanced lung colonisation in SCC cells."

sparser
"Overall, these results suggest that the OSMOSMR axis is an important pathway among the IL-6 family in cervical cancer and that OSMR expression levels are significantly associated with a poor prognosis in cervical cancer patients."

sparser
"Regulation of OSMOSMR Signlaling by STAT3 in Cervical Cancer Cells."

sparser
"Given that the OSMOSMR interaction leads to the activation of STAT3 in various cancer cells [ xref , xref , xref , xref ], we investigated the effect of OSM on STAT3 activity in cervical cancer."

sparser
"In rats, human OSM activates the LIFR complex but not the OSMR complex, and murine OSM binds only the OSMR complex, whereas rOSM activates both type I and type II receptor complexes [ xref , xref ]."

sparser
"These results indicate that OSMOSMR signaling activates cervical cancer cells in a STAT3-dependent manner."

sparser
"One of the adverse effects of OSM-OSMR interaction may be mediated through its induction of E-selectin expression by endothelial cells ( xref ) as E-selectin mediated signaling in AML stem cells increases their resistance to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy ( xref ) (see model in xref )."

reach
"In rats, human OSM activates the LIFR complex but not the OSMR complex, and murine OSM binds only the OSMR complex, whereas rOSM activates both type I and type II receptor complexes [21,23]."

sparser
"As OSM:OSMR interactions are known to induce STAT3 ( xref ), we tested the importance of JAK/STAT3 signalling in the induction of EMT-related genes."

sparser
"Therefore, our results suggest that the OSMOSMR axis serves as an important cell-to-cell communication network in cervical cancer."

sparser
"Based on our results, inhibiting the OSMOSMR interaction among the IL-6 family would be a promising target for cervical cancer therapy."

sparser
"Although our findings are consistent with previous studies highlighting the importance of OSMOSMR signaling in cervical cancer [ xref , xref , xref ], the functions of other cytokines from various immune cells in cervical cancer need to be further investigated through more single-cell-based sequencing data in the future."

sparser
"In view of the effects of OSM:OSMR interactions on metastasis in vivo , we investigated the frequency of OSMR overexpression in SCCs, as well as the associations with overall survival."

reach
"During this stage, OSM binds its receptor (OSMR), further activating STAT3, illustrating the continued interplay of signaling pathways throughout involution [82,83]."

sparser
"Kaplan-Meier plots in xref , xref and previous reports discussed above clearly indicate that the interaction of OSM with the OSMR: GP130 receptor complex plays a role in the pathobiology and response to treatment of a number of malignancies such as AML, MPNs, glioma and glioblastoma, pancreatic, gastric and renal carcinomas where high expression of OSMR or OSM transcripts has poor prognosis value."

sparser
"In this study, we discovered the OSMOSMR interaction between TAMs and tumor cells in cervical cancer patient at the single-cell level."

sparser
"We discovered that activation of OSMOSMR axis drives an inflammatory phenotype of KOA, the major phenotype that represents 16%–30% of KOA (Dell'Isola et al.,  xref )."

sparser
"These data suggest that targeting the OSMOSMR axis may represent a promising new therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammation phenotype of KOA."

sparser
"Finally, we propose novel drug candidates that reduce OSMOSMR signaling and reverse inflammation, offering translational opportunities for the treatment of KOA in the clinic."

sparser
"Together, these findings indicate that OSM may be a driver of pathogenic ECM remodeling in aged cartilage via the OSMOSMR axis."

sparser
"In light of the catabolic effect of OSMOSMR shown in previous studies, we next sought to determine the cellular origin of these age‐dependent responses to mechanical overloading."

sparser
"This approach is based on the premise that network propagation represents tissue interaction of OSM (released by synovium) and OSMR (chondrocyte in articular cartilage) (Figure  xref )."

sparser
"Intriguingly, the transcriptomic response of in silico target genes of Osmr was significantly associated with age‐related stress response genes (Figure  xref ), supporting the hypothesis that activated OSMOSMR axis recapitulates an age‐related transcriptomic response to injury and induces aberrant ECM remodeling in aged cartilage."

sparser
"Taken together, these findings suggest that injured aged murine knees recapitulate pathophysiology of an inflammatory phenotype of human KOA, in which elevated OSMOSMR axis may be a possible cytokine driver (Figure  xref )."

reach
"Following OSM binding to OSMR and gp130, JAK2 is phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates STAT3 permitting nuclear translocation and modulation of gene expression [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

sparser
"Using this approach, we identified the OSMOSMR axis as a previously unappreciated cytokine driver of age‐related aberrant ECM remodeling, possibly via intercellular communication of synovial neutrophils and articular chondrocytes."

sparser
"The molecular and tissue level changes in injured aged knees recapitulate the pathophysiology of inflammation phenotype in people with KOA, in which the OSMOSMR axis is a possible cytokine driver and potential novel target for the development of new therapies."

sparser
"The subsequent drug repurpose was built upon this theme and identified six molecules with potential clinical application to attenuate the OSMOSMR axis as well as inflammation phenotype in people with KOA."

sparser
"Using network‐based cytokine inference integrated with network propagation that simulates synovium‐cartilage cross talk, the current study identified the OSMOSMR axis as a predicted driver of the aberrant ECM remodeling that we found to be unique to the aged knee joint after injury."

sparser
"Intriguingly, pharmacological manipulation revealed that OSMOSMR axis induces differential transcriptomic responses in chondrocytes as compared to IL6."

sparser
"Moreover, the genes uniquely regulated by OSMOSMR were significantly associated with age‐related aberrant ECM remodeling after traumatic injury."

sparser
"In mice bearing cervical SCC xenografts, the increased skeletal metastases may have been due to several consequences of OSM:OSMR interactions, including enhanced cell motility/detachment, invasion, blood vessel intravasation and extravasation/colonization ( xref ; xref )."

sparser
"Together, our findings further strengthen the case for inhibiting OSM:OSMR interactions as a targeted anti-cancer therapy ( xref )."

sparser
"Correlating the downstream effects of OSMOSMR axis with transcriptomic signature of phenotypes in people with KOA, we discovered that activation of the OSMOSMR axis recapitulated an inflammatory phenotype of KOA and identified high‐value targets for drug development and repurposing."

