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"Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) is a member of the TNF ligand super family that binds to RANK receptors on osteoclast precursors to drive differentiation and activity (Graphical Abstract).94 Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL and denosumab is an anti-RANKL inhibitor that inhibits osteoclastogenesis to promote bone accrual."

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"TNFalpha treated monocytes and not control monocytes are shown to effectively promote Th17 cell differentiation."

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"TGF, a vital EMT inducer, can downregulate the expression of TNFa and IL12 via TGFb/Snail signaling, thereby promoting the differentiation of unactivated macrophages into TAM-like phenotypes [87]."

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"On the other hand, TNF-alpha can enhance the MSC osteogenic differentiation in a dose dependent manner, although this effect is avoided in the presence of anti-inflammatory agents, such as dexamethasone, which is added to the osteogenic-induction media [XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF did not appear to enhance apoptosis or affect cell-cycle distribution of cultured progenitors, but rather promoted myeloid differentiation."

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"However, TNF-alpha in combination with RANKL dramatically stimulated the differentiation of osteoclasts and positively regulated the expression of mRNA markers of osteoclasts."

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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

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"On the other hand, TRACP activity and multinuclear cell formation are not modified by sRANKL and TNF, which promote osteoclast differentiation."

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"Another study demonstrated that TNF-alpha pre-conditioning increased proliferation, mobilization, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and up-regulated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) protein level."

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"Many osteoclast-activating factors (IL-6, IL-1β, HGF and TNF-α) are released by the mutual interactions of tumour and bone marrow cells with a major involvement of RANKL, the decoy receptor OPG, and MIP-1α a.RANKL is a member of the TNF family that binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors and promotes the production and differentiation of osteoclasts."

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"More recently, O’Brien and colleagues verified our findings by reporting that the combination of TNF and IL‐6 induced the differentiation of osteoclasts (13)."

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"Differentiation of TRAP-positive multinucleated TNF and IL-6-induced osteoclasts produced by the combination of TNF and IL-6 in vitro."

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"EphrinB2–EphB4 signaling also promotes osteogenic differentiation by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and erythropoietin (EPO) [ 19 , 20 ]."

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"Stimulation with ONO-4007 induced messenger RNA expression of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which have been reported to induce differentiation of several leukemia cell lines."

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"Along with other factors, TNF-alpha stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and activity of many immune system cells : B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK (natural killer) lymphocytes and LAK (lymphokine activated killer) cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Th1 cells primarily secrete cytokines like IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, which promote the cytotoxic activity of macrophages and induce the proliferation and differentiation of NK cells and CTLs."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNF superfamily of structurally related cytokines and is known to induce proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptotic cell death, inflammation, and angiogenesis."

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"These findings suggest that TNF and IL‐6 induced the differentiation of TRAP‐positive multinucleated cells (named here as TNF and IL‐6–induced osteoclasts) as the bone‐resorbing cells in a RANKL‐independent manner."

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"28 TNF-alpha has also been shown in vitro to induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

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"Differentiation of these cell lines was induced by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, tumor necrosis factor alpha or by retinoic acid."

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"It may balance the immune answer in COVID-19 by suppressing NF-kappaB signalling XREF_BIBR and reducing release of classical M1 activated macrophage differentiation markers IL-8, IL-6, TNFalpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor."

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"In addition, TNF and RANKL can synergistically induce the differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) into osteoclasts [47–49]."

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"We hypothesized that the cultured cells may fail to produce TNFalpha, which increases T-cell lineage commitment and differentiation of human stem cells in NOD-scid mice transplanted with HSC."

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"Similarly, TNFα directs sexual differentiation of the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus of the hypothalamus by promoting neuron survival in females, resulting in a larger AVPV compared to males (Krishnan et al., 2009; Petersen et al., 2012)."

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"TNF contributes to osteoclast activation and differentiation."

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"This notion is supported by our observation that, pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha promoted differentiation of CD5 + ILCs into CD5 - ILCs in vitro."

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"Both TNF alpha and IL-3 did not induce TF-1 differentiation."

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"In the present study, we showed that the combination of TNF and IL‐6, representative proinflammatory cytokines, induced the differentiation of TRAP‐positive multinucleated TNF and IL‐6–induced osteoclasts from human peripheral blood monocyte‐derived macrophages, and that these TNF and IL‐6–induced osteoclasts had the ability to absorb bone matrix."

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"Studies using human and rodent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show that TNF contributes to osteogenic differentiation through the activation of NFkappaB, with downstream induction of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), osterix, RUNX2, osteocalcin (OCN), and alkaline phosphatase (AP)."

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"Following this, whether TNF-alpha could stimulate osteoclastic differentiation of BMMs with or without RANKL was analyzed."

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"These arthritis‐associated osteoclastogenic macrophages differentiated into osteoclasts in a RANKL‐dependent manner, and their differentiation was promoted by TNF, but not by IL‐6."

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"Therefore, TNF-alpha likely promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursors, thereby supporting bone resorption."

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"These results demonstrate that TNF-alpha alone can not induce BMM differentiation into osteoclasts, but TNF-alpha may directly stimulate BMM synthesis of RANK and other osteoclastogenic cytokines, as well as amplify the effects of RANKL via NF-kappaB signaling."

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"These observations suggest that TNF production of germinal cells might contribute to the organization and differentiation of Sertoli cells."

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"Summarizing, TNF induces a differentiation like process in cultures of 45T-l mouse Sertoli tumor cells, a phenomenon which could reflect the in vivo role ofTNF in the development or regulation of semi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"However, the presence of TGF-beta1 was mandatory for the induction of Langerin and BGs by TNF-alpha (unpublished data) demonstrating that TNF-alpha acts in synergy with TGF-beta1 to promote LC differentiation."

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"Furthermore, TNF-α promoted the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into fibroblasts by activating NF-κB signaling (25)."

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"Another signaling cascade downstream of TNF, caspase-8, was shown to support HSPC function and differentiation of the myelomonocytic lineage; thus, caspase-8 signaling also has anti-apoptotic roles in[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Continuous delivery of a higher dose, 5 ng/mL TNF-alpha, stimulated osteogenic differentiation for a few days, and 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha resulted in significant mineralized matrix deposition over the course of the study."

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"These findings suggest that the pro inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, an effect that can be blocked by the presence of anti-inflammatory agents like dexamethasone, with significant implications on the interplay between inflammation and tissue regeneration."

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"Math1, in the presence of TNFalpha and epithelial differentiation factor retinoic acid (RA), synergistically promoted the differentiation of mMEEC into mucus like cells via upregulation of mucins and their chaperones : trefoil factors (TFFs) in vitro."

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"In contrast, continuous delivery of a higher dose, 5 ng/mL TNF-alpha, stimulated osteogenic differentiation for a few days, and 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha resulted in significant mineralized matrix deposition over the course of the study."

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"It was suggested that TNF-α can enhance the differentiation of monocytes into mature dendritic cells and further studies could clarify the role of dendritic cells in SSNHL [20]."

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"TNF also promotes gut homeostasis, restraining goblet cells differentiation and excessive mucus production [128] ."

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"Therefore, the proinflammatory effect was dominant, which might further lead to RGC death and exacerbate the progression of retinal neurodegeneration.A series of studies demonstrated that TNF-α mediat[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"XREF_BIBR when they demonstrated that osteoclast differentiation in vitro could be induced by TNF-alpha independent of the RANK-TRAF6 axis."

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"Proinflammatory cytokines, in particular tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, at the site of fracture induced the differentiation of stromal cells present in muscle into osteoprogenitor cells and promoted bone fracture healing."

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"Among them, TNF-α can kill tumor cells or suppress their growth and enhance the phagocytosis, proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils; IL-1β can activate immune cells, assist in T-cell proliferation, participate in the production of antibodies and promote inflammation; IL-6 is the major factor that mediates inflammation, as it can activate immune cells to exert an immunoregulatory effect [27]."

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"Their differentiation is promoted by TNF-α and IL-6."

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"By encouraging their proliferation and differentiation in the bone marrow, TNF-α also increases the quantity of circulating osteoclast precursors [ 63 ]."

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"TNFalpha, in combination with TGFbeta, can induce osteoclast differentiation and multinucleation in the absence of RANKL in normal osteoclasts derived in vitro XREF_BIBR."

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"Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and that this effect can be antagonized by signaling resulting from pre-culture with the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone."

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"Moreover, LIF neutralizing antibodies added to the medium of C2 myoblasts prevented inhibition of differentiation mediated by TNFalpha."

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"Several reports indicate that insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) fails to prevent TNF mediated muscle atrophy and block of differentiation, one of the reasons being a general downregulation of IGF-I dependent signaling pathways exerted by TNF XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"The evidence, based on our in vitro experiments, that AVP and TNF directly modulate myogenic differentiation, led us to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon."

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"In inflammatory response, epithelial cells are also important sources of leukotrienes for stimulating the recruitment of circulating leukocytes, generation of cytokines and ROS, increased TNF-alpha expression and induce activation, differentiation and proliferation of B cells, that are involved with immune response."
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"In line with this, TNFalpha in vitro regulates the expression of Muc2 (XREF_FIG), and slightly stimulates the differentiation of mucous cells in vitro."

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"Math1, TNFalpha, and RA synergistically promote mucous cell differentiation in vitro, suggesting that they are therapeutic targets for mucous cell metaplasia in OM or asthma in the airway."

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"This suggested that Adp may be involved in the pathway by which TNFα mediates skeletal muscle differentiation."

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"In addition, studies have shown that TNF-α activates a nuclear factor-κB-dependent gene program to promote HSCs survival and differentiation (35), which provides a possible target for us to explore the senescence and apoptosis of HSCs and inhibit the NF-kB pathway that may inhibit liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis of HSCs."

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"IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha are well-known accelerators of Th22 cell differentiation."

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"IL-1 also augments osteoclast activation, and TNF-alpha induces differentiation of early osteoclast precursors."

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"TNF-alpha promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the NFĸB pathway, which upregulates osteogenic markers ."

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"The small, yet significant, increases in TNFalpha and the increased osteoblastic response in young adult HRLF rats are similar to findings from other studies showing that low doses of TNF-alpha can stimulate osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic differentiation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"In contrast, the highest dose of TNF-alpha had the opposite effect on MSCs; cell content remained fairly constant throughout the study (XREF_FIG), while mineralized matrix content increased monotonically (XREF_FIG; all three timepoints differ, p < 0.05), consistent with progression towards terminal osteogenic differentiation and with previous reports of human MSCs treated with human TNF-alpha in the absence of dexamethasone [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Macrophages phagocytize particles and secrete proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which are thought to mediate the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells and play a fundamental role in this pathologic response."

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"RANKL is a cytokine of the TNF family which was first demonstrated to stimulate osteoclast activation and differentiation in bone [1] ."

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"IL-1β and TNF-α induce muscle fiber growth by inhibiting the differentiation and proliferation of satellite cells, the progenitor cells[34]."

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"First described by Eyerich et al , the differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th22 cells is directed by IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligation."

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"At early stages of inflammation, IFN-gamma at relative low concentration may promote the proliferation of DPSCs and their migration to injury sites, subsequently TNF-alpha induces odonto and osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs at the lesion site."

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"Furthermore, despite their inhibition of steady-state erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta promoted the expansion and differentiation of SEPs in the spleen."

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"TNF-alpha delivered for 28d in the absence of dexamethasone promoted odontoblastic differentiation and increased mineralized matrix deposition of dental pulp cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Many studies have shown that TLR4 and LPS activated the MSC1 phenotype expressing pro-inflammatory mediators, while interferon-y (INF-y) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) activated TLR3 and promoted the differentiation towards MSC2 phenotype, which regulated peripheral immune cells (Naftali-Shani et al., 2017; Ferreira et al., 2018; Almeria et al., 2019; Ananthakrishnan et al., 2020)."

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"Many studies have shown that TLR4 and LPS activated the MSC1 phenotype expressing pro-inflammatory mediators, while interferon-y (INF-y) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) activated TLR3 and promoted the differentiation towards MSC2 phenotype, which regulated peripheral immune cells (Naftali-Shani et al., 2017; Ferreira et al., 2018; Almeria et al., 2019; Ananthakrishnan et al., 2020)."

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"Plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow of aged mice can generate a feedback loop of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF-α, which promote the differentiation of HSCs to myeloid cells."

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"TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma stimulate differentiation of monocytes into macrophages that can reactivate and replicate CMV ( Soderberg-Naucler et al., 1997a )."

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"Additionally, TNF-alpha, a major inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory pulps, can trigger odonto and osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway XREF_BIBR."

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"Indeed, TNFalpha induces osteoclast differentiation directly by activating NF-kappaB and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) in a RANKL independent manner [XREF_BIBR] and indirectly by stimulating the osteoblasts to express RANKL [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Previous studies showed that the release of TNF-α from active macrophages eliminates noxious stimuli, stimulates vasodilation, increases permeability of the blood vessels and activates fibroblast diff[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Evidence has been provided, in fact, that tumor necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (via the p55 TNF-R1), IL-1beta, CD40 ligand (CD40L), and bacterial lipopolysaccaride (LPS) can promote DC differentiation in vitro, resulting in irreversible structural and functional changes associated with a mature DC phenotype, including downregulation of antigen uptake and processing capacity."

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"Elevated lymphotoxin-α, IL-6 and TNF levels promote Th1and Th17 cell differentiation and activate proinflammatory cytokines and IFN-1."

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"Based on these results we conclude that TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation, and that its effects on MSCs can be blocked by the presence of anti-inflammatory agents like dexamethasone."

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"They can also be characterized by their significant production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 and their ability to induce the differentiation of pro-inflammatory Th1 T cells [35,41,42]."

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"The combined presence of TNF-α and Th2 cytokines was shown to induce downregulation of epidermal differentiation complex proteins and stratum corneum lipids in an experimental model [39]."

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"TNF-α can selectively mediate the osteogenic differentiation of OBs."

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"Furthermore, FR167653 inhibited the osteoclast like cell differentiation induced by both sRANKL and TNFalpha in vitro."

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"TNF-alpha and IL-1beta promote expansion and differentiation of SEPs."

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"In vivo, the rate of osteoclastogenesis responds to the sum of all activating and inhibitory signals, and the entire process is subjected to rapid modulation.Fujikawa et al. [72] have shown that TNF-α[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 can also further promote Th17 cell differentiation, potentially contributing to the IL-17A/neutrophil recruitment loop that mediates disease severity ."

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"In thyroid cells, TNFα modulates both growth and differentiation and some physiological functions; it reduces serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) [1] and the levels of the thyroid hormon[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells can be increased by the application of TNF-alpha via the NF-kappaB pathway 43."

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"Wang et al. (2016) showed that miR-150-3p targets β-catenin and inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which inhibits the inflammation response during bone formation."

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"In contrast, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages express enzymes such as nitric oxide synthase and cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, which promote inflammation, influence VIC and VEC properties and osteogenic differentiation potential, attract monocytes to the valve, and further propagate the inflammation [51]."

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"IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can promote Th22 cells differentiation (Duhen et al., 2009)."

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"Previous studies reported that TNF-alpha could induce monocytic differentiation of WEHI-3B JCS cells [XREF_BIBR], and that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were involved in the differentiation inducing activity of TNF-alpha [XREF_BIBR]."

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"23 TNFalpha enhances murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation 24 and macrophage differentiation, 25 which may cause monocytosis and increase plaque burden."

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"[13,14] In addition, the exposure of healthy people to TCDD during the Vietnam War resulted in an upregulated expression of AHR, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-6 genes, which enhanced Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production."

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"The calgranulin S100A11 and the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1, CXCL8, and TNF-alpha all are increased in OA cartilage and induce hypertrophic differentiation in cultured chondrocytes."

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"Moreover, IL1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) work synergistically with IL6 and TGFbeta to enhance murine Th17 differentiation, but the two former cytokines are not essential [14]."

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"By activating NF-kappaB in endothelial cells in the aortic valve, TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce EndMT, weakening of the endothelial lining, and differentiation of endothelial cells into VICs."

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"Previous studies reported that PMA induced macrophage differentiation of WEHI-3B JCS cells was mediated by endogenous production of TNF-alpha, as the differentiation inducing effect of PMA could be prevented by neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibodies [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Further studies showed that macrophage differentiation of WEHI-3B JCS cells could be also induced by TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, or IL-1beta."

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"Subsequently, we showed that differentiating myoblasts remarkably increased their release of TNFα ( Fig. 2 ), coincident with previous evidence that TNFα positively regulates myogenic differentiation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"However, the combination of TNF-α with TGF-β1 can promote proliferation and tendonogenic differentiation of TSCs."

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"Another team [187] exposed UC-MSCs to a proinflammatory cytokine environment in vitro and observed that IL-1β and TNF-α, although inhibited the proliferation and adipogenesis of UC-MSCs, enhanced their chondrogenic differentiation capacity."

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"[XREF_BIBR] The cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta, which induce differentiation of Th17 and Th22 cells from CD4 + naive T cells, are significantly upregulated in AG, suggesting that Th17 and Th22 cells may be involved in gouty inflammation."

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"Therefore, we demonstrated that the endogenous TNFα generated H 2 O 2 during the myogenic differentiation and that exogenous TNFα enhanced the production of H 2 O 2 , leading to increase the different[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Besides, recent studies showed that the lipids and transmembrane protein TNF in M2 microglial EVs promoted OPC migration and differentiation 30."

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"TNF within dose of 50-200 U/ml can induce HL-60 cell differentiation along the monocytic-macrophage pathway, and inhibit HL-60 cell proliferation."

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"Previous studies have shown that TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, CD40 ligand (CD40L), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and ceramide can promote DC differentiation in vitro, resulting in irreversible morphologic, phenot[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"It was shown that TNF alpha actively induces the differentiation of these cell lines, whereas L-glutamic acid enhances its effect."

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"In vitro , a combination of CSF-1, stem-cell factor, Flt3 ligand, TNF-α and transforming growth factor-β1 drives differentiation of human CD34 + progenitors into LCs that display an immature phenotype[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Glass et al. found that TNF-alpha in the supernatants from human fractured tibial bone fragments promotes the osteogenic differentiation of muscle derived stromal cells expressing CD73, CD90, CD105, and HLA-ABC in vitro [XREF_BIBR]."