sparser
"Thus, proteomic analysis and GSEA confirmed the role of the OSMOSMR axis in HAEC susceptibility identified by WES, likely through an impaired immune system response and an unbalance of the gut homeostasis, which has already been suggested to underlie the acute inflammation in HAEC."

sparser
"It should be noted that the OSMOSMR axis identified was driven by RNA‐Seq data from cartilage following an ACL rupture."

reach
"Typically, OSM binding to the OSMR:gp130 complex causes the phosphorylation and activation of both STAT1 and STAT3 via JAK1/2 (23, 24) which in turns leads the transcription of a large range of genes that include suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3. A negative feed-back loop is triggered by SOCS3, which binds to both gp130 and activated JAKs, suppressing this signaling cascade and STAT1 and STAT3 activation (25, 26)."

sparser
"Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that OSMOSMR axis as a driver of ECM remodeling may be strain specific."

reach
"Binding of OSM to OSMR, which is expressed by satellite cells and interstitial cells isolated from muscle, activates JAK1/2 tyrosine kinases with subsequent STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in vitro."

sparser
"The authors summarize that the OSMOSMR binding increases Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κ B ligand (RANKL) expression and osteoclast formation through the Shc1/STAT3/ERK pathway."

sparser
"This is particularly relevant since OSM and the OSMOSMR axis might be drug targets in a variety of conditions."

sparser
"The role of OSMOSMR as therapeutic targets should take into account the possible negative effects due to the multitude and variable effects of the axis depending on the tissue and cellular context."

sparser
"Moreover, the wide range of effects of OSMOSMR should also be considered to avoid side effects associated with broad OSM blockage."

sparser
"This process can be perpetuated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by OSM/OSMR activation and thus targeting OSM-OSMR signaling might be therapeutic."

reach
"In mice, OSM predominantly binds to type II OSMR complexes, which include gp130 and OSMR."

reach
"85 In pancreatic cancer, macrophage-derived oncostatin M (OSM) binds to its cognate receptor OSMR and results in activation of the iCAF phenotype that correlates with highly immunosuppressive features[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"Based on these important residues, computational alanine scanning and FTMap analysis detected eight “hot spots” and six potential binding sites located at the OSMOSMR interface."

sparser
"Signaling through OSMR is triggered by the binding of OSM to OSMR, which leads to heterodimerization of OSMR with interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL6ST; also known as glycoprotein 130 or GP130)."

No evidence text available

sparser
"Intervening in OSM-OSMR signaling to regulate the iCAF reprogramming process and targeting OSMR to enhance the therapeutic effect of gemcitabine would be novel directions for treating PC ( xref ) ."

reach
"After OSM binds the OSM-receptor (OSM-R), downstream cascades cause transcription of CCAAT/enhance-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) within the cell nucleus."

reach
"Thus, our results require caution as we did not conduct in vitro or other in vivo experiments to demonstrate that administration of Anti-OSM inhibits binding of OSM to OSM-R."

sparser
"Multi-omics identifies OSM-OSMR as a key receptor-ligand in the tumor environment of endometrial adenocarcinoma."

No evidence text available

sparser
"Our results revealed that risk variant rs2412980 functions through an adipose-specific regulatory element to control the expression of OSM, encoding the cytokine oncostatin-M. Adipose-derived OSM can reprogram OSMR-expressing renal fibroblasts, and subsequent activation of OSM-OSMR pathway is associated with advanced kidney injury, including reduced eGFR, elevated proteinuria and creatinine levels."

sparser
"The pro-malignant effects associated with OSMR overexpression are critically mediated by JAK-STAT3 activation, which is induced by exogenous OSM and also by autocrine OSM-OSMR interactions."

sparser
"Taken together, our results demonstrate that the treatment of both B14 and B21 anti-OSMR antibodies blocked the binding of OSM to OSMR and its dimerization with IL6ST receptor."

sparser
"In line with the theory that OSM-OSMR is involved in the pathogenesis of both pain and itch, the pharmacological blockade of this axis may lead to the treatment of both sensations in the future."

sparser
"For example, Oncostatin M and its receptor (OSM-OSMR) have been reported to drive intestinal inflammation, serving as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets for IBD. xref ICAM1 (also known as LFA1) has also been identified as potential targets for IBD treatment, although results from clinical studies with anti-sense oligonucleotides are inconclusive. xref "

sparser
"Because the mouse derived OSM does not bind to the human OSMR ( xref ), these mice were supplemented with recombinant human OSM (250 ng/kg body weight) twice/week intraperitoneally along with B14 and B21 antibody treatment."

sparser
"Importantly, specific inhibition of OSM-OSMR interactions by neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibits STAT3 activation and feed-forward signalling, leading to reduced invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis."

sparser
"Thus, an agent that could abrogate the binding of OSM to OSMR and its dimerization with IL6ST could inhibit tumor progression particularly the most aggressive ovarian cancers including cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer."

sparser
"Nevertheless, currently, there is no commercially available agent targeting OSM-OSMR in the management of both pain and itch."

sparser
"Further analysis suggested that CD99_G1 neutrophils might interact with MSC-C2 cells via the VEGFB-NRP1, OSM-LIFR and OSM-OSMR axes."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR feed-forward loop signaling further amplifies MAPK activation, tumor initiation, and gemcitabine resistance, which can be undermined by MEK and ERK inhibitors."

sparser
"The OSM-OSMR feed-forward loop facilitates enhanced responsiveness to OSM and amplifies signaling leading to stem-like/mesenchymal reprogramming."

sparser
"Here, we wanted to assess how breaking the OSM-OSMR feed-forward loop would inhibit and potentially reverse OSM-driven stem-like/mesenchymal behaviors."

sparser
"In addition, the OSM-OSMR feed forward loop, whereby OSMR activation results in increased OSMR protein production, is strongly implicated in the persistent signaling noted in other metastatic and drug tolerant cancers, such as glioblastoma, TNBC, small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and squamous cell carcinomas ( xref , xref , xref , xref , xref )."

sparser
"In tumors with elevated OSM-OSMR signaling, the reduction in EGFR expression when cells convert to a more stem-like/mesenchymal state would potentially de-sensitize cancer cells to EGFR targeted therapies."

sparser
"We propose that disrupting the OSM-OSMR feedforward loop is a novel way to therapeutically target EMT and stem-like reprogramming, particularly in PDAC where OSM was recently shown to orchestrate tumor microenvironment interactions between PDAC cells, TAMs, and CAFs."

sparser
"Taken together, the increases in OSM expression within the TME, increases in OSMR expression in cancer and stromal cells, and the consequences of OSMR signaling (stem-like/mesenchymal cancer cell reprogramming, iCAF reprogramming, and immune suppression) make targeting the OSM-OSMR axis particularly attractive ( xref )."

sparser
"These finding are consistent with a reported role of OSM-OSMR signaling in promoting persistent inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."

sparser
"Interestingly, MEK and ERK inhibitors may also undermine the elevated OSM-OSMR signaling in stromal cells within a tumor, such as CAFs and immune cells, potentially preventing the reprogramming of iCAFs as well as M2 polarization ( xref , xref )."

sparser
"Taken together, our data supports the future assessment of strategies that target OSM-OSMR signaling, including MAPK signaling, in PDAC as a means of preventing the reprogramming of cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells to variants that support tumor survival and their potential for metastatic dissemination."

reach
"The interaction between OSM and OSMR can influence cellular processes such as cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell migration, thereby affecting cell growth, differentiation, and function (Hermanns, 2015)."

reach
"OSM binds to gp130 first and forms a heterodimer with OSMR or LIFR, acting via LIFR to inhibit sclerostin production in stromal cell lines and osteoblasts, and acting via OSMR to stimulate RANKL production and osteoclast formation (46)."

reach
"OSM binding to its receptor OSMR and heterodimerization with IL6ST is considered the first signaling event that is required for the initiation and activation of downstream signaling pathway such as JAK-STAT pathway."

reach
"In line with this notion, we provide evidence on OSM interaction with OSMR could be a trigger for resistance to drug-induced apoptosis through PI3K or MAPK pathway or STAT3 activation ."

sparser
"Injured hippocampus of SAMP10 mice did not exhibit significant magnitude of upregulation of OSMR mRNA, suggesting that OsMOSMR signaling was not utilized by hippocampal neurons for protection followi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"The lack of activation of the OPN–CD44 system, together with the failure of OsMOSMR pathway utilization, suggested that the hippocampal tissue of SAMP10 mice at 3 days after KA injection was not orie[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"The OSMOSMR axis is known to drive the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and is associated with poor survival [ xref , xref , xref , xref ]."

reach
"Upon the binding of OSM to OSMRβ, heterodimerization of OSMRβ with glycoprotein 130 (gp130) was established to facilitate the OSM-signaling transduction [ 1 ]."

reach
"The Site III epitope, located within a loop between helices A-B ( Figure 2A ), and near the N-terminal end of helix D, is the primary site by which OSM binds to OSMRβ and LIFRβ."

reach
"This patent allows for the design of a variety of inhibitors that would inhibit OSM production or OSMRβ signaling at the cellular level such as enzyme inducers, an enzyme or receptor inhibitor, a ligand for a receptor, a compound that is toxic for cells, or an antisense RNA.Utilizing a separate approach, Boise State University has submitted a patent (US9550828B2) (253) developing small molecule inhibitors against the Site III region of OSM, preventing OSM binding to OSMRβ."

reach
"Recent work utilizing computational in silico analysis and homology modeling of the structurally similar LIFRβ has provided framework for structural modeling of the OSM-OSMR complex, providing more detailed information for those designing therapeutics against OSMRβ (257)."

reach
"The Osm/Osmr interaction was unaffected by the JAK inhibitor, indicating that JAK inhibitors mainly target OSM signaling in synovial fibroblasts rather than decreasing the expression of OSM or OSMR (Fig. 3C, S3)."

sparser
"Cervical stem cells induced M2 macrophage activation via INHBA, EGFR-AREG, LIFR-OSM, MDK-LRP1, MDK-SORL1, OSMR-OSM, TNFSF10-TNFRSF10D, and LGALS9 interactions ( xref d and xref )."

sparser
"To assess OSM signaling, which occurs by OSM binding to the OSMR complex on tumor cells, we investigated the expression of the beta subunit of OSMR."

sparser
"Binding of OSM to OSMR, which is expressed by satellite cells and interstitial cells isolated from muscle, activates JAK1/2 tyrosine kinases with subsequent STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in vitro ."

reach
"Despite the investigation of the specific role of the interactions between OSM and the receptor (OSMR) in IBD pathogenesis, the 3D structure of the OSM-OSMR complex remains elusive."

reach
"The near-native structure of the OSM-OSMR complex was obtained by docking, and long-time scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit solvent was further performed to sample the conformations when OSM binds to the OSMR."

reach
"After getting the equilibrated states of the simulation system, per-residue energy contribution was calculated to characterize the important residues for the OSM-OSMR complex formation."

reach
"The predicted 3D structure of the OSM-OSMR complex and the identified "hot spots" constituting the core of the binding interface provide helpful information in understanding the OSM-OSMR interactions, and the detected sites serve as promising targets in designing small molecules to block the interactions."

reach
"Unfortunately, the 3D structure of the OSMOSMR complex remains elusive (Kim et al., 2017)."

reach
"It is of paramount importance to understand the details of the OSM and OSMR complex formation as well as the potential binding site between the protein–protein interface.In this work, molecular simulation approaches aimed at filling the aforementioned gap were performed to accelerate the discovery of small molecules targeting OSMOSMR."

reach
"Starting from the crystal structure of OSM (Deller et al., 2000) and the model of the OSMR [a protein-binding region was built using the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) crystal structure (Huyton et al., 2007) as a template], the near-native conformation of the OSMOSMR complex was obtained through protein–protein docking."

reach
"To ensure low-energy starting side-chain conformations for docking, further prepacking of the OSM and OSMR complexes were conducted."

reach
"Finally, the top scoring structure with the lowest RMSD was selected as the successful pose of the OSMOSMR complex."

reach
"Here, the top five scorers of the OSMOSMR complex were used as references to plot the docking score of all 10,000 poses as a function of RMSD (Figure S2)."

reach
"In addition, given that the structure of OSM is very similar to that of LIF, and the OSMR is modeled using the LIFR as the template, the structure of the OSMOSMR complex was modeled based on the crystal structure of the LIF–LIFR complex."

reach
"Work in human fibroblast or epithelial cells show that OSM ligand binding to OSMR induces receptor degradation and then increases the level of receptor synthesis."