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"These findings were supported later in vitro studies in which the combined subinhibitory concentrations of MIF, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma acted synergistically to inhibit erythroid differentiation and hemoglobin production by antagonizing the pattern of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation that normally occurs during erythroid progenitor differentiation."

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"An earlier study using the LysM-Cre system reported that TNF receptor deficiency rescues macrophage differentiation in myeloid specific Tak1 deletion bone marrow cells."

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"Previous studies have shown that TNF-α can modulate GSK-3β and β-catenin to regulate the osteogenic differentiation potential of PDLSCs."

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"9 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) acts synergistically with IL-1β to enhance IL-6 production, thereby augmenting Th17 cell differentiation."

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"TNF liked ligand 1A (TL1A) is another TNF family cytokine that acts through its receptor, death receptor 3 (DR3), to promote the differentiation of Th9 cells via an IL-2-STAT5-dependent mechanism, but not the lL-4-STAT-6 signaling axis involved in OX40 induced Th9 cell differentiation."

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"TNF liked ligand 1A (TL1A) is another TNF family cytokine that acts through its receptor, death receptor 3 (DR3), to promote the differentiation of Th9 cells via an IL-2-STAT5-dependent mechanism, but not the lL-4-STAT-6 signaling axis involved in OX40 induced Th9 cell differentiation."

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"TNF-alpha augments RANKL dependent intestinal M cell differentiation in enteroid cultures."

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"Thrombomodulin expression in endothelial cells is regulated by retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), agents that also modulate epidermal differentiation."

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"We also show that while TNF-alpha alone does not induce M cell differentiation in enteroid cultures, TNF-alpha + RANKL boosts the expression of multiple M cell associated genes compared with RANKL alone."

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"In the context of inflammation, TNF, in concert with TGFβ, increased the differentiation and function of iTregs via TNFR2 signaling [77,78] ."

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"As a result, NFAT1-knockout DCs produced much higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha, which preferentially induce Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation."

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"Previous studies show that rapamycin downregulates expressions of RANKL, M-CSF, and TNFalpha to suppress proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast, and also block cytokine release to further inhibit differentiation of osteoclast."

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"TNFalpha and IL-1beta can stimulate osteoclast differentiation in a synergistic fashion and are known to control their own expression."

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"Furthermore, TNF directly induces marrow precursor differentiation into OCs in the absence of RANKL, although according to some studies, TNF is not osteoclastogenic in cells not previously primed by R[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"We hypothesized that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation with up-regulation of RANKL expression from bone marrow adipocytes.During prosthetic replacement surgery of the hip joint, 20 ml of[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Additionally, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts from osteoclast precursors derived from bone marrow cells both in vitro (11–13) and in vivo (14, 15)."

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"However, it has been shown that TNF-alpha can induce osteoclast differentiation when RANKL levels are lower than necessary for osteoclastogenesis."

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"The combination of gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor causes a rapid and extensive differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells."

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"TNF-alpha may lead to an increase in the number of osteoclast precursors, and promote osteoclast differentiation through stimulation of RANKL expression."

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"TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 secretion by B cells promoted Th1 and Th17 differentiation during myocarditis, while the downregulation of IL-4 significantly limited Th2 differentiation [148]."

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"In this study, we showed that the proinflammatory agents TNF-alpha and LPS potently enhanced BMP-2 and ODM induced osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs."

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"In conclusion, the present study shows that TNF-alpha and LPS directly enhance the differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs, in particular after osteogenic commitment."

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"Furthermore, TNF-alpha could induce osteoclast differentiation in osteoclast lacking mouse models, including RANKL -/-, RANK -/-, and TNF receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF6) -/- mice [XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF-α and transforming growth factor (TGF-1) can induce the proliferation, differentiation, and collagen production of fibroblasts and promote the destruction of the basement membrane and the migration of fibroblasts by activating proteolytic enzymes, thus participating in the pathogenesis of ILD."

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"TNFalpha stimulation also promotes mast differentiation."

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"RNA sequencing and Western blotting analysis revealed that the MV@ZIF-8 coating activates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway, thereby promoting the osteogenic differentiation of the hBMSCs."

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"In in vitro studies, TNF-α induced differentiation of VSMCs to osteoblast-like morphology enhancing matrix mineralization , and increasing calcium deposits ."

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"Collectively, these results suggest that IL-21-induced TNF-alpha production from conventional T cells enhances T FH differentiation in part at least via modulating CXCR3-CXCL9 dependent LAPC migration into the dLN during IAV infection."

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"Determination of soluble TNF receptor levels, especially p55, might enable differentiation of rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis and gout."

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"In the current pathophysiological model of psoriasis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, activate myeloid dendritic cells, which subsequently release IL-12 and IL-23.24 IL-12 induces differentiation of type 1 helper T (Th1) cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ, whereas IL-23 induces differentiation of type 17 helper T (Th17) cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22."

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"RANKL and TNF-alpha induce the differentiation of osteoclasts into osteoclast precursors and bone resorption."

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"To explore the possibility that TNF stimulates keratinocyte differentiation at least in part by regulating 1,25-(OH) 2D production we examined the effect of TNF on both 1,25-(OH) 2D production and differentiation (transglutaminase activity, cornified envelope formation) at different stages of differentiation."

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"As well as increasing local levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 + IL-6), TNF stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts from precursor cells, and stimulates the proliferation of synovi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Interestingly, using human cortical neural progenitor cells, TNF-α treatment during six days reduced TUJ1 percentage and increased GFAP-positive cells, suggesting that this cytokine inhibited neuronal differentiation [34]."

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"However, when TRAF5 -/- BMMs are used in vitro as osteoclast progenitors, both RANKL and TNFalpha fail to effectively stimulate osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that TRAF5 is important for RANK- and TNFR mediated signaling in these cells."

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"Following differentiation from monocytes, macrophages secrete pro inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFa, IL-12, IL-6, and iNOS, which promote differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th1 cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Future studies should investigate whether M1 inflammation is reduced by an autocrine response to its own TNF product, thus allowing M2 precursors to respond to T H 2 mediators IL-4 and IL-13, or whether M2-to-fibroblast differentiation is directly aided by TNF, or both."

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"For instance, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway (25)."

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"Cxcl10 stimulates CD4 + T cells to release RANKL and TNF-α, which promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts ( Kwak et al., 2008 )."

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"TNF, secreted by macrophages, stimulates cell proliferation and induces cell differentiation."

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"RANKL is a member of the membrane associated TNF ligand family that induces osteoclasts differentiation from the haemopoietic precursors and stimulates their bone resorptive activities [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Overall, the results suggested that iron overload resulted in a marked reduction of bone load bearing capacity through a TNF triggered osteoclast differentiation and resorption mechanism."

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"TNF-alpha modulates the differentiation induced by butyrate in the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line."

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"Therefore, in the present study, we decided to investigate the possible beneficial effects of flaxseed and ALA in models of TNF induced impaired myogenic differentiation."

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"In brain, TNF has been shown to be involved in different types of injuries and pathologies [6] , and to modulate survival, proliferation and differentiation of neuronal cells [7,8] ."

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"It was demonstrated that ADMSCs-exosomes pre-conditioned by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) could produce the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells by stopping the Wnt signal[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the dermis or epidermis are activated by an unknown stimulus and release IL-12, IL-23, and TNFα, which leads to a differentiation of naive T cells in the lymph nodes[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-α enhances the phagocytic function of neutrophils and promotes the differentiation of the inflammatory cells."

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"In ALL patients the lower levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and overexpression of TGF-beta might suppress the differentiation of Th22 cells."

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"These results indicate that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not IL-6, induce the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells via NO."

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"MSC-derived extracellular vesicles can suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, induce the conversion of T helper type 1 cells to T helper type 2 cells, and reduce the differentiation of T cells into IL-17-producing effector T cells."

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"Indeed, TNFalpha may up-regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in the subventricular zone after CNS injury, which may be mediated via IKK and NF-kappaB signaling."

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"TNF directly induces marrow precursor differentiation into OCs, although according to some studies it is not osteoclastogenetic in cells not previously primed by RANKL."

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"An increase in TNF-α induces cell proliferation and differentiation, and leads to upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.26 TNF-α is also involved in apoptosis via recruitment and autoproteolytic activation of caspases."

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"Contrary to our results, Liu et al. [51] demonstrated that TNF-α promoted the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro."

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"Similarly, Feng et al. [25] demonstrated that TNF-α activates the NF-κB pathway and promotes osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro."

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"TNF-α may further stimulate the differentiation of semi-mature DC-like cells."

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"TNF-α, an important mediator of inflammation, triggers TGF-β1 and nuclear factor-κB and enhances proliferation and fibroblast differentiation, which ultimately lead to pulmonary fibrosis [45,46]."

reach
"It is well established that TNF-α induces differentiation of osteoclast precursors present in the bone marrow macrophage population and thus stimulates osteoclastogenesis."

reach
"It is unclear whether TNF-α is able to induce differentiation from precursors alone or needs synergy from other cytokines as IL-1α [19]."

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"Together with IL-12 and IL-18 or transforming tumor necrosis growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-6, and IL-23, TNF-α induces the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into pro-inflammatory T helper cells of type 1 (T 1) and type 17 (T 17), respectively [6,12,13]."

reach
"Both RANKL and TNF stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activity [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"In particular, together with IL-23, TNF-α promotes the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17/Tc17 cells, which not only produce IL-17 but also activate innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)."

reach
"In this study, we found that TNF-α treatment led to PANoptosis and impaired osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells."

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"To further explore the major pathways for TNF-α receptor signaling in BMP-4-induced osteoblastic differentiation, cells were treated with specific inhibitors for ERK1/ERK2, p38-MAPK SAPK/JNK, Stat and[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Moreover, the potential for TNF-alpha to enhance chondrogenic differentiation could be partially reversed with an AMPK inhibitor."

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"Differentiation to stalk cells seems to result from the sequential action of at least three factors, i.e. starvation, cyclic AMP (cAMP) promoting, in particular, cell aggregation, and a factor called [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"For example, osteogenic differentiation from murine ST2 MSCs is promoted by TNF at lower concentrations as indicated by elevated expression of the osteogenic genes Runx2, Osx, OC, and ALP but inhibited by TNF at higher concentrations, which depends on NFkappaB signaling."

reach
"It was observed that IL-3 inhibited rat osteoclast differentiation induced by both TNF-alpha and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)."

reach
"TNF also directly promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells, as well as expands the pool of these precursor cells [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF signaling mediates B cell maturation and differentiation, dysregulation of which can cause autoimmunity or neoplasia [19]."

reach
"CB1 restored the impaired osteogenic differentiation potential of hBMSCs by TNF-alpha or INF-gamma."

reach
"IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine levels were also raised, thus promoting growth inhibition and differentiation."

reach
"TNFα stimulates the proliferation of the macrophages as well as the differentiation towards the M1 state [77]."

reach
"In a previous study, we demonstrated that TNF-α promoted the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activating the NF-κB pathway [5] ."

reach
"TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages."

reach
"As mentioned above, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secreted by the NK cells synergistically augmented differentiation of cells resulting in an increase in MHC class I, CD54 and B7H1 and their resistance to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity and decrease in cytokine and chemokine secretion by the NK cells cultured with differentiated cells [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNFalpha potently increased osteoclast proliferation and differentiation in the presence of RANKL."

reach
"Although RBP-J is recognized as a key inhibitor of TNF-mediated osteoclastogenesis, the precise mechanisms that restrain TNF-induced differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts are not fully elucidated."

reach
"To further evaluate BMDCs functional differentiation, the intracellular production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNFα, which promote Th1 differentiation and DCs maturation, respectively, as [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"An analysis performed on rectal biopsy samples highlighted a methylation profile in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Associated Protein (THRAP2), Forssman Glycosyltransferase 1 (GBGT1), Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand (TNFSF), and Fucosyltransferase 7 (FUT7) that allows the differentiation of IBD patients from healthy controls [103]."

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"Therefore, even though TNF-α stimulated MCs can increase Treg differentiation, the harmful Th2 effects may outweigh any protective functions.Chymase inhibitors were found to be effective in reducing inflammation and led to a significant increase in the expression of immune-tolerance-related cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17A), FoxP3, and the amount of Tregs [121]."

reach
"These findings suggested molecular mechanisms of TNF-α promoted osteogenic differentiation from DPSCs."

reach
"However, whether Th17 cells promote the stability and proliferation of Treg cells in other ways remains to be further verified.In addition to cytokines produced by Th17 cells, such as TNF, which promote the differentiation and function of Treg cells, the components of Th17 differentiation mechanism also promote the function of Treg cells."

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"After 14 days treatment, ALP positive DPSCs increased to 85–90% ( Fig 1 A), suggesting a nearly complete differentiation of DPSCs.To identify both early and later transcriptional events of TNF-α promo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"It suggested the potential function redundancy of these two genes and complexity of their regulation.In summary, our study demonstrated a dynamic regulation of gene expression correlated with TNF-α pr[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"Under the effect of fingolimod, T cells decrease the production of cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, IL-17, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha, which can help to effectively kill congenital effector cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) and promote the differentiation of T cells."

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"The pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta (2.48-fold of control) and TNF-alpha (1.85-fold) were the strongest inducers of MSC osteoblast differentiation followed by FGF-2 (1.65-fold) and PTH1-84 (1.37-fold)."

reach
"However, TNF promotes differentiation of progenitors towards a myeloid lineage."

reach
"IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, FGF-2, and PTH1-84 are potent inducers of MSC osteoblastic differentiation and calcification."

reach
"TNF has been shown to mediate T cell proliferation and differentiation.100 IgM9080z 70Qeewnn ~ 0."

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"IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) promote the differentiation of lymphocytes into cytotoxic T cells, which kill pathogens that are introduced into the body during physical wounding."

reach
"As a cytokine, TNF stimulates cell proliferation and cell differentiation and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PS and RA [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Moreover, IL-1 stimulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, largely through up-regulation of the RANK and RANKL, whereas TNF stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activation through RANKL dependent or independent mechanisms."

reach
"We found that H19 was downregulated in both atopic dermatitis (Fold Change FC =0.31; FDR = 3.26x10 ) and psoriasis (Fold Change FC = 0.05; FDR = 3.34x10 ) lesional skin, and it was also depleted in the IFN and IL17/TNF stimulated keratinocytes, further supporting our understanding of aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes in many skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (Li et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2020)."

reach
"Addition of EPA under cytotoxic stress (TNF-alpha) was shown to partially rescue differentiation with enhanced myotube formation being associated with increased MyoD, myogenin, IGF-II and IGFBP-5 expression."

reach
"Elevated TNF in an inflammatory milieu augments MDSC accumulation and immunosuppression, whereas TNF antagonists reduce the inhibitory function of MDSC and support differentiation into dendritic cells or macrophages."

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"TNFα receptor signaling distinctly promotes self-renewal and lymphoid differentiation in Dnmt3a-mutant hematopoietic stem cells, contributing to clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential."

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"Knockdown of lncRNA STL and lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript inhibits the osteogenic potential of DPSCs, and the latter is essential for efficient osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-α[143,147]."

reach
"TGF-beta (2 ng/ml), IL-23 (10 ng/ml), IL-6 (10 ng/ml), IL-1beta (10 ng/ml), and TNF-alpha (5 ng/ml) were added to stimulate the differentiation of Th17 cells."

reach
"Because TNF-alpha induced not only differentiation but also apoptosis, a role for ceramide in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was investigated."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor a stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the ODFIRANKLRANK interaction."

reach
"Interactions of TNF-α with its receptor activate signaling pathways for cell survival, death and differentiation that control immune function and disease, and various receptors pairs of ligands within TNF family molecules expressed by immune cells that play important roles in T cell Immunity[26]."

reach
"Moreover, it was reported that in a mixed osteoblast-osteoclast cell culture, IL-12 was capable of inhibiting RANKL mediated osteoclastogenesis and TNF-alpha stimulated osteoclast differentiation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC

eidos
"An increase in TNFalpha has been shown to induce cell proliferation , differentiation , and upregulation of adhesion molecules on the endothelium to increase cell trafficking to the site of inflammation ( Nawroth and Stern , 1986 ; Fakhoury et al ., 2014 ) ."

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"TNF-a induces monocytic differentiation of JCS cells into mature macrophages."

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"The present study demonstrates that Oroxylin A, a natural compound isolated from Scutellariae radix, sensitizes leukemia cells to TNFalpha and markedly enhances TNFalpha induced growth inhibition and differentiation of AML cell including human leukemia cell lines and primary AML cells."

reach
"The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been shown to induce MES differentiation in GICs ( Bhat et al., 2013 )."

reach
"The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been shown to induce MES differentiation in GICs ( Bhat et al., 2013 )."

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"T lymphocytes receive dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells to produce IL-23, TNF-α induces differentiation and proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes (Th17 cells), and mature Th17 cells can secrete various cytokines such as IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, etc., which keratinocyte overproliferation or inflammation of synovial cells."

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"Because M1 macrophages secrete large amounts of TNFalpha and IL-1beta that contribute to the differentiation of T H 17 cells, they are also believed to be important drivers of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and Crohn 's disease [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR] (see Section 3.3)."

reach
"We found that persistent mycobacteria antigen stimulation induced excessive expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α, which promoted myeloid differentiation, repressed lymphoid commitment, and reduced the proliferation activity of LK cells, ultimately leading to peripheral lymphopenia."

reach
"TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of lamina propria stromal cells into activated myofibroblasts, which start producing high quantities of tissue degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)."

reach
"Particularly, during the pathological process of bone loss, RANKL as a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, could induce osteoclast precursor cells differentiation into mature osteoclasts, which further play a critical role in osteolysis."

reach
"Our results demonstrate that exogenous TNFalpha may enhance the differentiation and function of iTreg via TNFR2 signaling."

reach
"XREF_BIBR However, there is also the opposite opinion that the TNF-alpha is able to promote osteogenic differentiation via activating nuclear factor kappa B signaling."

reach
"The proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6, as well as adipose-tissue-derived adipokines, are known to induce the differentiation of proinflammatory T cell subsets."

reach
"Previous reports found that both IFN-γ and TNF-α increased the osteogenic differentiation potential of human MSCs in vitro [35,36] ."

reach
"35 IL-1beta and TNF-alpha facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils to inflammatory sites and TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of natural killer (NK) cells, a cell population critical in the control of genital HSV-2 infection."