reach
"However, several spatial clashes were found between the interface of OSM and OSMR in the template-based OSMOSMR complex (Figure S3B)."

reach
"As a result, it is proposed that the docking pose of the OSMOSMR complex is more suitable for further investigation."

reach
"The decomposed energy terms of the total binding free energy (G ) indicated that electrostatic interaction energy (E , −338.29 ± 44.73 kcal/mol), van der Waals interaction energy (E , −82.02 ± 7.17 kcal/mol), and non-polar solvent energy (G , −11.74 ± 1.08 kcal/mol) play important roles in the formation of the protein–protein complex, whereas polar solvent energies (G , 383.11 ± 43.06 kcal/mol) were unfavored for the interaction.In addition, per-residue energy decomposition analysis was performed to identify the important residues for the OSMOSMR complex formation."

reach
"The calculated RMSD values of the OSMOSMR complex are shown in Figure S4D."

reach
"Through FTMap (Kozakov et al., 2011) analysis of the MD simulation-derived structure of the OSMOSMR complex, 10 potential druggable binding sites were detected from fragment-based searching of the global protein surface (Figure 3D), indicating that the conformation of the residues in the recognition interface is very flexible."

reach
"The result showed that a total of 14 potential binding sites were detected, and the location of the position is similar with that of the OSMOSMR complex (Figure S7)."

reach
"For the OSMOSMR complex, the protein residues that interacted with bound fragments (within 4 Å) in the binding sites are summarized in Table 1."

reach
"To further evaluate the druggability of the detected binding sites in the OSMOSMR complex, the identified eight “hot spots” were mapped to the protein residues summarized in Table 1."

reach
"Therefore, sites 1, 3, and 6 were important target sites for designing inhibitors that may inhibit the protein–protein interaction between OSM and OSMR."

reach
"In this work, the interaction between OSM and OSMR was investigated by employing computational simulation techniques including homology modeling, protein–protein docking, and long-time scale MD simulation."

reach
"Further mapping of the eight “hot spots” in the detected binding sites suggested that sites 1, 3, and 6 were important target sites, which may be used for designing inhibitors to block OSM and OSMR interaction."

sparser
"When OSM binds to OSMR , Janus protein tyrosine kinase (JAK) can be activated followed by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT, mainly STAT3) [ xref – xref ]."

sparser
"OSM binding to its receptor OSMR and heterodimerization with IL6ST is considered the first signaling event that is required for the initiation and activation of downstream signaling pathway such as JAK-STAT pathway."

sparser
"We conclude that OSM-OSMR signaling via MAPKs is a critical signaling factor for DRG plasticity that may underlie neuropathic pain in patients."

sparser
"In line with this notion, we provide evidence on OSM interaction with OSMR could be a trigger for resistance to drug-induced apoptosis through PI3K or MAPK pathway or STAT3 activation xref , xref , xref ."

sparser
"Taken together, our findings have provided new insights on the role of OSM-OSMR signaling in promoting cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer and opportunities to reverse cisplatin-resistant mechanisms in ovarian cancer through targeting anti-OSMR antibodies."

sparser
"OSMRβ has also been shown to be overexpressed in GC, highlighting the possibility of increased OSM-OSMR signaling in GC patients ( xref )."

sparser
"These effects have been shown to be dependent on the activation of STAT3, FAK, and SRC through OSM OSM-OSMR signaling ( xref )."

sparser
"These findings underline the effects of OSM within GC, resulting in increased proliferation, cell migration, invasion, and EMT dependent on OSM-OSMR signaling, as well as its potential as a T staging biomarker."

sparser
"Lee et al. also found that OSM-OSMR signaling induces inflammatory fibroblasts within the TME in an in vivo PDAC model and promotes tumor growth and metastasis ( xref )."

reach
"Hara et al demonstrated that OSM activates STAT3 by binding to OSMR, LIFR, and IL-6R, and subsequently triggers various intracellular pathways."

sparser
"Recent work utilizing computational in silico analysis and homology modeling of the structurally similar LIFRβ has provided framework for structural modeling of the OSM-OSMR complex, providing more detailed information for those designing therapeutics against OSMRβ ( xref )."

sparser
"Furthermore, a recent study performing whole exome sequencing of patients with bladder squamous cell carcinoma, also displayed significantly higher expression of OSM, OSMRβ, and IL-31, suggesting both OSM-OSMR and IL-31-OSMR signaling may impact bladder cancer progression ( xref )."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR signaling mediated through STAT3, promoted MMP-9 upregulation over two-fold and increased the invasive potential of glioblastoma cells."

reach
"While most IL-6 family cytokine–gp130 interactions are of low affinity in the absence of binding to their specific α-receptor (eg, IL-6R, LIFR), OSM binds first to gp130 as a low-affinity α-receptor and then to its specific receptor β OSMR."

sparser
"Future studies should focus on the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway since it is activated by binding of OSM to OSMR complexes in murine neurons [ xref ]."

sparser
"Our data suggest that OSMOSMR interactions may also be responsible for inducing TGM2 in other cell types, such as breast cancer cells, in which OSM promotes cell motility and metastatic behaviour and TGM2 has been associated with migration, invasion and metastasis xref – xref ."

sparser
"Our findings further strengthen the interest in antibody-based inhibition of OSMOSMR binding as a novel cancer therapeutic strategy."

sparser
"Since human OSM does not bind to the mouse OSMR, but to the LIFR instead [8,51] , the authors obviously could not detect a difference between LIF and OSM signalling."

reach
"More specifically, they found that the binding of OSM to the OSMR-gp130 complex on intestinal stromal cells promotes chemokine, cytokine, and adhesion factor production."

reach
"We confirmed the association between elevated mucosal OSM and OSMR and the absence of endoscopic response to anti-TNF, and those markers could predict response with an accuracy of 73.7% and 76.3%."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR is a critical pathway for promoting tumor cell malignancy."

reach
"They produce Oncostatin M (OSM) which binds specially to the receptor OSMRβ and co-receptor gp130 to activate JAK-STAT5 signaling and maintain HFSC quiescence during telogen ( Harel et al., 2015 ; Wan[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"These results suggest that neutrophil-derived OSM binds to the OSMR on osteogenic cells and promotes RANKL expression, underscoring the relevance of the neutrophil–osteogenic cell interaction in bone destruction associated with periodontitis."

sparser
"The ERK phosphorylation (hereinafter pERK), downstream of the OSM-OSMR cascade, was assessed to be highly induced by OSM in the control cell line LY1765 ( xref )."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR also makes a great contribution to the proliferation of glioblastoma through the STAT3/Focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src signaling pathway [94] ."

sparser
"A role for the OSM-OSMR axis in the pathogenesis of IBD was first discovered by a disease-susceptibility single-nucleotide polymorphism within the OSMR locus on chromosome 5. xref More recently, the landmark study by West, Hegazy, et al xref showed that OSM, out of 64 candidate cytokines, was the most highly and consistently expressed cytokine in the inflamed mucosa of patients with IBD."

sparser
"This upregulation of mucosal OSM was associated with an overexpression of OSMR, whereas LIFR and IL6ST (encoding for gp130) showed no or limited differences, respectively. xref In light of these results, those authors further investigated the functional role of the OSM-OSMR axis in IBD and suggested that OSM may act as an inflammatory amplifier and driver of disease chronicity."

sparser
"From a prognostic perspective, elevated colonic OSM and OSMR were associated with a worse disease prognosis, ie, the requirement of biologic therapy within 2 years after diagnosis."

sparser
"In conclusion, our results suggest that the OSM-OSMR axis, already affected in several intestinal bowel pathological conditions, is involved also in Hirschsprung Associated Enterocolitis by modulating/activating pathways with a key role in HAEC pathogenesis."

sparser
"The OSM-OSMR axis has remained active in HCC with stem cell features."

sparser
"Meanwhile, NE-1 could interact with EP-4 via OSM-OSMR, IL1B-IL1RAP, OSM-IL6ST, and TGFB1-TGFBR2 axes."

sparser
"In mice, OSM predominantly binds to type II OSMR complexes, which include gp130 and OSMR."

sparser
"Neutrophil-derived OSM interacts with the type II OSMR (composed of gp130 and OSMRβ) on breast cancer cells, leading to the induction of VEGF expression [ xref ]."

sparser
"As OSM binds to OSMR, STAT3 signaling is activated, and gene transcription of VEGF-A and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is induced."

reach
"Supported by LUMINEX-ELISA and RNA-Seq analyses of PCCs, PSCs, and MØ isolated from PSC–PCC and PSC–MØ–PCC co-cultures, they found that MØ-derived Oncostatin M (OSM) activated the OSM receptor (OSMR) on PSCs and stimulated expression of inflammation-related secreted ligands, which in turn induced a protumor environment to activate proliferative and migratory signaling pathways in PCCs, implying therapeutic potential by targeting the MØs–PSC–PCC interaction through OSMOSMR complex."

sparser
"This finding is consistent with the prior reports showing that OSM binding to OSMR activates the JAK/STAT pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating glycolysis [ xref , xref ]."

sparser
"When fibroblasts acted as ligand cells, the important interacting gene pairs with immunoinflammatory cells were CXCL6-CXCR1, APP-CD74, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, and THBS1-CD36, whereas when fibroblasts acted as receptor cells, the important interacting gene pairs with immunoinflammatory cells were TYROBP-CD44, TNF-TNFRSF1A, LGALS3-MERTK, PDGFA/B-PDGFRA, OSM-OSMR, and DKK2-LRP6."

sparser
"The OSM-OSMR axis is able to reprogram fibroblasts in a way to accelerate proliferation and metastasis of PC cells [ 367 ]."

reach
"Despite encouraging results in pre-clinical models of rheumatoid arthritis [181] , a humanised anti-OSM monoclonal antibody (GSK315234) showed little efficacy in a phase II trial in patients with acti[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"These results suggest that tumor marker CP may regulate OSM-OSMR signaling between tumor cells and macrophages."

sparser
"85 In pancreatic cancer, macrophage-derived oncostatin M (OSM) binds to its cognate receptor OSMR and results in activation of the iCAF phenotype that correlates with highly immunosuppressive features[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"To investigate the role of the OSMR SNP rs34675408 in HAEC susceptibility, we then evaluated the effect of OSM-OSMR activation in an HAEC patient homozygous for the T allele (LY3828) and in an HAEC patient homozygous for the HAEC associated G allele (LY4759) by pERK immunofluorescence analysis."

sparser
"To compare the OSM-OSMR cascade in the two cell lines, TT and GG, for rs34675408 we have performed a proteome analysis ( xref )."

sparser
"The H187 residue is located in the region linking three hot spot sites of the OSM-OSMR binding task [ xref ]."

sparser
"The change from basic histidine to polar glutamine, although not directly affecting a binding hot spot, could alter the conformation of the sites active in OSM-OSMR interaction."

reach
"Particularly, OSM binds to OSMR/gp130 heterometric receptor and activates gp130, inducing CMs de-differentiation and proliferation through the activation of the Src-Yap signaling pathway, promoting myocardial regeneration and cardiac repair in neonatal mice [136]."

sparser
"Conversely, when fibroblasts acted as receptor cells, the main gene pairs between macrophages and fibroblasts were LGALS3-MERTK and PDGFB-PDGFRA, and the main gene pairs between neutrophils and fibroblasts were OSM-OSMR and LGALS3-MERTK."

reach
"Human OSM is capable of binding not only to the OSMR but also to the LIF receptor, in contrast to murine OSM that only binds to the OSMR [XREF_BIBR]."

sparser
"Similarly, the interaction between OSMR (expressed in fibroblasts) and its cognate ligand, OSM, which is usually expressed by macrophages, is reported to drive the inflammatory environment and tumor growth [ xref ]."

sparser
"The outcomes of our study indicate that OSM-OSMR signaling may also operate in the GNI-high subgroup, as OSMR was significantly correlated with both stromal and immune scores."

sparser
"The interaction between OSM and OSMR can influence cellular processes such as cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell migration, thereby affecting cell growth, differentiation, and function (Hermanns, 2015)."

sparser
"OSM, a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, binds to OSMR and then can either promote or inhibit the growth of various cancer cells [ xref , xref ]."

reach
"Murine OSM on the other hand only binds to the gp130 and OSMR (type II) receptor complex with high affinity."