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"In the context of amino-bisphosphonate drugs, such as ZOL, the gammadelta T cells can produce interferon (IFN)-gamma, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF, which mediate monocyte differentiation to iDCs and induce iDCs to further mature."

reach
"In an inflammatory environment, TNF-alpha upregulated osteoclast differentiation in the co-cultures and treatment with DP-FrF reduced the number of multinucleated TRAP + cells compared with the TNF-alpha control cells (P = 0.0001; XREF_FIG)."

reach
"IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha treatment stimulates their differentiation and shift from production of TGF-beta and NO to production of TNF-alpha."

reach
"Because TNFR1 is the receptor for TNF-alpha, we also determined whether TNF-alpha promotes monocyte differentiation into DCs."

reach
"Definitely, TNFα stimulates NFκB signaling to suppress cell proliferation in neurospheres and promote early differentiation of NPCs (55, 56), which is in concert with our in vitro experiments."

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"Therefore, T cells activated by CD3/CD28mAb were chosen in the following assays.FCM results showed that IFN-γ and TNF-α could enhance the ability of hPMSCs on inducing the differentiation of CD4 + IL-[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The higher intensity of TNF-alpha expression and lower PlGF expression in the placenta of pregnant women with early-onset PE allows differentiation of these two forms of the disease and suggests greater placental impairment in early-onset PE."

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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

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"In this co-culture system, it is likely that osteoclast differentiation was upregulated by TNF-alpha by both direct and indirect effects, including induced stromal cell and osteoblast production of RANKL, as well as increased sensitivity of osteoclast precursors to RANKL stimulation."

reach
"We previously reported that tomuor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (10 ng/mL) triggered osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway."

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"Therefore, we speculate that the effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α on promoting the differentiation of CD4 + IL-10 + and CD8 + IL-10 + Treg subsets induced by hPMSCs may act through upregulation of the expres[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"We have recently published that TNFalpha significantly promotes endothelial differentiation of myeloid cells both in vivo and in vitro."

reach
"Such molecules include members of the osteoprotegerin and receptor for activation of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)/RANK pathway, where RANKL is a tumor necrosis factor family member secreted by osteoblasts with a role to trigger the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to osteoclasts and speed up the complementary bone degradation processes."

reach
"Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine, induces the differentiation of osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor."

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"Tumor differentiation was largely mediated by both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreted by activated NK cells, since the addition of the combination of anti-TNF-alpha and anti-IFN-gamma retained the OSCSCs, MP2 pancreatic XREF_BIBR and A549 lung cancer cells in a non differentiated stage as assessed by susceptibility to NK cell mediated lysis and decreased B7H1 and MHC class I expression."

reach
"For example, TNF blockade restores Breg:Beff balance in patients with a low T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio and limits differentiation of B cells into plasma cells ."

reach
"Thus, we investigated the possibility that TNF or LTalpha (lymphotoxin alpha), the ligands for TNFR2, contribute to the thymic differentiation and generation of Tregs."

reach
"In addition, TNF-a stimulates the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into myelinating oligodendrocytes, thus enhancing remyelination of demyelinated lesions in the CNS (Arnett et al. 2001; Finsen et al. 2002)."

reach
"Located within atherosclerotic plaques, the pro inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma, and TNF, induce Th1 differentiation resulting in further cytokine production and activate both MPhis and vascular cells."

reach
"It should also be mentioned that TNF has been found to directly induces BMM differentiation into OCs in the absence of RANKL, Another relevant effect of TNF is that of inhibiting osteoblastogenesis, thus blocking the expected homeostatic response of new bone formation."

reach
"Previous studies reported that TNF-alpha could promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived MSCs by triggering NF-kappaB signaling pathway."

reach
"The present study suggested that TNF-alpha promotes osteogenic differentiation of UC-MSCs."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces myofibroblast differentiation in human tongue cancer and promotes invasiveness and angiogenesis via secretion of stromal cell derived factor-1."

reach
"TNFα induces differentiation of monocytes into epithelioid histiocyte cells that form caseating granulomas to contain M. tuberculosis."

reach
"Bone marrow Th17 TNFalpha cells induce osteoclast differentiation, and link bone destruction to IBD."

reach
"It is concluded that the TNF-alpha can effectively enhance the functional differentiation and maturation of the PBMNCDC and TNF-alpha at the concentration of 20 ng/ml is most effective to enhance differentiation and maturation of DC."

reach
"When these Abs were added in the presence of TNF, each independently, and almost completely, inhibited TNF induced DNA fragmentation and differentiation."

reach
"In addition, it was shown that IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha can promote the differentiation of Th22 cells from naive CD4+ T cells and that combinations of these cytokines promote differentiation at more pronounced levels [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"XREF_BIBR In particular, TNF-alpha directly induces the differentiation of monocytes into pre-osteoclasts."

reach
"TNFα has an initial impact in neutrophil recruitment and leads to the differentiation of circulant monocytes to macrophages in addition to playing an important role in granuloma maintenance."

reach
"TNF-α drives inflammatory responses, and IL-23 promotes Th17 cell differentiation."

reach
"The conjunct of RANKL and RANK recruits TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs), typically TRAF6, which activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, mainly NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and AKT, and thereby initiates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by inducing transcription and expression of osteoclast specific genes, such as tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and C-Src."

reach
"TNF-alpha stimulates the differentiation and survival of osteoclasts, but not the function of osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma, and interleukin-6 but not TNF-beta induce differentiation of neuroblastoma cells : the role of nitric oxide."

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"A cytokine screen conducted by Edgar et al. revealed that IL-3 and TNFα significantly enhance the yield of CD5 CD7 T cell progenitors, with IL-3 promoting the proliferation of myeloid-biased CD34 HSPCs and TNFα inducing T-lineage differentiation by modulating NOTCH target genes, leading to a substantial expansion of early T cell progenitors [93]."

reach
"TNF-alpha is associated with osteoclastogenesis and enhances the differentiation of osteoclasts via receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) signaling [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

eidos
"Additionally , TNF can promote macrophage survival or differentiation , depending upon context [ 28 ] ."

reach
"Because integrin alpha 5 beta 1 modulated both monocyte adhesion to fibronectin and also TNFalpha induced endothelial differentiation on that substrate, we designed in vivo experiments to assess the effects of blocking alpha 5 beta 1 on myeloid to endothelial differentiation (i.e. generation of vascular leukocytes) in vivo."

reach
"IL-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) also induced the differentiation of M1 cells into macrophages and arrested proliferation."

reach
"The pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines in HS, namely, TNF-α and IL-17 [25], are thought to contribute to the onset and progression of T1D by promoting the differentiation and function of autoreactive immune cells that mediate the destruction of pancreatic beta cells [26,27]."

reach
"IL-4 suppressed the IL-1-, IL-6-, and TNF induced differentiation of M1 cells and restored the arrested proliferation with IL-1, IL-6, and TNF."

reach
"Tnfa , il1b and il6 are among the pro-inflammatory cytokines in fish that have connected functions and induce Ig production, cell differentiation, macrophage activation, etc [ 39 ]."

reach
"RANKL mediates PMMA and TNF induced osteoclast precursor cell differentiation."

reach
"Therefore, it is also possible that inhibition of TNF-alpha might suppress the differentiation of type B synoviocytes within the synovium, leading to the loss or decreased stratification of synovial lining cells."

reach
"TNFalpha enhances osteoclast differentiation in the presence of minimal concentrations of RANKL [XREF_BIBR] and induces the differentiation of pro osteoclasts into mature osteoclasts in the absence of RANK signaling [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"The importance of co-stimulatory molecules in the regulation of T H 9 cell induction was initially demonstrated by observations that the engagement of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"However, it has been discovered that TNF-alpha may also promote osteogenic differentiation."

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"IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promote the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-α promotes differentiation of MSCs into the osteogenic lineage and recruits different cells for the repair process [53] ."

reach
"TNF-α, the earliest endogenous mediator of inflammatory processes in tumors, can promote the diffusion and differentiation of T cells, disrupting the intestinal barrier [27]."

reach
"TNF-alpha, itself in the presence of IL-6 and IL-1beta may promote differentiation of T cells to Th17."

reach
"TNF-α acts directly on surface receptors and induces the differentiation of osteoclasts (50)."

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"In contrast, mouse TNFalpha failed to induce TNF-Rp55-deficient mice derived Lin-c-kit+ HPCs to generate DCs with characteristic morphology, immunophenotype, and accessory function for T cells under the same culture conditions, suggesting a crucial role of TNF-Rp55 in TNFalpha mediated DC differentiation from HPCs."

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"Interestingly, the present study found that the regulatory pathways involved in TLR7 , TLR8 , C-type lectin domain family 4, member M ( CLEC4M ), and CLEC4E can up-regulate TNF expression and promote [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces differentiation on human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) as assessed by growth inhibition accompanied by reduction of c-myc levels, and expression of surface colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptors reported as molecular markers for acute myeloid leukemia (AML)."

reach
"Experimental studies demonstrated that TNF-alpha in dose dependent manner induce differentiation of VSMCs into osteoblast like cells and stimulate mineral deposition [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"These data suggest not only that TNFRs are necessary for TNFalpha induced endothelial differentiation of myeloid cells but that TNFR2 plays a greater role in mediating the signaling."

reach
"IL-6, TNF-α, G-CSF, and GM-CSF induce MDSC differentiation [1,14,24]."

reach
"Innate immune cells produce cytokines, including TNF, which activates mDCs to induce Th17 cell differentiation."

reach
"RANK is a TNF receptor family member that recognizes RANKL through cell-to-cell interaction with stromal cells, and promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF XREF_BIBR."

reach
"We administered RAPA or MHY1485 to investigate the function of peosteoblast differentiation disorder caused by TNF-α ( Fig. 4 G) ."

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"Stuber E, Neurath M, Calderhead D, Fell HP, Strober W : Crosslinking of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF and NGF cytokine family, induces proliferation and differentiation in murine splenic B cells."

reach
"TNF has activated lymphocytes and osteoclasts, and promote the role of angiogenesis, the AS-MSC induction of TNF alpha mediated local inflammation, osteogenesis differentiation to enhance and lead to pathological osteogenesis."

reach
"A study using the organoid model showed that IL-1 and TNFα increased the proliferation and differentiation capability of AEC2 cells [50]."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and insulinlike growth factor 1 are identified as key mediators of the effect and shown to directly increase dopaminergic differentiation of human NSCs."

reach
"Microglial secreted TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IGF1 were identified as key mediators, and recombinant TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IGF1 were shown to directly increase dopaminergic differentiation."

reach
"TNF-alpha modulates the differentiation induced by butyrate in the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line."

reach
"Moreover, the chit/glu/HA material induced increased TNF-alpha production by osteoblasts that is believed to enhance osteogenic differentiation."

reach
"The exposure of macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced their differentiation to the M1 phenotype [5]."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a potent cytokine involved in the regulation of osteoclast activity, promotes bone resorption via a primary effect on osteoblasts; however, it remains unclear whether TNF-alpha can also directly induce the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts."

reach
"We next investigated if direct addition of recombinant TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IGF1 could increase the dopaminergic differentiation."

reach
"XREF_FIG provides a schematic of the mechanism of TNFalpha induced endothelial differentiation supported by our studies."

reach
"As shown in Figure 7, G and H, and Supplemental Figure 4, E and F, treatment with GSK157 totally blocked TNF-α– and high-phosphate–induced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation of both WT and IKK2-KO mice."

reach
"All of the gene deletions aggravated TNF-α– and high-phosphate–induced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs."

reach
"Other cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-3, M-CSF, and G-CSF which promote differentiation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], tended to decrease at 1% O 2."

reach
"Furthermore, TNF-α enhances the osteogenic differentiation of VICs in CAVD (Fig. 2)."

eidos
"Appropriate amounts of TNF-alpha can significantly stimulate cell proliferation , differentiation , angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation , which is essential for wound repair ."

reach
"Huang et al. [29] reported that long-term treatment of TNF-α induced inhibitory effect on osteogenic differentiation in vitro while short-term promoted osteogenic differentiation."

reach
"Mithramycin is an antineoplastic agent produced by Streptomyces plicatus which behaves as DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitor, DNA-binding transcriptional inhibitor and antibiotic and has been observed to facilitate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activity and Fas-ligand-induced, which is known to induce malignant cell reprogramming, differentiation, and senescence [134,135]."

reach
"TNF-α mainly enhances the immune response by enhancing macrophage activation and antigen presentation, inhibits osteoblast activity at specific differentiation stages, and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts, thereby regulating bone reconstruction [45]."

reach
"Overexpression of α-SMA, COL1α1, fibronectin, TGF-β1, IL-6 and TNF-α in MSCs microenvironment induces MSCs differentiation into myofibroblasts, which in turn promotes collagen deposition and accumulation of extracellular matrix components [24,25,26,27]."

reach
"Moreover, TNF-α can also contribute to osteoclast activation and differentiation which contributes to joint destruction (Rezaieyazdi et al., 2007)."

reach
"A cloned subpopulation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells previously shown capable of osteoblastic differentiation was treated with TNF-alpha, and osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization were assessed."

reach
"Recombinant human TNF as well as the partially purified guinea pig TNF induced differentiation of Ml cells in conjunction with either the partially purified guinea pig IL 1 or recombinant human IL 1 alpha, although these factors by themselves did not induce differentiation."

reach
"We hypothesize that following exposure to bacterial antigens, subsequent TNF-alpha drives a differentiation of monocytes into a CD14 (dim) CD16 (+) subpopulation."

reach
"The range of cytokines from activated B-cells includes TNF, IL-6, and GM-CSF, which increase T-cell activation and contribute to the differentiation and proliferation of B-cells (39)."

reach
"TNF induces HSC proliferation and myeloid lineage differentiation by upregulating PU.1 (11)."

reach
"These results suggest that TNF-alpha enhances in vitro vascular calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation of vascular cells through the cAMP pathway."

reach
"Th1 cells has biphasic effects in the procedure of osteoclastogenesis by secreting IFN-γ and TNF-α, which can promote or inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts [26]."

reach
"TNF and IL-6 induce the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

reach
"Type I and II interferons, tumor necrosis factor, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly stimulate HSC proliferation and differentiation, thereby increasing the short-term output of mature effector leukocytes."

reach
"IL-23 (and, to a lesser extent, IL-6 and TNFα) stimulate the differentiation of T cells into Th17 cells."

reach
"Our study demonstrates that although both growth inhibitors produce a similar decrease in c-myc protein synthesis, TNF alpha produces a greater growth inhibition and differentiation induction in HL-60 cells."

reach
"Previously, we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) induces neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation in H82, but not H526, undifferentiated small cell lung carcinoma lines."

reach
"Soluble TNF-alpha receptors and pentoxifylline, a TNF-alpha inhibitor, partially restored neuronal differentiation, demonstrating TNF-alpha is partially responsible for the anti-neurogenic effect of the LPS conditioned media."

reach
"TNF-α induces osteogenic differentiation, cell senescence, and oxidative stress of CEP stem cells."

reach
"This is concordant with the fact that over-expression of TNFa induces differentiation of ESC to trophoblasts."

reach
"In particular, interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and toll like receptor (TLR) ligands, among others, have been shown to stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and repopulating ability of HSCs in multiple mouse models of infection and inflammation."

reach
"Furthermore, TNF-alpha promotes the proliferation of NPCs and induces differentiation of NPCs to astrocytes (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"TNF-alpha as a pro inflammatory cytokine associated with bone metabolism can induce osteoclast activation and differentiation."

reach
"BAFF is a TNF like cytokine that supports survival and differentiation of B cells."

reach
"Depending on the target cells, TNF can induce cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis."

reach
"For example, postmenopausal osteoporosis patients had higher T-cell activity and increased TNFalpha and RANKL production, which can promote osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"Additionally, TLR4-/- mice exhibited a down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, and IL-1beta, that synergize with RANKL to promote osteoclast differentiation and activation XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR."

reach
"TNF-alpha directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation, and fibroblast stimulation with IL-1beta can also exert long lasting effects on osteoclastogenesis XREF_BIBR."

reach
"The catabolic view, mainly based on correlative studies in human and in vivo animal models, was challenged by experiments with myoblasts, in which TNF-alpha induced differentiation."

reach
"IL-1 and TNF-alpha also directly contribute to the differentiation of osteoclasts and their activation after maturation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Bone loss resulting from decreased estrogen is due to the T-cell-mediated increase in TNF-α, which indirectly enhances OC differentiation."

reach
"Actually, mitochondrial dysfunction has been often associated to demyelination [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] and the impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation induced by TNFalpha has been causally linked to mitochondria deficiency in primary rat OPC [XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC

reach
"TNF-α also acts directly to increase differentiation of macrophages towards an osteoclast fate."

reach
"However, FGF2 could improve the impaired osteogenic differentiation caused by TNF-α."

reach
"Interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, GM-CSF, interleukin-1 and interlukin-4 synergistically enhanced the differentiation of U-937 cells when combined with F-DIF."

reach
"The classic antioxidant Trolox and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 prevented TNF-induced excess mito-ROS, lipid peroxidation, and mitophagy, and partially restored defects in myogenic differentiation."

reach
"Thus, rather than inhibiting replication of HCMV, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha specifically induce differentiation of monocytes into HCMV-permissive MDM, which are resistant to the antiviral effects of these cytokines."

reach
"Moreover, this study found that PADI4 may contribute to cancer development and progression by increasing the expression of CXCR2, KRT14 and TNF-alpha, which activate pro inflammatory processes, angiogenesis, cell migration, cell proliferation and cell differentiation in tumor tissues."