sparser
"However, OSM can signal through both LIFR and OSMR to induce downstream signaling [ xref , xref ], and the function of OSM:LIFR and OSM:OSMR signaling in breast cancer cells has not been fully explored [ xref ]."

reach
"This OSM and OSMR complex, therefore, provides yet another signaling axis which both activates STAT3 and inhibits STAT5 at the onset of involution."

sparser
"The involvement of the OSM-OSMR axis in the pathogenesis of IBD was initially identified by detecting a disease susceptibility single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located within the OSMR locus on chromosome 5 [ xref ]."

reach
"The important item should be noticed that human OSM can only bind murine LIFRβ and murine OSM can only bind its specific murine OSMRβ [58]."

reach
"The IL-31 receptor is a heterodimer of OSMRbeta and IL31RA subunits, and OSMRbeta can also bind oncostatin M (OSM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes."

sparser
"To corroborate the predicted OSMOSMR axis, Osmr mRNA levels were quantified by RT-qPCR in isolated cardiomyocytes, revealing increased Osmr expression in EAM hearts with partial attenuation following rapamycin treatment ( xref )."

sparser
"Consistent with this possibility, additional studies suggested that OSM-OSMR may promote an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various carcinomas, such as breast, gastric, pancreatic and cervical cancers ( xref ; xref ; xref ; xref )."

sparser
"Chord diagram analysis ( xref E) further revealed that Cxcl9 + macrophages were the predominant OSM source, showing extensive predicted interactions along the OSMOSMR axis with cardiomyocyte inflammatory and metabolic genes."

sparser
"To assess how endogenous, autocrine OSM-OSMR signaling impacts basal IFN-β production, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knockout OSMR in BT-549 cells (BT-549-OSMR-KO); a scrambled sgRNA (BT-549-Scram) was used as a control."

sparser
"In addition, malignant cells also had frequent interactions with myeloid (FMNL1+) cells via many ligand-receptor pairs, such as OSMR-OSM ( xref E), which took participate in the process and invasion of tumor cells xref - xref ."

sparser
"Similarly, to further assess how endogenous autocrine OSM-OSMR signaling impacts basal IFN-β production in a mouse model of TNBC, 4T1.2 cells and tumors were treated with an OSM-neutralizing antibody."

sparser
"Thus, we were able to distill local Treg-cell:adipocyte-precursor interactions in mice at steady state. (2) Although our study demonstrated an important role for OSM:OSMR interactions in regulating ad[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

sparser
"Likewise, our findings further validate the OSM-OSMR interaction as a valuable therapeutic target in TNBC, since knockout of OSMR increased TLR3 and IFN-β production and treatment of tumors with an OSM-neutralizing antibody reduced proliferation and angiogenesis, and inhibited tumor growth (Fig. xref B–E, F–J)."

sparser
"This finding provides further evidence that inhibiting OSM-OSMR signaling may have therapeutic potential for patients with TNBC."

sparser
"Indeed, complementing our findings using an OSM-neutralizing antibody, recent studies have identified OSMR targeting antibodies capable of preventing OSM-OSMR interaction and oncogenic signaling that can also inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth [ xref ]."

sparser
"These pathogenic insights suggest that a two-pronged therapeutic approach consisting of reactivating downstream IFN-β signaling and inhibiting OSM-OSMR binding may prove efficacious for patients with TNBC."

sparser
"Transient OSMOSMR activation can be cardioprotective in acute settings: in myocardial infarction and ischaemia/reperfusion models, short-term OSM signaling promotes cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation with functional recovery, improves post-infarct remodeling, and limits I/R injury by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin sensitivity [ xref , xref , xref ]."

"The oncostatin m receptor (osmr) is part of receptor complexes for oncostatin m and interleukin-31."

sparser
"OSM has previously been recognized as an important regulator of the hair follicle cycle and is known to inhibit hair follicle stem cell activity [ xref , xref ], Therefore, we examined the top altered signals involving Bulge cells as receptors in the LPP group and found the presence of OSM-OSMR signaling, suggesting that macrophages might directly influence Bulge cells and contribute to the hair loss process in LPP (Fig.  xref a, Figure xref c)."

reach
"Whereas OSM binding to the OSMR has been shown to promote cancer cell malignancy and reduce long-term survival in patients with breast cancer [XREF_BIBR], LIF activation of the LIFR suppresses tumor growth and metastasis [XREF_BIBR]."

sparser
"The OSM receptor, encoded by OSMR and highly expressed in fat tissue [ xref , xref ], regulates the homeostasis of adipose tissue by inhibiting adipogenesis through the OSM-OSMR signaling [ xref – xref ]."

reach
"Thus, an agent that could abrogate the binding of OSM to OSMR and its dimerization with IL6ST could inhibit tumor progression particularly the most aggressive ovarian cancers including cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer."

sparser
"In the brief research report by, the structure of Oncostatin M and Receptor (OSMOSMR) complex was generated as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease."

sparser
"Eight “hot spots” residues and six potential binding sites at the OSM-OSMR interface were predicted using computational alanine scanning and FTMap (Kozakov et al., xref ) analysis, which might be useful to guide further experimental studies and drug design."

reach
"After this association occurs, the OSMRβ subunit enters and associates more strongly with the OSM-gp130 complex [14]."

reach
"This is because even low levels of OSMR binding to OSM can lead to the synergistic effect of IL-1 and OSM."

sparser
"It may exert a key role in HAEC pathogenesis by regulating/activating the OSM-OSMR axis ."

sparser
"Here, we comprehensively characterized the OSMOSMR axis in intestinal inflammation by applying state-of-the-art single-cell sequencing and conditional deletion of Osmr in specific tissue-resident cell populations in two independent mouse models of chronic intestinal inflammation."

sparser
"To investigate the cellular components of the OSMOSMR axis in intestinal inflammation, we used the Helicobacter hepaticus  + anti-IL-10R-induced colitis model xref , xref , which is characterized by prolonged chronic inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, reproducing key pathogenic features of human IBD xref ."

sparser
"The upregulation of the IL6-JAK-STAT3 pathway prompted us to examine the previously identified OSM-OSMR signaling, which belongs to the IL-6 family."

reach
"Binding of OSM to OSMR caused OSMR-IL6ST dimerization, which is required to produce oncogenic signaling cues for prolonged STAT3 activation."