reach
"Secondly, TNF directly stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts from mononuclear precursors in synovial tissues in synergy with RANKL [XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"The differentiation of Th22 cells was caused by DCs in a dependent IL-6 and TNF-alpha manner."

reach
"Independently of the RANKL signalling, TNFα can also directly induce OCP migration to the inflammation site [65] and OCP fusion [66,67], promoting OCL differentiation."

reach
"99 In addition, TNF also acts directly on osteoclast precursor cells and promotes their differentiation into osteoclasts."

reach
"Suppression of AMPK/ULK1 with an SBA 0206965 (added to the growth medium 30 min before TNF) partially restored the differentiation defects caused by TNF, without affecting normal myogenesis."

reach
"The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which trigger inflammation, have been shown to activate HSCs and induce their myeloid differentiation."

reach
"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR Growth differentiation factor-15 expression is induced by TNF-alpha, interleukins, P53, Egr-1, and macrophage colony stimulating factor, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR with the protein widely being considered a biomarker for various diseases."

reach
"Finally, on the bone surface the RANKL-RANK-OPG interaction plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis [XREF_BIBR], with TNF-alpha supporting survival and differentiation of osteoclasts, whereas IL-1beta also supports osteoclast activation."

reach
"TNF-alpha stimulation via TNFR-1 causes the differentiation of osteoclasts and therefore stimulates bone resorption."

reach
"TNF-alpha directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages in vitro as well as indirectly via osteoblasts."

reach
"Paula-Silva et al[127] showed that 10 ng/mL TNF-α stimulated the differentiation of DPSCs toward an odontoblastic phenotype via the p38 signaling pathway while downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression."

reach
"This process is characterized by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and promoting the differentiation of inflammatory T cells (e.g."

reach
"In addition to odontoblastic differentiation, TNF-α increased the angiogenic potential of cells in a coculture model of DPSCs and endothelial cells[133]."

reach
"The differentiation of osteoclasts is driven by the TNF receptor superfamily member Receptor Activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) via its receptor RANK, which is essential for this process under homeosta[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"TNF-alpha has been shown to induce osteoclast differentiation in mouse BMM in vitro XREF_BIBR."

reach
"Neutralizing antibody against anti-mouse TNF-alpha blocked osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha but did not inhibit osteoclast differentiation induced by infection of RANKL primed BMM with P. gingivalis (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"TNF-α also stimulates the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts ( Moon et al., 2013 ), and is involved in the proteinases production from fibroblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes ( Gravallese[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"TNF-α and IL-1β support the development and differentiation, while IL-6 is regarded as a necessary cytokine for Th17 differentiation."

reach
"Moreover, FVs alleviated the inflammatory response of PDLSCs induced by P. gingivalis-LPS (Pg-LPS) and TNF-alpha, restoring their proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation capabilities."

reach
"IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor stimulate the production of IFN- γ and further IL-8 by T cells to strengthen the immune response; IL-8 recruits neutrophils into this region, which release more cytokines, and the epithelial response to environmental stimuli leads to the activation of dendritic cells, thereby inducing the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells [66]."

reach
"TNF-α can also promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs [26] ."

reach
"TNF-α, in particular, stimulates the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts, thereby accelerating the breakdown of bone tissue."

reach
"Proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were firstly identified to drive Th22 cell differentiation program; whereas TGF-β appeared to exert the repressive effects [146] ."

reach
"Effector T cells are major producers of interferon γ (IFN-γ) and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines that in turn promote naive T cell activation and differentiation (Moura et al. 2017; Mehta et al. 2018)."

reach
"In contrast to RANKL, however, TNF-alpha alone does not effectively induce osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"For instance, TNF in the morning promotes HSPC proliferation, differentiation and migration, whilst TNF burst at night induces melatonin secretion to increase HSPC maintenance and self-renewal (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"Moreover, IFN-γ and TNF-α synergistically induce BM-MSC apoptosis and significantly inhibit bone formation in vivo [28], while IL-17 stimulates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and impairs the differentiation of BM-MSC [2]."

reach
"The results indicated that TNF-alpha did not effectively induce osteoclast differentiation from osteoclast progenitor cells derived from these mice into mature multinucleated osteoclasts, although c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and TNF-alpha activation was observed in osteoclast progenitor cells."

reach
"Activated dendritic cells (DCs) produce TNF-α and IL-23, which induce the differentiation and maturation of Th17 cells [53]."

reach
"These results demonstrate that in the absence of Def6, RANKL induced osteoclastogenesis is enhanced (XREF_FIG), and importantly that TNF-alpha is sufficient to induce robust osteoclast differentiation and activity (XREF_FIG), even in the absence of RANKL."

reach
"Based on our in vitro studies demonstrating that Def6 negatively controls TNF induced osteoclast differentiation, we next explored the role of Def6 in modulating inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in vivo."

reach
"All three inhibitors of ceramide synthesis suppressed the ability of TNFα and IL-1β to inhibit IGF-I-induced global protein synthesis and restore IGF-I-induced expression of muscle specific differenti[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"Otherwise, IL-6 together TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells and contributes with the production of autoantibodies, particularly, anti-DNA antibodies [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Trinchieri G., Rosen M. & Perussia B. (1987) Induction of differentiation of human myeloid cell lines by tumor necrosis factor in cooperation with la,25-dihydroxyvita- min D3."

reach
"These data collectively indicate that Def6 regulated endogenous IFN-beta production contributes to the control of osteoclast differentiation by RANKL or TNF-alpha and also indicate that Def6 suppresses c-Fos and NFATc1 and Blimp1 axis at least partially via regulating an endogenous IFN-beta mediated inhibitory loop during osteoclastogenesis."

reach
"Th1 cells secrete IFN-γ, which promotes the polarization of M1 microglia, while the TNF-α secreted by M1 microglia can induce the differentiation of Th1 cells."

reach
"Bacteria and their by-products can induce the release of pro inflammatory cytokines, such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins (ILs) and prostaglandin E2, which directly or indirectly stimulate osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"TNF-alpha changes the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells and induces osteoblastic differentiation [53]."

reach
"cPTH stimulates bone cells and immune cells to release growth factors and cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-alpha, which induce Th17 cell differentiation and the production of IL-17, that plays a pivotal role in the PTH induced bone loss [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"CCL2 also involves in TNF mediated osteoclast differentiation, therefore, it is crucial in periarticular bone resorption in arthritis (Hounoki et al."

reach
"TNF-α triggers the differentiation of highly sialic-acidified precursor osteoclasts, but such effect of TNF-α is diminished when the sialylation of precursor osteoclasts is disturbed (64)."

reach
"IL-1β and TNF-α secreted by microglia activate the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, promoting Th17 cell differentiation and intensifying brain injury."

reach
"TNF-α was able to induce differentiation into osteoclasts under these conditions."

reach
"12 NF-kappaB activation has been considered as the main pathway leading to differentiation and survival effects induced by TNFalpha."

reach
"TNF-α promotes Th17 cell differentiation and is a negative regulator of GLP-1."

reach
"Reactivation from latency appears to be associated with differentiation that can be induced by systemic inflammation, stress, tumor necrosis factor alpha or other factors (Prosch et al., 1999)."

reach
"Such immune cells interact with KCs and participate in immune activation to amplify the inflammatory response by promoting the secretion of large amounts of IL6, TNF, and other pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL17 promote KC proliferation and differentiation [22]."

reach
"Interestingly, it is claimed that TNF can stimulate osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of RANK [XREF_BIBR], which might fit with a direct anti-erosive effect of anti-TNF treatment in RA patients."

reach
"41 Azuma and colleagues reported that TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts 42 and Kobayashi showed that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation through a mechanism independent of the RANKL-RANK system."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) promotes iTreg differentiation and function via the TNFR2 signaling pathway, implying that TNFR2 is a critical immune regulator (37)."

reach
"It is well recognized that TNF-α induces differentiation of osteoclast precursors through synergistic action with RANKL."

reach
"TNF ~ and IFN-7, which also induce monocyte differentiation of HL-60 cells, were also found to stimulate sphingomyelin degradation after 15 min exposure time?s TNF ~-in- duced sphingom '."

reach
"Moreover, TNF-alpha can induce cell differentiation and promote mononuclear cells or T cells to secrete a variety of cytokines [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Indeed, upon viral or bacterial infections, TNFalpha and IL1beta inflammatory cytokines suppress LSD1 activity through miRNA driven mechanism and induce HSCs proliferation and differentiation."

reach
"These studies show that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha can induce differentiation of TGF-beta-secreting CD34+ NS cells into nonsuppressive monocytic cells that secrete TNF-alpha."

reach
"These processes are favored by TNF and LTalpha1beta2, that are overexpressed by FL cells and promote lymphoid stromal cell differentiation."

reach
"The TNF family cytokines, RANK ligand, CD40 ligand, and lymphotoxin were found to promote the differentiation of AIRE- and TSA expressing mTECs."

reach
"Finally, TFH cells overexpress TNF and LTalpha1beta2 that triggers differentiation of stromal cells into FRCs."

reach
"To conclude, TNF-α plays a crucial role in lipid-mediated osteogenic differentiation of AVICs, so that a proper antibody of TNF-α may suppress CAVD."

reach
"Myelomonocytic differentiation was induced by phorbol ester (12-o-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, TPA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) or interferon gamma (INFgamma), or their combination."

reach
"For example, inorganic phosphate overload, as an upstream of NF-κB signaling pathway, leads to the release of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α to promote osteogenic differentiation of VMSCs."

reach
"Moreover, vitamin D might exert immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and TNF-gamma, modulate dendritic cell maturation, differentiation, and activation as well as induce the inhibition of antigen presentation XREF_BIBR, thereby dampen the autoimmune pathway incriminated in the pathogenesis of vitiligo."

reach
"These results suggest that TNF-α induced differentiation of HL-60 cells.Although MK-886 alone did not affect NSE activity ( Fig. 1 B) or CD14 and CD11b cell surface antigen expression ( Fig. 2 ), it s[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"M1 macrophages enhance the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, which subsequently activate CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells obstructing the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

reach
"In addition, RELB is required for TNF-induced differentiation of bone marrow cells into M1 macrophages in mice (33)."

reach
"In contrast, the combination of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha supports quantitative differentiation into dendritic cells, lacking c-fms, CD14, and other macrophage properties, and expressing HLA-DR, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, and potent allostimulatory activity."

reach
"To find out whether the effect of MK-886 on TNF-α induced differentiation is mediated by its ability to inhibit formation of LOX products, we have used a general LOX inhibitor NDGA for comparison."

reach
"Differentiation of RANKL primed osteoclasts precursors, activation of mature osteoclasts, and osteoclasts survival are enhanced by TNF-alpha [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"To identify the molecular mechanisms, we employed DNA microarray approach on Wnt3a-stimulated human BMSCs carrying LRP5 T253I mutation and identified tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"Thus, c-Myc protein is critically implicated in the decision of the fate of a cell to undergo survival or death.To understand the mechanisms by which activation of PKC prevents TNF-a- induced apoptosis, we examined the effect of PMA pretreatment on c-Myc protein expression in HL-60 cells and found that prior activation of PKC prevented onset of apoptosis via rapid up-regulation of c-Myc protein and resulted in enhancement of TNFa induced differentiation of HL-60 cells."

reach
"Locally produced IL-1 or TNF-a induce proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors."
| PMC

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"IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreted by TIL may synergize with IL-2 and IL-12 to induce and stimulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of CD8 cytotoxic cells."

reach
"In steatosis (38) and MASH (40), intrahepatic B cells secrete elevated levels of IL-6 and TNFα, which promote the activation of CD4 cells and their differentiation into Th1 cells.In mouse models of MASH, B-cell activation parallels the onset of steatohepatitis (41)."

reach
"There are studies that have highlighted that TNF-α can directly stimulate the differentiation of the monocyte/macrophage lineage cells into osteoclasts through a mechanism independent of RANK-L."

reach
"Some studies have shown that TNF-alpha supports survival and differentiation of HSCs, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR while others suggest that TNF-alpha impairs survival and supports the elimination of HSCs."

reach
"In steatosis (38) and MASH (40), intrahepatic B cells secrete elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, which promote the activation of CD4 T cells and their differentiation into Th1 cells."

reach
"Research suggests that IL-1β and TNF-α can promote Th17 cell differentiation facilitated by TGF-β and IL-6 (118)."

reach
"Similar to the function of PD-1 described in LLC bone metastases, CTLA-4 inhibits RANKL and TNF-mediated osteoclastogenesis by blocking monocyte precursor differentiation into osteoclasts [122]."

reach
"Extracellular AnxA2 induces macrophages to release interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or myeloid differentiation primary response gene [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Witsell and Schook reported that differentiation of bone marrow- derived macrophages induced by GM-CSF was inhibited by the blockade of endogenous TNF-a message by an 1 2 3 4 5 6 M KDa 97 69 I- 46 30 [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"TNF-α induces OC differentiation from mouse and human OC precursors in vitro and treatment targeting TNF-α can attenuate bone resorption in vivo [17] ."

reach
"Furthermore, stem cell factor (Pan et al., 2013), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) (Shi et al., 2017), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (He et al., 2017b), and BMP (Kim et al., 2010) have also been reported to promote dental pulp regeneration by increasing odontogenic MSCs migration and differentiation."

reach
"A reduction in TNF decreases the differentiation of osteoclasts’, stimulates their apoptosis and increases osteoblasts differentiation [35]."

reach
"Because IL-l IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF, GM-CSF and TNF-a are known to induce or enhance the differentiation of leukemia cells into monocytes [11-17], we assessed these cytokines in the culture medium from C13[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"Low concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been reported to promote osteogenic differentiation."

reach
"TNF-α is often considered an inflammatory cytokine, but TNF-α has also been shown to promote the proliferation of human leukemia cells [33] and differentiation of macrophages in vitro [34] ."

reach
"Exposure to GM-CSF neutralizing antibody inhibited TNF-alpha- or IL-1beta-treated first trimester decidual cell induced monocyte differentiation to macrophages or dendritic cells by 51-66% and 30-32%,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Inflammatory cytokines derived from M1-macrophages such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) have all been shown to drive this osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs [38], [39]."

reach
"Previous studies have shown that TNFalpha can induce differentiation and survival of osteoclasts in a RANKL independent manner XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

reach
"Nevertheless, it seems that TNF-α also stimulates muscle differentiation at later stages in the regeneration process, independently of the NF-kB pathway."

reach
"TNF-α activates p38 kinase and stimulates the differentiation of C2C12 muscle cells."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

reach
"Among classic inflammatory cytokines, TNFα contributes to arrest the differentiation of immature MDSCs and enhances their immune regulatory activity, in part by favoring the release of S100A8 and S100[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"Differentiation of the M1 macrophages is induced by interferon-gamma, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor."

reach
"Elevated concentration of TNF-alpha induces trophoblast differentiation in mouse blastocyst outgrowths."

reach
"In a phase I clinical trial, plasma concentration of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in refractory RA patients, cytokines from a large family of TNF promoting differentiation and survival of B cells, significantly decreased after the MSCs transplantation."

reach
"De and M1 present antigen to resting T-cells while secreting cytokines IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 inducing their differentiation to pro inflammatory T-helper cells (Th), specifically Th1 or Th17 phenotypes, that also secrete inflammatory mediators."

reach
"Th22 differentiation is mainly induced by IL-6 and TNF-α."

reach
"We previously study and found that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoted osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the Wnt and beta-catenin signaling pathway in low concentration while inhibited that in high concentration."

reach
"Low concentrations of TNF-alpha promoted osteogenic differentiation via activation of the ephrinB2-EphB4 signalling pathway."

reach
"TNF-α stimulates the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts, and IL-1 acts directly on osteoclasts to increase the bone-resorbing capacity of these cells."

reach
"IL-1b, IL-2, IL21, IL-25, IL-33, TNF-a and TSLP promotes Th9 cell differentiation and functions.IL-27 [37] and IFN-c [28] found to negatively regulate the differentiation of Th9 cells."

reach
"Studies have reported that TNF-α inhibits osteoblast activity at certain stages of differentiation and stimulates osteoclast proliferation and differentiation."

reach
"LPS or TNF-alpha induced osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of VSMCs, as showed by the increases of runt related transcription factor2 (Runx2) protein levels, Runx2 and type I collagen mRNA levels, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition content."

reach
"TNF-alpha contributes to bone resorption by promoting osteoclast differentiation and activation through induction of RANKL, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and IL-1."

reach
"For instance, TNF-alpha induces the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activation of the NF-kappaB pathway [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Hence timing and TNF-alpha concentration likely represent key factors to allow differentiation of the toxic versus neuroprotective effects of TNF-alpha."

sparser
"TNF-α activated osteoclast differentiation would therefore appear to rely on TGF-β to promote an initial cytoplasmic increase in NFATc1, which is subsequently translocated to the nucleus under the influence of activating stimuli provided by TNF-α."

reach
"It has been reported recently that TNFalpha and TLRs activate osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSC via upregulation of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif."

reach
"IL-3 inhibits rat osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha and other pro osteoclastogenic cytokines."

reach
"Based on these data, TNF-alpha strongly synergizes with RANKL to promote osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"Recently, Sade-Feldman et al. reported in a mouse model of chronic inflammation that TNF-α induces accumulation of MDSC in spleen and bone marrow by blocking the differentiation of immature myeloid ce[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"In addition, macrophages produce cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGFalpha, PDGF, VEGF and EGF, that stimulate proliferation, migration or differentiation of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells, and ultimately stimulate ECM deposition, re-epithelialization and neovascularization."

reach
"How the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-17A and IL-1β leads to increased OC differentiation and increased resorption are well understood."

reach
"We further show that PPR signaling in T cells stimulates the secretion of the osteoclastogenic cytokine TNF, a factor which promotes OC differentiation and bone resorption both directly, and by regulating the production of RANKL and OPG by SCs and OBs."

reach
"Indeed, TNFalpha strongly increased osteoclast differentiation shown by an increased number of multinucleated, TRAP positive giant cells."

reach
"TNF-α, and IL-6 were reported to promote the adipogenic differentiation of bone precursor cells ( Pino et al., 2012 )."

reach
"TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines induce the naive CD4 cells’ differentiation to Th22 with the phenotype of C-C Chemokine Receptor (CCR) 4 CCR6 CCR10 [27, 28]."

reach
"LPS or TNF-α per se can promote the odontoblastic differentiation of pDPSCs[88,89]."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

reach
"Apoptosis in lymphocyte subsets, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha and interleukin (IL) -4 production in stimulated Th and CTL, cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) (B7-2) expression in B cells, cortisol and metanephrine in serum were measured."

reach
"TNFalpha alone does not increase the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells, but has been shown to act synergistically together with RANKL on osteoclastogenesis."

reach
"It is therefore possible that the increased expression of TNF-alpha in the HA defects promoted a higher osteoclastic differentiation compared with that in the SCP."

reach
"In addition, TNFalpha can also elevate osteoclast differentiation when CSF1 is present."

reach
"TNFalpha is a strong promotor of osteoclast differentiation and, thus, bone resorption."

reach
"TNF-a Is a Potent Stimulator of Tc9-Cell Differentiation."

reach
"Previous cell and animal models proved that NSCLC tumors can secrete interleukin (IL) -6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which promote proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells."

reach
"A previous study showed that IL-6 and TNF-alpha can promote the proliferation and differentiation of NSCLC and participate in invasion and metastasis, the intervention of which may represent a new method for the treatment of tumors."

reach
"These genes activated oxidative stress, MYC targets (v1,v2), and TNF alpha/NF-kB, all of which modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and coagulation [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51]."

reach
"SlanDCs were shown to express TRL7 and TLR8 and to produce IL-12, IL-23, and TNF, preferentially promoting Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation."

reach
"We showed that TNF-alpha modulated the differentiation of bone marrow cells into alpha-SM actin positive cells in vitro."

reach
"Further, they show the secretion of macrophage factors including interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor, which enhance lymphocyte expansion and promote TH1 differentiation."

reach
"Accumulating evidence in recent years indicates that the TNF and TNF receptor (TNFR) promote differentiation, clonal expansion, and survival of antigen-primed CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, and have a pivotal role in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity and diseases [30]."

reach
"It has been reported that the differentiation of Th17 cell could be induced by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6, while being inhibited by IL-10 18."

reach
"In the presence of M-CSF, TAM-osteoclast differentiation was also induced by TNF-alpha."

reach
"Alternative cytokines and signaling molecules such as IL-25, IL-1, TSLP, Jagged-2, calcitonin gene related peptide and the TNF family member OX40 ligand (OX40L) have been proposed to enhance Th9 differentiation and/or T-cell production of IL-9, while cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandins, programmed cell death ligand 2, and 1,25-dihidroxyvitamin D 3 inhibit Th9 polarization."

reach
"XREF_BIBR In turn, IL-23 sustains Th17 proliferation, hence primarily increasing levels of IL-17 and IL-22 produced by these activated Th17 cells (It has been suggested that Th0 differentiation into Th17 is originally initiated by IL-6 and TGF-beta, and then supported by IL-23 and TNF-alpha)."

reach
"However, in two out of nine B-CLL patients we found that at low PMA concentrations (0.1 ng/ml), TNF-alpha can induce both proliferation and differentiation."

reach
"The anti-neurogenic role of TNF has also shown to stimulate differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells into astrocytes [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"These results confirm that the anti-tumor activity of PSG-MNC-CM was derived mainly from the elevated cytokines, especially IFNγ and TNFα, which induced apoptosis and differentiation in the PSG-treate[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"In fracture healing, TNFα from macrophages also sensitizes OB progenitors to growth factors and enhances OB differentiation (in combination with IL-6) (19)."

reach
"Conversely, the TNFalpha that is released within the regenerative environment promotes muscle differentiation, by activating the p38 pathway in cooperation with other stimuli [XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and thrombopoietin (TPO) have been shown to induce the differentiation and proliferation of CD34+ cells toward dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of multiacting cytokines."

reach
"Therefore, further study is needed to determine whether CUEDC2 affects osteoclast differentiation under pathogenic conditions treated with LPS, TNF-alpha, or IL-1alpha, because CUEDC2 may specifically act on Myd88 dependent NF-kappaB signaling in BMMs."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces three-dimensional cytomorphologic differentiation of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through activation of nuclear factor kappaB."

reach
"Ligation of the TNF receptor family co-stimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) with an agonist anti-OX40 mAb enhances anti-tumor immunity by augmenting T cell differentiation as well as turning off the suppressive activity of FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg)."
| PMC

reach
"The purified G.P. TNF and rHuTNF inhibited the growth of U937 cells, but did not induce their differentiation."

reach
"In THP-1 cells, TNF slightly inhibited the growth and induced differentiation."

reach
"After receiving the activation signal, DCs produce cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-11, IL-12 and IL-23, which could induce the proliferation and differentiation of allogen[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"IL-1, TNF and other proinflammatory cytokines stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activation, resulting in bone loss."

reach
"Finally, TNF induced DNA fragmentation does not precede cell death, but differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocytoid cells, suggesting that TNF induced DNA fragmentation may contribute to the regula[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"After selection, NK cells down-modulate their surface receptors, lose their cytotoxicity, and become anergized, but continue to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α, which drive differentiation of the remaining stem cells."

reach
"Here, we report that TNFalpha exposure during MSC expansion increased the chondrogenic differentiation capacity regardless of the presence of TNFalpha during chondrogenesis and that this effect of TNFalpha during expansion was reversed upon TNFalpha withdrawal."

reach
"This suggests that TNF-α may stimulate differentiation of bone marrow macrophage into osteoclasts in RANKL-RANK dependent manner."

reach
"These data suggest that TNFalpha pre-treatment accelerates chondrogenic differentiation probably via an early induction of COL2A1 expression among other genes."

reach
"Based on the current data, TNF-α is likely to modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and function of rat knee joint capsule myofibroblasts."

reach
"To better understand the effect of the TNFalpha pre-treatment on MSCs and the specificity for the chondrogenic lineage, we determined if TNFalpha increased apoptosis, expansion, and multilineage differentiation potential."

reach
"To elucidate how TNFalpha pre-treatment increases the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs we first evaluated effects on the TGFbeta1 signaling pathway, since exposure to TNFalpha reduced the expression of the TGFbeta co-receptor CD105 (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"In agreement with other studies, we observed that TNFalpha pre-treatment slightly increased the osteogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs."

reach
"discovered that overexpression of miR-146a could inhibit basal and TNF-alpha- and TLR ligand induced osteogenic differentiation."

reach
"HeLa and SiHa cell lines secrete large amounts of IL-6 and TNFα, which induce differentiation to a protumor M2 phenotype of macrophages [24]."

reach
"M1 differentiation is induced by bacterial components, IFN-γ and TNF."

reach
"First thought that IL-23 was the inducing cytokine for Th17 cells, three groups simultaneously discovered that TGF-β and IL-6 induced Th17 differentiation (28–30), while IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α can potentiate Th17 differentiation in presence of IL-6 and transforming growth factor beta TGF-β (31–33)."

reach
"Also, IL-17A participates in inflammatory reactions via increasing the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 which necessitates Th17 cell differentiation [6] ."

reach
"Recently, a new pathway for the differentiation of PBMCs into OCs has been described in vivo: TGFβ priming reprograms the human MP response toward osteoclastogenesis and then allows TNF to induce OC differentiation independently of RANKL."

reach
"In vitro, TNF-α and IL-1β positively regulated the differentiation of murine immature cDCs into OCs, whereas IFN-α inhibited this process."

reach
"For instance, TNF-α contributes to muscle loss by inhibiting muscle regeneration, maintaining satellite cells in the proliferation stage and preventing their differentiation (67)."

reach
"Recombinant human TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-17A, or synovial fluid from RA patients enhances the differentiation of these DCs (Table 3)."

reach
"Interestingly, TNF blockade also inhibits the differentiation of type 17 helper T cells and the production of interleukin-17, potentially affecting the interleukin-17 axis in LAD1, as well."

reach
"Studies have shown that IL-6, TNF-α, and other cytokines can induce the differentiation of Th22 cells, while transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) can inhibit the differentiation of Th22 cells at high concentration [34]."

reach
"XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR Tintut and Demer first reported that TNFalpha induced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation of bovine calcifying vascular cells through a phosphate kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism."

reach
"Moreover, a lower serum APRIL level was significantly related to partial remission.BAFF is a member of the TNF superfamily that promotes B-cell survival and differentiation [31]."

reach
"We have previously shown that the differentiation of myeloid leukemia Ml and JCS cells could be induced by LIF and TNF-a, respectively (9,19)."

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"The regulatory effect of YAP on MDSCs is reflected in two aspects: First, directly transcribing chemokine CXCL5 to promote the recruitment of MDSCs in prostate tumor cells (72); Second, promoting the expression of IL-6, CSF1-3, TNF-α, IL-3, CXCL1/2, and CCL2 to promote the recruitment and systematic differentiation of MDSCs in the Kras: p53-mutant PDAC model (71)."

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"We have previously shown that TNF-a and some other chemical compounds such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) could induce monocytic differentiation of the JCS cells."

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"GSE reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6 in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (P<0.01), inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ in spleen cells of EAE mice immunized for 9 days (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and reduced the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 mediated by CD3 and CD28 factors (P<0.01)."

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"First, we determined whether TNFalpha contributes to vascular calcification and osteoblast differentiation of calcifying vascular cells."

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"TNF-alpha enhances T and B cell proliferation and differentiation, and increases Natural killer (NK) cell activity [XREF_BIBR]."

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"We had previously demonstrated that PMA induced differentiation of JCS cells was mediated by TNF-a (9)."

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"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation [44]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

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"Knockdown of the PERK-eIF2alpha-ATF4-CHOP Pathway Blocks Mineralization and Osteoblastic Differentiation Induced by TNFalpha in VSMCs."

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"Nevertheless, it is conceivable that IL-4-induced by biochanin A may act synergistically with endogenous TNF-a at the later stage of biochanin A triggered differentiation of JCS cells."

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"9 CD14 + macrophages isolated from the inflamed intestine produce high levels of IL-23 and TNF, induce interferon-γ secretion by mononuclear cells, and can promote Th1 and Th17 differentiation."

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"Thus, the suppression of TNF-α + cells would have a beneficial effect on cartilage and bone destruction in RA patients.We demonstrated that tacrolimus inhibited human osteoclastogenesis induced by IL-[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The lists of DM genes were further investigated based on a functional relationship database analysis, which pointed to an IL6/JAK1/STAT3 node, related to TNF signalling and engagement in Th17 cell differentiation amongst many pathways."

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"The first important conclusion of this study is that the PERK-eIF2alpha-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response contributes to TNFalpha induced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation in VSMCs."

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"In addition, PERK-, ATF4-, and CHOP-shRNA knockdown inhibited mineralization and osteogenic differentiation induced by TNFalpha, similar to stearate induced vascular calcification."

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"MiR-1247-5p also weakened the inhibitory effect of circHmbox1 on osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha (XREF_FIG)."

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"Tumor necrosis factor stimulates osteoblasts to release cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells and osteoclast precursors to the site and promote the differentiation of early osteoclasts."

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"The RANKL protein belongs to TNF superfamily, which can promote the differentiation of osteoclasts by activating TNFR associated factor 6 (TRAF6)."

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"In bone, TNF-α stimulates differentiation of osteoclasts while also suppressing osteoblast differentiation ( Osta, Benedetti, & Miossec, 2014 )."

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"43 An iTRAQ proteomics study revealed that the TNF signaling pathway promoted the osteogenic differentiation of LF cells by activating Osx expression.12 Besides, numerous researches demonstrated that the TNF signaling enhanced the osteogenic differentiation ability of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in periodontitis.44–46 However, no studies were conducted to uncover the role of the toll-like receptor signaling pathway in OLF."

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"In addition to IL-6 and TGFβ-1, they showed that inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are contributors to murine Th17 differentiation."

reach
"Additionally, both TNF-α and IL-6 contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, trigger endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, increase expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and promote osteogenic differentiation of VICs in vitro [57, 58, 59]."

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"In contrast, TNFalpha or IL-6 inhibitors abolish osteoclast mediated bone erosion even with residual synovial inflammation, because IL-6 and TNFalpha stimulate osteoclast differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"In general, treatment of dysplastic raft tissue with retinoic acid, interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) appeared to induce a less dysplastic, more normal differentiation program [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Besides, TNF-alpha, as the prototype of the TNF superfamily cytokines, has been validated to enhance the differentiation of Th9 cell and exert anti-tumor immunity effect via TNFR2 dependent pathways 30."

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"Pro inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 enhance the proliferation and differentiation of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, increasing the population of mature osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Our results demonstrated that TNF-alpha and IL-17A promote the osteogenic differentiation of inflammatory and non inflammatory FLS through an increase of calcium deposits into the extracellular matrix[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Studies [XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR] have shown that TNFalpha directly stimulates the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors to osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)."

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"Whereas physiological levels of TNF-α are transiently up-regulated during myoblast regenerative responses to injury and stimulate differentiation [1] , sustained high levels of TNF-α are associated wi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Moreover, it was shown that INF-gamma and TNF-alpha promote the ability of human MSCs to express programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2) and induce the differentiation of CD4+ IL-10+ and CD8+ IL-10+ Treg subpopulations [XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of NK cells but together with IL-1beta also enhances Langerhans cells migration from the epithelium of mice XREF_BIBR."

reach
"Furthermore TGF-beta1 costimulates TNF-alpha induced differentiation of monocytic cell lines [41, 42] and possesses differentiation inducing effects on primary erythropoietic progenitor cells [43]."

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"It has recently reported that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation with the aid of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta by a mechanism independent of the ODF and RANKL-RANK interaction [18,19]."

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"Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families."

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"Firstly, TNF-α promotes the differentiation of CD4 T helper (Th) cells 1796 so that the content of Th 17 cells in the bone marrow of OVX mice gradually increases.97 IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells upregulates RANK on osteoclast progenitors, increasing their sensitivity to RANKL stimulation.98 Furthermore, blocking IL-17 signaling prevented OVX-induced bone loss,99 suggesting that cytokines secreted by T cells play an important role in the pathological process of PMOP."

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"Secondly, TNF-α, as a B lymphocyte growth factor, promotes their proliferation and differentiation."

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"Differentiation into the A1 phenotype is elicited by microglia secretion of IL-1α, TNF-α, and component 1, subcomponent q (C1q)."

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"93 Activation of p38 MAP kinase plays an important role in TNF induced osteoclast differentiation."

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"TNF-alpha (also known as cachectin), secreted by macrophages, is able to induce the differentiation and proliferation of fibroblasts, leading to the formation of fasciculate collagen fibers in extracellular matrix."

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"96 In contrast, Lam et al. 97 have shown that although TNFalpha alone fails to induce differentiation of murine osteoclast precursors, priming with RANKL (with a concentration that is insufficient to induce osteoclastogenesis by itself) dramatically enhances TNFalpha induced osteoclast differentiation."

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"TNF-α contributes to the pathogenesis of LN as it promotes the activation and differentiation of macrophages, and its levels are increased in active LN and correlate with disease activity [41]."

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"Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to account for these effects : TNF directly inhibits osteoblast differentiation; TNF augments osteoclast formation by inducing stromal cells to increase expression of RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and decrease that of osteoprotegerin (OPG); and TNF serves to synergize with pathways downstream of RANK to directly increase osteoclast differentiation."

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"48 Also TNF-alpha obtained from culturing fractured bone in vitro can lead to osteogenic differentiation of muscle cells."

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"In contrast, mouse TNFalpha strongly stimulated differentiation of M-CSF-dependent bone marrow macrophages (M-BMMphi) into osteoclasts without any help of osteoblasts and stromal cells."
| PMC

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"TNF-alpha has proved to promote megakaryocytic differentiation, indicating that anti-TNF-alpha therapy may have a direct inhibitory effect on platelet production by reducing megakaryocytic differentiation."

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"Therefore, we presumed that NOR might inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β production by inducing Treg differentiation and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production.NOR-medi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Our miRNA profiling data reveals that TNF-alpha and IGF1, two extracellular stimuli with opposed effects on myoblast differentiation capacity, induced, antagonised or promoted the miRNA expression pattern of human and murine skeletal muscle cell differentiation."

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"Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines can signal activation, proliferation, differentiation, costimulation, inhibition, or cell death, depending on the type and status of the target cell."

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"Fig. 7d and e reveals that the major signal transduction pathways in KEGG enrichment analysis included TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, cancer pathway, etc. Fig. 7f indicates that GO en[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine and modulates proinflammatory responses, cell proliferation, differentiation, and death."

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"These results suggest that TNF-alpha might induce osteoclast differentiation in the absence of TRANCE-RANK interactions."

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"TNF-α stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts through nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and upregulates several target genes such as RANK and on the other hand suppresses differentiation of osteoblasts by inhibiting osteogenic factors such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) [47, 48]."

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"M1 macrophages tend to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-6, which promote Th1 and Th17 differentiation, leading to an increase in the severity of inflammation [23]."

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"However, the issue of whether TNF-alpha is a direct inducer of osteoclast differentiation is still controversial."

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"Lam et al. showed that TNF-alpha alone failed to induce osteoclast differentiation from murine precursors in similar culture conditions."

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"IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 treatment promoted differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th22 cells."

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"Osteoclast progenitors derived from mouse bone marrow cells were incubated with mouse wild-type TNF (wtTNF) and R1antTNF, and the level of expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a m[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"These data demonstrate that the adherent fraction of cultured bone marrow contains very primitive hematopoietic cells and that tumor necrosis factor alpha activates their proliferation and differentiation."

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"These results show that IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 might strongly activate the STAT3 pathway, and promote the differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th22."

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"In response to insults and infection, TNF contributes to homeostasis by regulating inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death."

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"In this study, these factors were M-CSF and TGF-beta, followed by treatment with M-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 to induce differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

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"Moreover, TNFA can induce the differentiation of hepatocytes into cholangiocytes in organoid culture system [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Further studies will be required to evaluate the molecular mechanisms in TNFA triggered cholangiocyte differentiation of SHED-Hep for treating cholangiopathy."