reach
"Signaling through OSMR is triggered by the binding of OSM to OSMR, which leads to heterodimerization of OSMR with interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL6ST; also known as glycoprotein 130 or GP130)."

reach
"Taken together, our results demonstrate that the treatment of both B14 and B21 anti-OSMR antibodies blocked the binding of OSM to OSMR and its dimerization with IL6ST receptor."

reach
"35 , 36 A previous study showed that Mφ‐derived OSM can bind to OSMR and promote osteogenic differentiation of cells in muscle tissue, thereby enhancing heterotopic ossification; moreover, silencing the OSMR gene can significantly reduce the incidence of heterotopic ossification."

sparser
"We next studied the effects of OSMOSMR interactions on the phenotype of cervical SCC cells by using complementary in vitro approaches including gene depletion and overexpression xref ."

sparser
"The principal indirect effect of OSMOSMR interactions in cervical SCC cells was to promote a pro-angiogenic phenotype."

sparser
"Overall, these findings reveal a nonredundant pathogenic role for OSMOSMR signaling in epithelial cells during intestinal inflammation."

sparser
"Moreover, using the crystal structure of the LIF–LIFR complex (PDB code 2Q7N), CAS analysis was performed on residues (Pro51, Phe52, Pro53, Leu56, Pro106, Leu109, Phe156, Gln157, Ile234, Val258, Asn261, Ser262, Ile267, Ile310, and Leu313) corresponding to the residues (Arg39, Asp41, Val42, Leu45, Arg100, Leu103, Phe160, Gln161, Phe205, Asn208, Lys209, Tyr214, Asp262, and Leu265) located at same position in the OSMOSMR interface."

sparser
"The findings summarized in this review indicate that OSMOSMR interactions are a promising candidate for therapeutic targeting in cervical SCC."

sparser
"Taking advantage of the fact that OSMR is a cell surface receptor and OSM an extracellular ligand, a rational strategy to target OSMOSMR interactions is antibody-based inhibition."

sparser
"The OSMOSMR pair has also been shown to play an essential role in osteochondral differentiation, [ xref ] and was especially activated during aberrant chondrogenic differentiation in this study."

sparser
"OSM-OSMR signalling activated CAFs and enhanced the expression of TGF-β."

sparser
"These findings indicated that the OSM-OSMR signal is a specific interaction between neutrophils and fibroblasts in CC."

sparser
"Notably, baseline expression of OSM and OSMR alone was strongly associated with poor primary response to infliximab in three different cohorts ( xref , xref ) xref , xref , xref ."

sparser
"Collectively, these findings underscore the notion that OSM-OSMR signaling plays a pivotal role in CAF activation and TGF-β production."

sparser
"To further investigate the cell-cell interactions between tumor spots and other components, subsequent visualization of the ligand-receptor pairs of TGF-β and OSM-OSMR signaling on tissues was conducted."

sparser
"Increased OSM expression in the intestinal mucosa is mirrored by overexpression of its receptor OSMR , suggesting a specific role for OSMOSMR interactions in IBD pathogenesis."

sparser
"Epithelial cells secrete cytokines, inducing the aggregation of neutrophils, which, in turn, activate CAFs through OSM-OSMR signalling, thereby inducing the MIC phenotype of cancer cells through the TGF-β signalling pathway."

sparser
"Nevertheless, our data clearly support a previously unappreciated pathogenic role for OSMOSMR signaling in IECs, based on the protective effect of Osmr deletion in this cell type."

reach
"Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and can bind two different receptors, Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and Oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), through a complex containing the common glycoprotein 130 (gp130) subunit.OSMR binding recruits Janus kinases JAK1 and JAK2, leading to the activation of signal transducers and the activation of transcription factors known as STATs through multiple docking sites."

reach
"OSM: OSMR interaction blockade using neutralizing antibodies can effectively inhibit feed-forward signaling and STAT3 activation, leading to reduced metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis [135] ."

sparser
"Targeting the OSMOSMR axis in intestinal inflammation and CAC could separate the beneficial effects of IL-22 on epithelial cell recovery and repair from its ability to sustain harmful STAT3 activation and immune cell recruitment."

sparser
"The cellular source of IL-22 and its role within this inflammatory circuit are crucial for understanding how IL-22 modulates the OSMOSMR axis."

sparser
"Understanding how these diverse IL-22-producing populations integrate with the OSMOSMR axis will be critical for delineating their roles in tissue homeostasis, repair and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis."

sparser
"However, the functional role of the OSMOSMR axis in CAC remains unexplored, and our findings highlight the pathogenic cooperation of IL-22 and OSM in CAC."

sparser
"Despite the investigation of the specific role of the interactions between OSM and the receptor (OSMR) in IBD pathogenesis, the 3D structure of the OSMOSMR complex remains elusive."

sparser
"The near-native structure of the OSMOSMR complex was obtained by docking, and long-time scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit solvent was further performed to sample the conformations when OSM binds to the OSMR."

sparser
"A phase 2 clinical trial investigating anti-OSMR therapy (vixarelimab) for UC is currently underway, which holds the potential to provide important clinical insights into the role of the OSMOSMR axis in intestinal inflammation and CAC."

sparser
"After getting the equilibrated states of the simulation system, per-residue energy contribution was calculated to characterize the important residues for the OSMOSMR complex formation."

sparser
"This is because even low levels of OSMR binding to OSM can lead to the synergistic effect of IL-1 and OSM."

sparser
"Moreover, six cavities were detected at the OSMOSMR interface through the FTMap analysis, and they were suggested as important binding sites."

sparser
"The predicted 3D structure of the OSMOSMR complex and the identified “hot spots” constituting the core of the binding interface provide helpful information in understanding the OSMOSMR interactions, and the detected sites serve as promising targets in designing small molecules to block the interactions."

sparser
"The critical role for OSM in antipathogen immunity has not been described, and targeting OSMOSMR may offer inhibition of the inflammatory pathology while preserving protective immunity (Verstockt et al., xref )."

sparser
"These hypotheses stimulate the idea of identification of small molecular inhibitors against the OSMOSMR interface, which might provide safer and more broadly effective alternatives to conventional antibodies targeting monomeric macromolecules."

sparser
"To discover ligands specifically disrupting the OSMOSMR interface, the information of the protein–protein interactions is needed."

sparser
"Unfortunately, the 3D structure of the OSMOSMR complex remains elusive (Kim et al., xref )."