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"How TNF-alpha induces osteoclast differentiation independent of TRANCE-RANK is unclear at this time."

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"TNF-alpha and IFNgamma promote differentiation into M1, which is capable of producing oxidative metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines."

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"Glutathione treatment promotes TNFa stimulated osteoclast differentiation of BMMs."

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"However, the combined use of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF induced the rapid differentiation and activation of DCs from CD34 + cells, so the cell expansion rate would decrease (data not shown)."

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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

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"In summary, TNF‐α modulated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by inhibiting the miR‐27a‐3p–Sfrp1 axis and regulating Wnt–β‐catenin signalling.4 DISCUSSION."

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"MCP-1 and CCL2 has been implicated in TNF mediated osteoclast differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes."

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"TNF–produced mainly by monocyte, macrophage and T cells–is a well-described mediator in diverse biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and cell death."

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"TNF-α can improve the killing activity of T cells and other immune cells over tumour cells in vivo, activate monocytes and macrophages, regulate the differentiation of different cells and promote the [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha can enhance B cell proliferation and also promote monocyte and macrophage differentiation."

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"Moreover, an altered proliferation and expression of differentiation markers induced by TNF-alpha were also counteracted."

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"Cell intrinsically, TNFɑ promotes HSC survival and myeloid differentiation in mice through nuclear factor of kappa B signaling, poising HSCs toward myeloid cell production, a mechanism that is active in aging HSCs."

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"In conclusion, we have shown that a PMT induced activation of G proteins in primary osteocytes and in the osteocyte like cell line MLO-Y4 leads to an elevated production and secretion of the osteoclastogenic cytokines RANKL and TNF-alpha, which efficiently contributes in an indirect manner to the differentiation of osteoclasts."

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"A longstanding enigma in the field is why TNF alone is not able to induce osteoclast differentiation as effectively as the same superfamily member RANKL, a physiological master osteoclastogenic cytokine."

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"Recent studies have highlighted several lines of evidence showing the intrinsic mechanisms through RBP-J, NF-[kappa] B p100 and TNF receptor associated factor 3, or interferon regulatory factor-8 that restrain TNF induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption."

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"Among the previously mentioned cytokines, TNF and IL-1 activate metalloproteinases responsible for mucosal tissue damage and promote the differentiation of lymphocytes in the T 1 direction [14]."

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"Recombinant human TNF (rHuTNF) induces differentiation of ML-1 cells and an anti-pDIF monoclonal antibody can neutralize both differentiation inducing activity and cytotoxic activity of DIF and rHuTNF."

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"To study the effect of melatonin on osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-α in BMSCs, alizarin red staining was used to evaluate osteoinductivity."

reach
"In addition, we used ALP staining to investigate the effect of melatonin on osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-α."

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"This differentiation is mediated by type 1 IFNs, which maintain cell survival, and by TNF-alpha, which induces DC differentiation in an autocrine fashion."

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"Tumor necrosis factor induces enhanced responses to platelet activating factor and differentiation in human monocytic Mono Mac 6 cells."

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"64 Other studies have reported that the combination of TNFalpha and IL-6 promoted osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow derived macrophages."

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"The differentiation of cells of the monocytic lineage into mature osteoclasts (OC) is specifically induced by the tumor necrosis factor related factor, RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand; also known as OPGL, ODF, or TRANCE)."

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"TNFalpha has been shown to enhance RANK-L-induced osteoclast differentiation and its contribution to the enhanced osteoclastogenesis in c/ebpbeta -/- and L/L cells was studied therefore in more detail."

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"Similarly, another TNF superfamily member, LIGHT, promoted lung T RM cell differentiation after VACV infection [ 118 ]."

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"Eventually, Th2 differentiation is induced by TNF-alpha and LPS."

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"Additionally, ERK, nuclear factor kappaB activation, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin expression in response to TNF-alpha, which promotes differentiation in endothelial cells, has [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Differential roles of the TNF receptor in TNF induced cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation and differentiation."

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"An anti-c-Fms antibody completely inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption induced by TNF-alpha but partially blocked osteoclastogenesis stimulated in combination with RANKL."

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"TNFα and IL-12 then stimulate the antimicrobial activity of macrophages, CD4 Th1 cell differentiation, and production of the type 2 interferon IFNγ ."

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"Indeed, TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of osteoclast precursors after priming by < 1% of the amount of RANKL normally required to induce osteoclast formation [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"It is well recognized that TNFalpha induces differentiation of osteoclast precursors through a synergistic action with RANKL [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"The pro inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha may impair fibroblast ingress and promote myofibroblast differentiation through increasing the inflammatory component of the granulation response."

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"In addition, TNFα can induce anemia in patients with MM by directly inhibiting the formation and differentiation of red blood cells, reducing sensitivity to erythropoietin (EPO), and promoting IL-6 secretion by myeloma cells.IL1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine11 that is primarily secreted by monocytes and macrophages and encoded by the IL1B gene."

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"The increased infiltration of M1 macrophages is significantly higher in calcific aortic valve samples than in control counterparts, and the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 promotes osteogenic differentiation [92]."

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"Third, TNFalpha receptor mediated signaling promotes myogenic differentiation through its activation of p38 MAPK."

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"Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha, BAFF and APRIL, and BCMA might contribute to the pathogenesis of BD possibly through augmentation of both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as by collaborating with other inflammatory cytokines to promote the activation and differentiation of effecter immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of BD."

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"In humans and mice, stimuli such as oxLDL 25 or LPS 18 induce the maturation of dendritic cells through upregulating the expression of MHC II, CD80, CD86, and CD40 and increasing the secretion of IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, which induce Th1 differentiation."

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"This differentiation is induced in vitro by GM-CSF and TNF-alpha with or without other cytokines for CD34 + HPC, and GM-CSF and IL-4 for monocytes, CD40 receptor cross linking, or calcium inophore alo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta in CM of HM1 stimulated MNC for 1 day (MNC-CM-1) were 1350 and 1374 pg/mL, respectively, revealing the potent antitumor and differentiation inducing activities of HM."

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"RANKL was a member of the membrane associated TNF ligand family, which induced differentiation of spleen cells (osteoclast progenitors) into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF."
| PMC

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"31 , 49 In this study, to verify the important role of immunity abnormality in the OLF, we used the recombinant TNF‐α to treat the LF cells, and we discovered that the addition of TNF‐α obviously increased the osteogenic differentiation of LF cells."

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"The addition of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha can further enhance the Th17 differentiation but can not replace TGF-beta or IL-6 [XREF_BIBR]."

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"At physiological concentrations found in injured muscle (up to 0.05 ng/ml), exogenously added TNFalpha promotes myoblast differentiation."

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"Decreased TNF-α and elevated TGF-β1 inhibit the differentiation of Th1 cells and promote that of Tregs, respectively [95] ."

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"Moreover, study of precursors that lack TNF-alpha receptors showed that TNF-alpha induces osteoclast differentiation primarily through direct actions on osteoclast precursors, which is a distinct mechanism from that used by the other bone-resorptive agents examined in this study."

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"Some essential factors associated with pyroptosis activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), TNF-α, and IL family, stimulate further differentiation and fusion of OCPs into multinucleated osteoclasts, leading to bone loss [64, 65] (Table 1)."

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"Interestingly however, low levels of TNF have been revealed to induce osteogenic differentiation via upregulation of the transcription factors Runx2 and Osx demonstrating a complex role for TNFalpha in regulation of bone remodeling."

reach
"Similarly, TNF-α and CCL3 restrict bone formation in RA patients by inhibiting the differentiation of osteoblasts (Yeo et al., 2015)."

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"Moreover, another study showed that blocking of TNF-alpha markedly reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, and IL-17 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, indicating that Th17 cell differentiation is promoted by TNF-alpha through IL-6 and IL-1beta [XREF_BIBR]."

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"[404142] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is produced by activated mononuclear macrophages and promotes the differentiation of inflammatory cells."

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"39-42 Indeed, TNFalpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation of precursors primed by < 1% of the amount of RANKL normally required to induce osteoclast formation."

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"Moreover, addition of ceramide has been shown to mimic the TNF induced differentiation of HL-60 cells (Kim et al., 1991)."

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"[404142] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is produced by activated mononuclear macrophages and promotes the differentiation of inflammatory cells."

eidos
"TNF-alpha is also known to modulate proliferation , differentiation , and apoptosis or necrotic cell death in several different cell types including HepG2 cancer cells [ 27 , 28 ] ."

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"Inflammatory cytokines of TNF-alpha and IL-6 cooperate to induce the differentiation of Th22 cells from naive CD4 + T cells by a transcription factor (AHR)."

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"The TNFalpha pathway induces acute-phase proteins, expansion of lymphoid progenitors, maturation to B- and T-cells, differentiation of T-cells to T H1, activation of macrophages, cytolysis of targets by NK cells, and stimulation of leukocyte motility."

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"The well-known knowledge is that TNF acts on macrophages to promote their differentiation to osteoclasts mainly through a synergistic action with RANKL ."

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"In the present study, RNA-seq analyses showed major gene expression changes along the physiological process of astrocytic differentiation, which is modulated by TNF, suggesting the establishment of discrete astrocytic populations between normal and inflammatory conditions."

eidos
"TNF contributes to osteoclast activation and differentiation , and IL-1 can also stimulate synovial cell growth and activation as well as also contribute to osteoclast stimulation [ 9,10 ] ."

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"IL-6 and TNF, both upregulated in psoriasis, have been shown to enhance Th22 differentiation, while the addition of IL-1beta to this mix may promote differentiation of Th17 cells that produce both IL-17 and IL-22."

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"Ligands such as Jagged 1, Wnt, and tumor necrosis factor like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) can act through their receptors promoting HPC activation, differentiation, and fibrogenesis."

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"He et al. showed that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was sufficient to activate the ERK-ETS1-IL27Rα pathway and push HSCs towards replicative stress and myeloid-biased differentiation [83]."

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"Immune serum that is specific for neutralizing HGF activity markedly inhibited monocyte differentiation (50% reduction in cell attachment and process formation) induced by IL-6 and TNF-alpha."

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"The random forests analyses, without and with adjustment for differences in demography, comorbidities and severity of disease, identified six biomarkers (adrenomedullin, TNF receptor-1, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein-4, TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 2, growth differentiation factor-15 and TNF receptor-2) to be strongly associated with CKD."

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"Such cytokines include macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) that can induce the myeloid transcription factor (TF) PU.1 in HSCs to promote increased myeloid lineage differentiation [22–25]."

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"In RA, TNF induces Th17 cells differentiation by stimulating the activation of IL-6 and IL-1β [ 10 , 19 ] ."

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"The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (OX40) ligand (OX40L), upregulated on DCs, induces differentiation of naive T cells into T helper 2 (Th2) cells instead of regulatory T (Treg) cells, which elicit tolerogenic responses [12]."

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"TNF is secreted by activated T cells and B cells (Section 2) and also stimulates the growth and differentiation of both T cells (Zucali et al., 1987; Yokota et al., 1988) and B cells (Jelinek and Lips[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Osteoblasts and stromal cells control bone degradation by expressing the Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) required for the proliferation of osteoclast precursors and the Receptor for Activation of NF-kB Ligand (RANKL), a TNF family member triggering their differentiation XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"TNF‐α, IL‐4, and IL‐13 are released from the mast and help to modulate the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th1 and Th2 subsets, indirectly recruiting and activating eosinophils and basophils through the release of GM‐CSF, IL‐4, and IL‐5 from Th2 cells [56]."

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"TNF-alpha induces the tumor immune response and cell differentiation, promotes the production of a variety of cytokines by mononuclear cells and T cells, and induce tumor cell apoptosis and directly kill tumor cells [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"They showed that TNF enhanced differentiation of GM-CSF derived cells, found in inflammatory sites and inhibited differentiation of CSF-1 derived cells, found in lymphoid tissue."

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"Our findings contrast a previous report suggesting that TNF promotes Th17 differentiation."

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"Yang et al observed that TNFa can induce differentiation of the neuroblastoma SK-N-SH to perineurium like cells, which secrete functional IL-8 capable of attracting neutrophils and lymphocytes (9)."

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"Activating receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) and TNF receptor (TNFR) promote osteoclast differentiation."

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"TNF induced differentiation of myeloid leukemia cell lines along the monocytic lineage and this effect was synergistically potentiated by IFN-y (Trinchieri et al., 1986)."

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"TNF induction of the differentiation of HL-60 cells has been associated with the formation of large DNA fragments (200 -- 400 kbp) in contrast to nucleosome sized fragments produced in U937 cells that[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation, but not survival."

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"HL-60 differentiation was induced by 1.3% DMSO or 200U/mL IFN-gamma and 1000U/mL TNF-alpha."

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"In a mouse model of severe malaria, germinal center responses were defective, and this was linked to a defect in T follicular helper cell differentiation (Ryg-Cornejo et al., 2016) that could be reversed by TNF-alpha blockade."
| PMC

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"TNF-alpha inhibition also abrogates Th17 differentiation in vitro XREF_BIBR."

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"CD40L caused the DCs to mature and secrete high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12, proinflammatory cytokines that promote the differentiation of Th1 T cells."

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"TNF is cytotoxic and induces differentiation in ML-1a cells after a 3-day incubation."

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"In HL-60 cells, TNF rapidly activates this pathway and induces monocytic differentiation."

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"Complementary to this evidence, studies in mice (105) and in rabbits (106) demonstrate that the adipocyte-promoted myeloid expansion and IL1β production inhibit B lymphopoiesis.Also, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been shown to be upregulated in HSCs upon aging, promoting myeloid differentiation skewing, HSC survival, and changes in the immunomodulatory properties through the activation of a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent gene program (94)."

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"In addition, TNF and DXR induced synergistically erythroid differentiation in K562 and multidirectional differentiation in K562-DXR."

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"Th1 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α can promote the differentiation of Th0 cells into Th1 cells, and eliminate aspergillus."

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"These findings suggest that there might be some interactions between muscle tissues and bone metabolism.Proinflammatory cytokines, in particular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), at the site of fractur[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Statin treatment did not alter serum levels of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and VEGF, supporting the hypothesis that statin treatment stimulates the differentiation of endothelial precursor cells into EPCs, suggesting that statins directly enhance the EPC migration ability in patients with CAD."

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"Ponzoni et al. (1992) in a preclinical study have shown that the combination of TNF and IFN-y causes extensive differentiation of neuroblastoma cells that suggests the clinical use of this combination[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"As expected, TNFalpha treatment also strongly increased RARalpha expression, which may account, at least in part, for TNFalpha induced differentiation in some leukemia cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"ELIAS, L. and BERRY, C. O. A. (1991) Induction of differentiation by tumor necrosis factor in HL-60 cells is associated with the formation of large DNA fragments."

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"As expected, Siglec-15 −/− osteoclasts were mostly mononuclear and could not form actin rings ( Fig. 4 ), indicating that Siglec-15 was involved in the TNF-α induced differentiation of functional oste[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"For example, TNF-α induces the proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cells [10]."

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"TNF-α stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and NK cells, as well as the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and other mediators causing tissue destruction [56]."

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"TNF-α administration to cultured hippocampal cells induces cell death (132) as well as an increase in the astrocytic differentiation at the expense of the neuronal differentiation (130)."

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"Interestingly, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6, three cytokines implicated in endplate inflammation, have all been shown to promote Th17 differentiation [20,21] ."

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"NK cells produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha which mediates DC differentiation and maturation."

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"These results suggest that TL, TNF-alpha and OK-432 promoted the differentiation of DCs."

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"Here, we determined thatCD46 +/+ mice produce large numbers of M1 type macrophages with enhanced surface expression of MHC II and production of pro inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF, IL-12, and IL-1beta In the presence of M-CSF or GM-CSF, CD46 signaling enhances monocyte-macrophage differentiation."

reach
"Activated Th17 cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α, which drive the regulation of Th17 cell differentiation (15, 16)."

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"However since osteoclast differentiation driven by TLR5 and TNF-alpha is dose dependent, supplementing the flagellin treated cells with exogenous TNF-alpha further increased the number of TRAP+ osteoclast by 2 fold (XREF_FIG)."

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"Other factors include macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which secrete catalytic enzymes like MMPs and cathepsin K (Cat K), and cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-11, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-34, that induce osteoclasts differentiation [76]."

reach
"TNF-alpha has also been found to promote osteogenic differentiation of umbilical cord derived-MSCs through NF-kB signaling pathway."

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"These results together with the increased expression of CD80, CD86, IL2RA and the cytokines/chemokines TNF-α, CXCL10, IL1-β and IL12A, known markers of M1 polarization [[37], [38], [39]], suggest that RA NPs induced the differentiation of MLL-AF9 cells towards an M1-like phenotype (Fig. 3C)."

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"It can modulate the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) induced by TNF (18), trigger TGF-β1 activation and protein phosphorylation, leading to excessive proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts in the lungs (19)."

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"Yokota et al. [27] have determined that in RA PBM, TNF-α and IL-6 promote differentiation in a RANKL-independent manner, but the resorptive activity of such OC is low."

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"The proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α has been reported to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of MSCs [30,31]."

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"During phorbol ester induced differentiation of HL-60 monocytic cells, tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFalpha) synthesis and secretion are increased, which contributes to the autocrine regulation of TNFalpha responsive genes."

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"PONZONI, M., CASALARO, A., LANCIOTTI, M., MONTALDO, P. G. and CORNAGLIA-FERRARIS, P. (1992) The combi- nation of y-interferon and tumor necrosis factor causes a rapid and extensive differentiation of [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"Spaczynski and colleagues, also demonstrated that TNF-alpha causes proliferation and differentiation of the theca cells and consequently androgen production and hyperandrogenemia."

reach
"IL-1 is a potent stimulator of bone resorption [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] and inhibitor of bone formation [XREF_BIBR]; IL-6 and TNF-alpha were shown to promote osteoclast differentiation and activation and are involved in bone resorption."

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"In the case of MSCs derived from umbilical cords, TNF-α treatment was shown to induce osteogenic differentiation [87]."

reach
"Two similar transmembrane proteins, the tumor necrosis factor receptor and the human Fas antigen, can trigger ceU death within some ceU types [6], but the tumor necrosis factor receptor can also cause differentiation or activation in other cells."

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"TRINCHIERI, G., KOBAYASHI, i., ROSEN, i., I-Z) UDON, R., MURPHY, M. and PERUSSIA, B. (1986) Tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin induce differentiation of human myeloid cell lines in synergy with imm[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The presence of H3ΔN in ΔNSPs cells attenuated CCL7, MMP9, TNF-α, CD11B, and CD11C upregulation (Fig. 7d, top) upon PMA-induced cell differentiation, in addition to the repression of genes downregulated during this process (Fig. 7d, bottom)."

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"GMSCs from inflamed tissue acquire a pro fibrotic phenotype with a higher proliferation rate in the presence of a proinflammatory microenvironment; moreover, TNF-alpha induces the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activation of the NF-kappaB pathway."

sparser
"In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Palacios et al. (2010) report that TNF-α-activated p38α kinase controls differentiation of muscle stem cells by promoting polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) silencing of the Pax7 promoter."

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"Studies carried in animal models have shown that TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of bone resorbing osteoclasts while inhibiting the activity of bone forming osteoblasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNFRSF1B is a tumor necrosis factor receptor that recognizes their cognate ligands (TNF) and promotes the differentiation, clonal expansion and survival of antigen-primed CD8 and CD4 T cells, mediating adaptive immunity to kill cancer cells [49]."

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"With IL-2-containing medium provided a baseline for comparison, each of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α could promote the differentiation of pleural Th22 cells, with the strongest effect observed with IL-6; in [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF‐α, an inflammatory cytokine that is up‐regulated in the MHV‐JHM‐infected CNS (18), may contribute to DC differentiation by overriding IL‐6‐driven macrophage differentiation (5)."

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"Fig. 2 B are the representative flow cytometric dot plots from one of five independent experiments, showing enhanced Th22 cell differentiation stimulated by IL-6, TNF-α, or/and IFN-γ."

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"The short-term release of TNF-α recruits precursor cells, induces osteogenic differentiation in MSC in vitro, increases mineralization [29] and essentially promotes bone regeneration in vivo [17]."

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"Additional, various cytokines, such as IL-1β、TNF-α, released by activation NF-κ B induce T cell abnormal differentiation, therefore, targeting NF-κ B signaling pathway is the key to T cell differentia[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"For instance, Liu et al. discovered that low dose of pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α [17] enhances the differentiation ability of hDPSCs [23]."

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"In this study we have investigated the effect and the mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) modulates myogenic differentiation."

reach
"In wild type cells, the ability of TNFalpha to induce osteoclast differentiation in the presence of RANK and RANKL blockade is enhanced by a variety of cytokines, but in vivo evidence has been lacking."

reach
"Furthermore, initial experiments by Soderberg-Naucler and colleagues indicated that presence of TNF-α could induce differentiation of monocytes into HCMV-permissive macrophages [185] ."

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"However, inhibition of MAP kinase did not rescue the inhibition of differentiation by TNFα despite proliferation being inhibited."

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"TNF-alpha-mediated brain injury is related to the following mechanisms (Signoretti et al. 2004; Yousaf et al. 2003; Riche et al. 2003; Makhija and Kingsnorth 2002) : (1) TNF-alpha stimulates the diffe[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Interestingly, studies have shown that TNF promotes the differentiation of intramuscular adipocytes by activating the downstream pathways by secreting the TNFα factor [28]."

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"In intramuscular adipocytes, ACADL overexpression activates TNF pathway, which subsequently lead to increased differentiation of intramuscular adipocytes."

reach
"TNF-α is also a well-known mediator in the transformation and differentiation of myofibroblasts ."

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"Our data indicate that chronic TNFα treatment resulted in calcium resistance and a significant reduction in the differentiation potential of the HPV-positive HOK-16B cells."

reach
"TNF-α also indirectly promotes differentiation of Th1, Th17 and Th22 cells."

reach
"To test this hypothesis, dendritic cells (DC) were generated in vitro from isolated monocytes, and changes in content, localization, and secretion of CyC and cathepsins S, L, and H (CatS, -L, and -H, repsectively) were followed in response to interleukin-4, enabling monocyte differentiation, and to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), enabling DC maturation."

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"The underlying epidermis soon displays elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β and GM-CSF that collectively contribute to the differentiation and activation of intraepidermal DC, known as Langerhans ce[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"32 IL-4 and IL-10 can induce M2 macrophage differentiation and TNFalpha and INF-gamma can induce M1 macrophage differentiation."

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"TNF-α could promote Th17 cell differentiation via enhancement of monocytes derived IL-6 and IL-1β production, and the signaling pathway is probably through TNF-α receptor I and TNF-α receptor II which[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"For example, low TNF‐α levels promote neuronal differentiation and improve myocyte function, but higher levels are deleterious after injury."

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"TNFα stimulates B cell proliferation and differentiation and plays a role in cardiovascular, neurologic, autoimmune and metabolic disorders."

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"The increased expression of TNF-α has been proved to promote osteoclastic differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone resorption [29]."

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"16,22 Our recent study reported that TNF-α promotes osteogenic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) obtained from CAS patients by stimulating the nuclear factor kappa-ligh[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families."

reach
"TNF-alpha can stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation under certain conditions."

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"IL-1 and TNF produced by monocytes and macrophages, as well as the systemic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25 (OH) 2 D 3], stimulate osteoclast differentiation by[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Similarly, TNF-alpha inhibits Npnt expression in both time- and dose dependent manners, and down-regulation of Npnt influences inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by TNF-alpha XREF_BIBR."

reach
"Furthermore, individual therapeutic modalities frequently have discrepant effects on different biologic functions; for instance, steroid effects on bone erosion are both positive (e.g., the potentiation of RANKL induced OC differentiation) and negative (e.g., the inhibition of TNF -- induced OC differentiation; Fig. 4)."

reach
"Moreover, IL-6, M-CSF, COX-2/PGE-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF were previously shown to stimulate the differentiation of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into MDSCs in vitro [134] ."

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"This is because, in the early stages of bone injury, a low concentration of TNF-α promotes osteogenic differentiation and bone tissue repair."

reach
"Low concentrations of TNF-alpha promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

reach
"Upon release, TNFalpha induces proliferation and differentiation of target cells by initiating signaling pathways that regulate gene expression including the upregulation of adhesion molecules and thus, promotes the inflammatory response in various diseases [3]."

reach
"And a higher level of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and a lower level of TGF-beta promote the differentiation of Th22 cells."

reach
"In this study, we found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha promotes Tc9 differentiation in vitro, and the TNF-alpha-induced Tc9 cells display enhanced cell survival and cell proliferation."

reach
"In this study, we found that TNF-alpha promotes Tc9-cell differentiation through TNFR2, but not TNFR1."

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"Surprisingly, the combination of TNF-α and IL-6 with GM-CSF significantly stimulate differentiation compared to TNF-α and IL-6 without GM-CSF."

reach
"Moreover, TNF-α also enhanced osteogenic differentiation of both human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and human dental pulp stem cells through activation of NF-κB signaling pathway [38,39]."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-4 can enhance LC differentiation from human monocytes or CD34 (+) progenitors."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-4 can enhance LC differentiation from human monocytes or CD34 (+) progenitors."

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"This finding may be related to TNF-alpha stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)/p65 pathway, which facilitates SRY (sex determin[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"This pathological elevation of TNF-alpha may actually stimulate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells and differentiation along the osteogenic and chondrogenic cell lineages within the first three d[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Ikkalpha AA, but not Ikkbeta Delta, BM cells were able to resorb bone, once their differentiation defect was rescued by IL-1 (not depicted) or TNFalpha (XREF_FIG C)."

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"For example, plasma cells that have accumulated in the bone marrow of aged mice can create a feedback loop of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF-α, which promote HSC myeloid differentiation bias."

reach
"There is ample evidence from in vitro culture systems that, through one or both of these receptors, TNF-alpha can promote the expansion and differentiation of various hematopoietic subpopulations, as well as inhibit their proliferative response 10111213."

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"TNF-α mRNA levels increase in osteoclasts upon differentiation by RANKL treatment and can promote osteoclastic cell differentiation through autocrine signaling."

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"TNF in com- bination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into den- dritic cells and macrophages."

reach
"In contrast, some studies demonstrated that a low concentration of TNF-alpha can enhance and accelerate the differentiation of MSCs towards an osteoblast phenotype [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Furthermore, TNF-α suppresses Foxp3 production by Tregs and promotes the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells (1415)."

reach
"TNF signaling plays an important role in LIPUS stimulation-induced hUC-MSC chondrogenic differentiation."

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"Briefly, M1 macrophage differentiation was induced by the addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α (10 ng/ml) and M2 macrophage differentiation was induced by the addition of a low concentration of recombinant human interleukin (IL)-4 (15 ng/ml) (Promocell, Heidelberg, Germany) for 6 days."

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"Immune cells from the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes express various cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFalpha, which are known to stimulate proliferation and differentiation in IECs XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"TNF enhances OC activity by directly promoting OC differentiation of bone marrow macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK-ligand (RANKL), XREF_BIBR by stimulating RANKL expression by T and B lymphocytes, XREF_BIBR by promoting stromal RANKL production by osteoblasts (OB), and by enhancing RANK and IL-1 expression by myeloid OC precursors."

reach
"RANKL, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine, induced the differentiation of osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor."

reach
"We studied tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as a candidate cytokine to promote neuroendocrine cell differentiation in a nitrosamine-hyperoxia hamster lung injury model."

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"On the basis of these informations, it is thought that the proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF and TNF-alpha may induce differentiation, maturation, activation, and proliferation of macrophages within he[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

eidos
"TNF-alpha , an inflammatory cytokine that is up-regulated in the MHV-JHM-infected CNS ( 18 ) , may contribute to DC differentiation by overriding IL-6-driven macrophage differentiation ( 5 ) ."

reach
"We conclude that TNF-alpha can induce phenotypic features of neuroendocrine cell differentiation in SCLC cell lines."

reach
"High lactate concentrations with low pH can decrease the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages/monocytes.18 Moreover, studies have reported that lactic acid may inhibit the secretion of TNF by interfering with the glycolysis of human monocytes and suppress the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells, as well as the activation of T cells.19–22 For a more in-depth exploration of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of lactic acid, Peter K et al conducted a comprehensive analysis of its impact on gene expression during monocyte activation."

reach
"We reported that TNF increases the frequency of OCPs by promoting the differentiation of c-fms - myeloid cells to c-fms + cells [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Additionally, IL-21, IL-10, TNF-α, and TLR2 promote Th9 cell differentiation, whereas IFN-γ and PRDM inhibit their differentiation (61)."

reach
"Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and monocytes, is solicited during acute inflammation to mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [39]."

reach
"In agreement with our results, Hess et al. demonstrated that TNF-α promotes osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs [37] ."

reach
"Cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL) -1 and IL-17 promote the differentiation of osteoclast precursors to osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR] through several mechanisms, including inducing the upregulated expression of RANKL in osteoblasts."

reach
"Without differentiation, LPS did not induce the generation of osteoclasts.For comparison, TNFα, which is known to induce differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts ( Kudo et al., 2002 ), was used in [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"IL-6 and TNF-α promote Th22 differentiation, whereas high doses of TGF-β inhibit Th22 cell differentiation (68)."

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"TNFalpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo."

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"Induction of differentiation of human myeloid cell lines by tumor necrosis factor in cooperation with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3."

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"TNF α promotes bone resorption, both in vitro and in vivo , by enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors [9] ."

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"Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induces Reactivation of Human Cytomegalovirus Independently of Myeloid Cell Differentiation following Posttranscriptional Establishment of Latency."

reach
"Our observation that TNF-alpha induces reactivation independently of differentiation provides insight into molecular mechanisms that control reactivation."

reach
"Thus, TNF related ligands can lead to apoptosis, differentiation, or proliferation."

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"TNFa and interferon-, y, agents that induce monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, also stimulated sphingomyelin degradation after 15 min of stimulation (Hannun and Bell, 1993)."

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"Although these studies suggested that ceramide could play a prominent role in TNF induced monocyte differentiation, the extended time courses implied that these events, even if critical for differenti[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"These have a role in TNFalpha induced cell differentiation and intra-cellular signalling [30]."

reach
"In particular, LIPUS with an I of 70 mW/cm showed the most significant promotion effect.Secondly, our results suggested that TNF signaling pathway inhibition is a key factor in LIPUS-induced hUC-MSC chondrogenic differentiation."

reach
"This enhancement in cell number was found to be due to TNFalpha promoting the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons rather than to an increase in cell survival."

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"These results show that TNF-alpha enhances the expression of MSX2 as well as that of osteogenic marker genes in VSMCs.ALP is an osteoblast differentiation marker and is required for bone matrix minera[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in the presence of LPS and TNF drives the activation and differentiation of M1 macrophages."

reach
"We suggest that the BM stem cells with a high expression of TNFR in patients with AA may be potently sensitive to TNF-alpha stimulation of differentiation."

reach
"In addition to RANKL, recent studies have demonstrated there are several TNF family molecules which promote osteoclast differentiation, including TNF XREF_BIBR, decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) XREF_BIBR, FasL XREF_BIBR and TRAIL XREF_BIBR; indicating that activated T cells and inflammatory response can remodel bone homeostasis via these effector molecules."

reach
"TNF-alpha can directly induce osteoclast differentiation in BIPAs."

reach
"The increase in proinflammatory adipokine TNF-alpha levels promotes neuroinflammation as well as inhibition of neuronal proliferation and differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Induction of inflammation by Th1 cells is mediated by expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, the latter being a hallmark of Th1 differentiation."

reach
"Pidotimod also induces DC to produce pro inflammatory molecules monocyte chemoattractant 510 protein-1 (MCP-1) and TNF-alpha, which drive T cell proliferation and differentiation towards a Th1 511 phenotype."
| DOI

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"This was supported by experiments in which the authors demonstrate that RANKL and TNF successfully induced osteoclastogenic differentiation of osteoclast progenitor cells derived from NF-kappaB p50 and p52 deficient mice which were reconstituted with c-Fos and NFATc1 [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF is produced by monocytes and macrophages during acute immune responses and can promote cell proliferation, differentiation, cytokine production, apoptosis, and necrosis ; a close relationship between TNF and the development of DM has been demonstrated."

reach
"In muscle tissue, for example, TNF-alpha and IL-6 modulate the migration, proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts and satellite cells."

reach
"These integrated pathways mediate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 to drive Th1 and Th17 differentiation, being essential for the development of antifungal immune responses."

reach
"On the other hand, TNFalpha has also been reported to induce neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in mice [XREF_BIBR] and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone of adult rats [XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC

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"TNFalpha is known to directly activate osteoclast differentiation and activation and inhibit osteoclast apoptosis 13."

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"TNFalpha supplementation at a physiological concentration rescues myoblast differentiation."

reach
"It was suggested that MSCs release several cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, SDF-1, and TNF to promote the migration and differentiation of tissue cells [36,37]."

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"Besides, the synergistic effects of IL-17A and TNF-alpha enhance osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hBM-MSCs by down-regulating Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway."

reach
"Prophylactic treatment with Losartan resulted in an anti-inflammatory response mediated by reduced IL-6 and TNFalpha production, which prevented the differentiation of tumor stroma and epithelial cell EMT, and attenuated the malignant transformation of DCIS to IDC."

reach
"It was reported that Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an NF-kB inhibitor, blocked the osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-α [65]."

reach
"13 Our results provide evidence that TNF-alpha could be an important modulator of trophoblast differentiation and may have a role in normal implantation processes."

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"In fact, however, we favor the latter in explaining possible reason, since we showed that the strong TNF-α inhibitory effect of RP73401 can be largely reduced upon certain TNF-α production conditions [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-α enhanced osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization in MSCs in vitro in a dose-dependent manner [66,71]."

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"In the initiation phase of psoriasis, various triggers can cause the activation of keratinocytes and the release of nucleic acids and antimicrobial peptides, which causes the activation of dendritic cells producing mainly TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IL-23, which initiate the differentiation of T cells into Th1, Th22, and Th17 subsets."

reach
"Accordingly, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 enhance osteoblast differentiation by triggering NF-kappaB signaling or modulating BMP2 pathway."

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"The effect of oxLDL may contribute to prolonged monocyte arrest in complex atherosclerotic lesions which contain comparable oxidized lipid components.Both TNF-alpha and oxLDL have previously been demo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Both TGCT and rheumatoid arthritis are described by the presence of activated macrophages and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, which promotes the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts and stimulates synovial cells to secrete MMPs."

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"M1 macrophages secrete cytokines such as IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐23, and TNF‐α, promote the differentiation of T cells into Th1 and Th17, stimulate osteoclasts and synovial cells, and attract monocytes and neutrophils to specific sites (Tardito et al. 2019; Hoseinzadeh et al. 2023; Hosseini et al. 2024)."

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"Since both TNF-alpha and oxLDL have been demonstrated to induce differentiation in cells of the monocyte lineage [19,20], we used M-CSF which directly stimulates monocyte survival and differentiation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In this study, we have demonstrated for the first time that PKC-epsilon activation significantly counteracted the differentiation program induced by TNF-alpha along the monocytic lineage."

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"TNF-α and LPS, on the other hand, increased ALP activity and subsequent matrix mineralization in osteogenic differentiation media or in combination with BMP-2."

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"To assess the influence TNF alpha (inhibitor) and Rho kinases (ROCK) inhibitor (promoter) on the adipogenic differentiation, 0.5% GG hydrogel particles with hASCs were cultured for 15 days in induction medium supplemented with 0.5 µg/mL of TNFα or 50 µM of ROCK inhibitor."

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"While IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts, NO which is produced by these cytokines inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption ( Ralston et al., 1995; Van't Hof [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In in vitro models, the survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of murine NPC is promoted by TNF supplementation (Bernardino et al., 2008)."