sparser
"Starting from the crystal structure of OSM (Deller et al., xref ) and the model of the OSMR [a protein-binding region was built using the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) crystal structure (Huyton et al., xref ) as a template], the near-native conformation of the OSMOSMR complex was obtained through protein–protein docking."

sparser
"In this work, molecular simulation approaches aimed at filling the aforementioned gap were performed to accelerate the discovery of small molecules targeting OSMOSMR."

sparser
"Finally, the “hotspots” were mapped to the seven binding sites located at the OSMOSMR interface detected using FTMap (Kozakov et al., xref ), and three of them were suggested as important target sites for future designs of small molecular modulators in the OSMOSMR interaction."

sparser
"Further, an increase in oxidative stress through OSM-OSMR interactions leads to an increase in ECM and collagen deposition and an eventual thickening and stiffening of the vasculature [ xref , xref ]."

sparser
"Prediction of OSMOSMR Interaction Profiles."

sparser
"Heterocellular OSM-OSMR signaling reprogrammed fibroblasts to promote stem cell carcinoma growth and metastasis xref ."

sparser
"The Near-Native Conformation of OSMOSMR Complex."

sparser
"To predict the OSMOSMR binding funnel, RosettaDock was used to sample 10,000 poses from the starting position."

sparser
"Starting from the docking conformation, 1 μs of all-atom MD simulation was performed for OSMOSMR in explicit water."

sparser
"The Thermodynamics Properties of OSMOSMR Complex."

sparser
"In addition, per-residue energy decomposition analysis was performed to identify the important residues for the OSMOSMR complex formation."

sparser
"Moreover, the 18 residues (Cys179, Leu181, Phe205, Ile206, Asn208, Lys209, Gly210, Tyr214, Glu216, Gln219, Gly220, Asn221, Val222, Ser223, Asp262, Ala264, Leu265, and Trp267) characterized in the OSMR were informative in experimentally verifying these residues, which may play an important role in OSM and OSMR interaction (Huang et al., xref )."

sparser
"Here, the top five scorers of the OSMOSMR complex were used as references to plot the docking score of all 10,000 poses as a function of RMSD ( xref )."

sparser
"In addition, given that the structure of OSM is very similar to that of LIF, and the OSMR is modeled using the LIFR as the template, the structure of the OSMOSMR complex was modeled based on the crystal structure of the LIF–LIFR complex."

sparser
"The calculated RMSD between the template-based and docking structures of the OSMOSMR was 3.37 Å, suggesting that the two modeled structures are very similar with each other ( xref )."

sparser
"However, several spatial clashes were found between the interface of OSM and OSMR in the template-based OSMOSMR complex ( xref )."

sparser
"“Hot Spots” Located at OSMOSMR Interface."

sparser
"Herein, to find the “hot spots” located at the OSMOSMR interface, the computational alanine scanning (CAS) mutagenesis calculation was conducted on the residues with an absolute energy contribution of more than 1 kcal/mol identified by the per-residue energy decomposition analysis (Yang et al., xref ; Du et al., xref )."

sparser
"Among them, Phe160 was found to play an important role in OSMOSMR recognition (Adrian-Segarra et al., xref , xref )."

sparser
"This terminology later became less relevant for the mouse system since mouse OSM binds mouse OSMR β /gp130 but not the mouse LIFR α /gp130 complex."

sparser
"Therefore, the top scoring structures with the lowest RMSD in xref was selected as the initial conformation of OSMOSMR for further studies."

sparser
"As a result, it is proposed that the docking pose of the OSMOSMR complex is more suitable for further investigation."

sparser
"The Simulated Equilibration States of OSMOSMR Complex."

sparser
"To investigate the stability of the mutant, using R100A complex as an example, an additional MD simulation (500 ns) was performed starting from the representative snapshot of wild-type OSMOSMR."

sparser
"The calculated RMSD values of the OSMOSMR complex are shown in xref ."

sparser
"Compared with the equilibrated state conformation of the wild-type OSMOSMR, significant conformational change near the mutation site occurred in the R100A complex."

sparser
"It is found that Pro106, Phe156 in LIF, and Ile267 in LIFR ( xref ), corresponding to Arg100, Phe160 in OSM, and Tyr214 in OSMR could be regarded as common “hot-spot” residues for both the OSMOSMR and LIF-LIFR complexes."

sparser
"In the meanwhile, alanine mutations of other residues have little effect in the interaction energy of the LIF–LIFR complex, suggesting that the interface of the LIF–LIFR complex is significantly different from that of the predicted OSMOSMR."

sparser
"Detection of Druggable Sites in OSMOSMR Interface."

sparser
"Through FTMap (Kozakov et al., xref ) analysis of the MD simulation-derived structure of the OSMOSMR complex, 10 potential druggable binding sites were detected from fragment-based searching of the global protein surface ( xref ), indicating that the conformation of the residues in the recognition interface is very flexible."

sparser
"To further verify the feasibility of the predicted OSMOSMR model for potential binding sites analysis, the crystal structure of the LIF–LIFR complex was submitted for FTMap analysis using the same approach."

sparser
"The result showed that a total of 14 potential binding sites were detected, and the location of the position is similar with that of the OSMOSMR complex ( xref )."

sparser
"Therefore, it could be concluded that the predicted OSMOSMR model is feasible for binding site prediction analysis."

sparser
"For the OSMOSMR complex, the protein residues that interacted with bound fragments (within 4 Å) in the binding sites are summarized in xref ."

sparser
"As shown in xref , six of the 10 sites (sites 0, 1, 3–6) were located at the interface of the OSM and OSMR interaction."

sparser
"To further evaluate the druggability of the detected binding sites in the OSMOSMR complex, the identified eight “hot spots” were mapped to the protein residues summarized in xref ."

sparser
"In this work, the interaction between OSM and OSMR was investigated by employing computational simulation techniques including homology modeling, protein–protein docking, and long-time scale MD simulation."

sparser
"Therefore, sites 1, 3, and 6 were important target sites for designing inhibitors that may inhibit the protein–protein interaction between OSM and OSMR."

sparser
"Further mapping of the eight “hot spots” in the detected binding sites suggested that sites 1, 3, and 6 were important target sites, which may be used for designing inhibitors to block OSM and OSMR interaction."