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"Augmented IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha Induced by Probiotic Bacteria in NK Cells Mediate Differentiation of Stem Like Tumors Leading to Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Reduction in Inflammatory Cytokine Release; Regulation by IL-10."

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"Thus, we demonstrated that the PA stimulated increase in IL-18 production in the IBC-NST biopsy samples may inhibit or block MDTC-to-HDTC differentiation after exposure to PAs; this differentiation may be mediated by other cytokines (IL-6 and/or IL-1beta, IL-1Ra, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF)."

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"Induction of monocytic differentiation by tumor necrosis factor in phorbol ester resistant KG-1a cells."

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"CSCs can also elude killing by NK, because NK cells can reach a functional state, known as “split anergy”, characterized by reduced cytotoxicity against CSCs and increased secretion of cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNFα, which induce CSCs differentiation (130)."

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"These results indicate that the differentiation inducing activity was signaled through the TNF receptor, p55, via PKC and that the excellent ability of TNF 471 to induce differentiation was related to its high affinity for p55."

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"Furthermore, CFP-10-treated DCs also secreted proinflammatory cytokine TNF during the course of differentiation (our unpublished data), and both TNF release and TNF-induced differentiation of DCs requ[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In this regard, we have recently reported that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) modulates in vitro differentiation of cardiac stem cells in a TNF receptor dependent manner; 15 specific pro inflammatory signaling pathways may have analogous effects in MSCs that in turn impact reparative efficacy."

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"The inhibition of TNF-alpha or osteoprotegerin reduced the osteoclast differentiation culturing with IL-17-prestimulated RA FLS, and the inhibitory effect of anti-TNF-alpha was more potent than anti-R[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"68 The central hallmark of particle induced inflammation is innate immune cell (macrophages) secretion of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and PGE2, which stimulate differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts and increase peri-prosthetic bone resorption."

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"IL-6 and TNF-α can induce the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th22 cells, while TGF-β was found to inhibit differentiation (7)."

reach
"Duhen et al. demonstrated that IL-6 and TNF-α together jointly induced Th22 cell differentiation (7)."

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"It was shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced differentiation in the KU812 cells and that these cytokines were responsible for the differentiation inducing effect of the Mo supernatant."

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"Some IL-22 producing cells do not secrete IL-17 and are called Th22; their differentiation is induced by IL-23, IL-6 +/- TNFalpha."

reach
"Intriguingly, iNOS and TNFα markers were also increased in neurons 60 min after exposure to Sema 3A media, indicating that a very short inflammatory insult, during the very early stages of neuronal development may promote neuroinflammatory pathways and affect differentiation and connectivity."

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"In addition, CTLs produce many pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a, IFN-γ, and IL-2, which interact with other immune cells to promote T helper cell responses and further CTL differentiation [15[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"As a result, it remains unclear if TNF signaling via Wgn/Grnd promotes differences in cell adherence (from sessile cells to in circulation), granulocyte activation, or the differentiation of precursor cells to granulocytes."

reach
"According to an investigation by Spaczynski et al. [XREF_BIBR], TNF-alpha causes proliferation and differentiation of theca cells and augmentation of steroidogenesis of follicular layer cells."

reach
"TNF-alpha contributes to the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain."

reach
"As illustrated in Figure 5, the miR-181a-5p inhibitor increased the degrees of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expressions (Figures 5(a)–(c)), and LPS induced RAW 264.7 cell differentiation into osteoclasts (Figures 5(d)–(e))."

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"TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL) -1, IL-6, and IL-17 which are expressed by macrophages, FLS, and/or T cells in the synovium enhance the differentiation and activation of the osteoclast."

reach
"Astilbin efficiently suppresses TNF-α and MMP-9 production and adhesion of CD4 T cells, as well as Th17 differentiation (Meng et al., 2016)."

reach
"Over-activated pro-inflammatory macrophages secrete excessive amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α, to promote the differentiation and activation of Th1 and Th17 cells, which are critical in promoting intestinal inflammation and tissue damage."

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"Suda, T.; Takahashi, N.; Udagawa, N.; Jimi, E.; Gillespie, M.T.; Martin, T.J. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families."

reach
"The engagement of Toll-like receptors on macrophages induces macrophage activation and TNF-α production, and TNF-α can inversely promote macrophage proliferation and differentiation."

reach
"A major knowledge gap, however, is whether OC develop in the BM and circulate to the joint and if the differentiation to OC takes place in the joint space in response to differentiation signals such as RANKL and TNF."

reach
"Because IL-20 was endogenously expressed in mature osteoblast, we hypothesized that WT osteoblast, in response to IL-20, may secrete TNF which enhanced osteoclast differentiation independent of IL-20R1 signaling."

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"Studies have shown that TNF-alpha stimulates the production of pro inflammatory adhesion molecules and increases the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts, resulting in bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"25 Mouse recombinant IL-6 (50ngml -1; eBioscience; Santa Clara, CA, USA), human recombinant TGF-beta1 (2ngml -1; eBioscience), mouse recombinant IL-1beta (2ngml -1; eBioscience), mouse recombinant TNFalpha (1ngml -1; eBioscience), anti-IFNgamma Ab (XMG1.2; 10mugml -1) and anti-IL4 Ab (11B11; 5mugml -1) were added to the culture medium to induce Th17 cell differentiation."

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"Here we show that TNF can synergize with ATRA to induce differentiation, showing monocytic characteristics more typical of differentiation mediated by TNF than by ATRA."

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"IL-22 is the main effector of Th22 cells, and AhR is the differentiation transcription factor of Th22 cells that can be promoted by IL-6, TNF-α, AhR agonists, and TGF-β receptor inhibitors."

reach
"In addition, TNF-α directly augmented the differentiation of committed osteoclast precursors and the activation of mature osteoclasts to resorb bone ( Ingham and Fisher, 2005; Mundy, 2007 )."

reach
"ATRA and TNF can also induce differentiation of the non APL cell line U937."

reach
"Among the immunoregulatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-cr) was found to induce differentiation of human myeloblastic ML-l cells [lo]."

reach
"On the other hand, TNF-α can stimulate differentiation, activation, survival, or cell death in specific circumstances."

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"In chronic inflammation, TNFalpha and the NFkappaB signaling pathways are continuously upregulated, resulting in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

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"TNF-alpha functions during pregnancy to enhance blastocyst implantation, control trophoblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, balance trophoblast turnover and renewal, and stimulate uterine activity during parturition, as reviewed in XREF_BIBR."

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"Tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin induce differentiation of human myeloid cell lines in synergy with immune interferon."

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"The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, which can enhance inflammation or induce further effector T cell differentiation, were significantly lower in the H.pylori-infected IL-21 -/- mice than in their H.pylori-infected wild-type littermates both at the protein (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY) and RNA levels (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."

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"We propose that ATRA can prime cancer cells for differentiation triggered by TNF and suggest that targeting the TNF pathway in combination with ATRA may represent a novel route to treat leukemias."

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"Interestingly, TNF-alpha is a key mediator of myogenic differentiation and plays an important role in the regulation of cell cycle exit and the initiation of myogenic differentiation in satellite cells."

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"Thus, as expected, the second peak of Myod1 and TNF-alpha expression promoted the differentiation and remodeling of the skeletal muscle after frostbite."

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"This expression modulates the intensity of specific immune responses by orchestrating the production of cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, as well as the differentiation, proliferation, contact, and migration of T cells [22]."

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"MSCs from AxSpA patients were shown to elicit TNF-mediated inflammatory responses and higher osteogenic differentiation ."

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"Osteoclast differentiation from myeloid precursors is mediated by the key nonredundant TNF family cytokine RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand) and its receptor RANK."

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"However, our previous in vitro study demonstrated that preconditioning of murine BM-MSCs using TNFalpha alone or a combination TNFalpha and IFNgamma did not promote osteogenesis; however, a combination of TNFalpha and LPS enhanced osteogenic differentiation including ALP activity and matrix mineralization."

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"However, the signaling pathways are complex and partly crosslinked, and TNFalpha is able to induce cell death as well as proliferation, differentiation, and migration [XREF_BIBR]."

eidos
"The results of in vitro experiments confirmed that TNF-alpha at 20 ng / mL significantly up-regulated the expression of P2X7 receptor protein of BMHSCs and promoted their differentiation into more osteoclasts ."

reach
"Interestingly, studies have also shown that the cocktail of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma can direct the differentiation of pancreatic ductal cells towards the endocrine lineage and hence this may be important in the setting of regenerating the pancreas following its destruction in the setting of either diabetes or pancreatitis."

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"Autocrine type I IFN and TNF-alpha contribute to the survival of plasmacytoid pre-DCs and to their differentiation into DCs, respectively."

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"34 Th1 can secrete TNF‐α, which promotes the differentiation of Th22."

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"Haloperidol did not affect the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-a in LPS stimulated macrophages.Effect of APDs on the production of potent Th1 and Th2 cytokine of human macrophagesThe cytokines IL-12 and IL-10 are prominent in Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation."

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"In the present study, we examined the role of the TNF-alpha autocrine loop in PMA induced macrophage differentiation and gene expression of 92- and 72-kDa gelatinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2)."

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"Recently, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) not only can express the high levels of RANKL the same as activated T cells but also can express TNF-α, IL-22, IL-1, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which stimulate the activation and differentiation of osteoclasts [7]."

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"TNF promotes osteoclast differentiation in the presence of RANKL, and there are indications that TNF and TNFR blockade can retard bone destruction in RA patients, even when the effect on the inflammatory component is limited."

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"For example, pro-inflammatory factors of IL-6 and TNF-α can promote the maturation of APCs, differentiation of T lymphocytes and activation of NK cells."

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"The combination of VP16 and recomhinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNFalpha) synergistically induced differentiation of human U937, ML1, and M1 cells and had an additive effect on HL60 cells."

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"When IL-2 was used at concentrations optimal for LAK generation, TNF did not further enhance the differentiation of LGL into LAK effectors."

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"Studies with Ab anti-IL-1 alpha, showed that the antibody abrograted the IL-2-driven generation of NK cells, but did not affect the NK differentiation induced by IL-2 + TNF alpha."

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"C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein-6 attenuates post-infarct cardiac fibrosis by targeting RhoA and MRTF-A pathway and inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation."

reach
"MiR-3p-975_4191 downregulated TNF expression, inhibited osteoblast differentiation and promoted adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs."

eidos
"TNF-alpha can activate caspase protease , JNK , and NF-kappaB signaling pathways to induce inflammation and promote cell growth , differentiation , and apoptosis ."

reach
"Interestingly, Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFb) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFa), which are known to drive Langerhans differentiation in vitro are increased in the airways of COPD patients (43, 44)."

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"A member of the TNF family, OX40L (which binds to OX40), shuts down the generation of IL-10-producing CD4 + type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells by DCs but induces the differentiation of pro inflammatory Th2 cells secreting TNF and IL-13."

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"To determine if BRG1 generally associates with NF-kappaB under conditions that lead to its activation or the association occurs only under certain conditions, such as during Schwann cell differentiation, HEK 293 cells were treated with TNFalpha, which stimulates NF-kappaB binding."

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"The study showed that TNF-α could trigger the osteogenic differentiation of hMSC by triggering NF-κB, which will increase BMP-2 regulation and eventually cause an increase in the expression of Runx2 and Osterix."

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"Together, these results indicated that PI3K activation can rescue the mammary epithelial cell population shift induced by CL and infliximab treatment.Taken together, these results suggested that TNF-α modulates MaSC activity and mammary epithelial cell differentiation via PI3K signaling and regulates cell division through Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis."

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"Following terminal differentiation induced by TNFalpha, IFNgamma, polyI : C or LPS there is marked increase in expression and function of 1alpha-hydroxylase."

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"Consistent with previous reports [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], the addition of TNFa to the proliferation or differentiation media induced or promoted neural differentiation, as determined by immunocyto-chemistry and Western blot analysis (XREF_FIG, XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."

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"These data indicate that TNFalpha induces activation of the canonical NFkappaB pathway and the subsequent differentiation in NSCs and NPCs."

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"The activation of the atypical NF-κB pathway, namely the TNF signaling pathway, induces apoptosis, thereby affecting cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration ."

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"Previous studies have also reported that FSGS patients have elevated serum IL-1, IL-2, IL-13, and TNF-α levels, which can induce the differentiation of T helper 1, T helper 2, and T helper 17 cells ."

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"Collectively, the results in XREF_FIG and XREF_FIG indicate that C5a acts on macrophages in the joint and other tissues to provoke their production of IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IL-23, and together with tissue TGF-beta, promotes the differentiation and expansion of self-reactive T cells into Th17 cells."

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"TNF-alpha and IL-1 can also stimulate osteoclast differentiation via RANKL and RANK independent mechanisms [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], implicating that osteoclastogenesis is only partially accounted by the RANKL and RANK axis."

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"For example, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulate differentiation of these cells into monocytes, while GM-CSF, TNF-alpha plus stem cell factor (SCF) (c-ki[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Indeed, TNF-alpha and IL-6 together induce TGF-beta1, an acknowledged trigger of lung fibrosis, regulates the differentiation of pulmonary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which is represented by down[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"For example, both IL-2 and IFN-γ are potent inducer of T cell proliferation and TNF-α promotes the differentiation of macrophages into giant cells and contributes to granuloma formation [164]."

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"Additionally, TNF-α and IL-1 enhance Th17 differentiation when these cytokines are present."

reach
"The differentiation of T H 22 was promoted by TNF-alpha and IL-6 released from DCs."

reach
"TNF-alpha could promote lymphocytes differentiation and improve the level of humoral and cellular immunity."

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"TNF-alpha can induce MHC class I expression and TNF-alpha and GM-CSF can promote differentiation and maturation of monocytes and macrophages and dendritic cells [7]."

reach
"The microglial myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are also involved and drive the release of neurotoxins, in a process initiated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF, contributing to the damage of neurons (Michaud et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Schnöder et al., 2016)."

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"Taken together, these recent studies provided deeper mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of synovial fibroblast subpopulations during pathogenesis of arthritis, paving the way to the discovery of mesenchymal cell-targeted therapeutics beyond anti-TNFs.Along with interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α stimulates synovial fibroblasts to produce receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) promoting osteoclasts’ differentiation and activation [33]."

reach
"Recently, multiple studies have demonstrated that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) agonism triggers the differentiation of IL-21 producing Tfh cells in the tumor microenvironment and the infectious tissue (464748)."

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"Ectopic expression of active LAP * inhibited the neural differentiation under differentiation conditions and disrupted TNFalpha induced neural differentiation under non differentiation conditions (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"The TNF-alpha also induced the differentiation of a CD62L - Treg population as observed in the previous study [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is recognized for its multifaceted role as a growth factor, stimulating cellular growth and differentiation for various normal cells [70]."

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"TNF and IL-6 Modulate the Process of Monocyte Differentiation to Macrophage or DC In Vitro."

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"In this study, using genetic and chemical approaches, we found that proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-17 stimulated IkappaB kinase (IKK)-NF-kappaB and impaired osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

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"In contrast, TNFα and sCD40L partially reversed IL-10 induced suppression of DC differentiation, maturation and their capacity to efficiently prime a CTL response against viral and tumor associated an[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNFalpha is known to directly induce bone resorption by activating mature osteoclasts and stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors or indirectly by inducing the expression of osteoclastogenic factors in stromal cells or osteoblasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"In Ps, TNF-α stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells."

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"27 TNF-alpha enhances in vitro vascular calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation of vascular cells."

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"Furthermore, the low-dose tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promotes osteogenic differentiation, but a lack of study reports on the relationship between this cytokine and ILK."

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"Cytokines detected during and after ICD induction (XREF_FIG) can be pro inflammatory, for example TNF, IL-6 and IL-1beta, increasing MHC class I expression on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and promoting T cell differentiation and NK cell activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"On the basis of studies using several kinds of the arthritis mouse model, it has been shown that IL-17 plays a central role in the development of RA through activating synoviocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages to induce TNFalpha, which subsequently induces inflammation and osteoclast differentiation in multiple synovial joints [14,22]."

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", showing that IL-23 and TNFalpha can drive ILC3 differentiation, and of Zaba and Krueger, demonstrating that IL-17 and TNFalpha signature transcriptome probe sets predict disease remission in patients treated with etanercept (soluble TNFalpha receptor)."

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"Their studies showed that TNF induces RA synovial macrophage-osteoclast differentiation and that IL-1alpha activates osteoclasts to resorb bone."

reach
"These data were also reproduced in bipotential HepaRG cells (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY), strongly suggesting that Tnf can promote cholangiocellular differentiation and proliferation of bipotential hepatic cells in vitro."

reach
"Simultaneous treatment with 12H- benzo [a] phenothiazine and tumor necrosis factor produced additive, but not synergistic differentiation -- induction of these cells."

reach
"Additionally, aberrant monocytes in M4/M5 leukemia produce elevated levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, which promotes monocytic differentiation and upregulate inflammatory cytokines and receptors, thereby extrinsically protecting leukemia blasts from venetoclax and MDM2 inhibition."

reach
"IL-1 also augments osteoclast activation, and TNF-alpha induces differentiation of early osteoclast precursors [29]."

reach
"After 3 days, 0.5% DMSO or 10 ng/ml of recombinant murine Tnf was added into the basal medium to induce differentiation."

reach
"To reveal the gene expression responses in the cells prepared for MSC transdifferentiation and transplantation, the following treatments were applied: (I) IL-1β to suppress inflammation in adipose tissue, (II) TNF-α to promote cell proliferation and differentiation while suppressing apoptosis, (III) PolyI:C used for priming or boosting therapy to unleash lymphocytes and other factors of the targeted therapeutic pathway, (IV) LPS to boost the immune plasticity of the cells, and (V) IFN-γ to improve therapeutic effectiveness."

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"This indicates that in this disease model two mechanisms are essentially involved in inflammatory bone destruction : (a) Neighboring stromal cells need to provide excess amounts of proinflammatory factors, such as TNF, which induce osteoclast differentiation from mononuclear precursors; and (b) Osteoclastogenesis must overcome CD44 mediated cell-matrix interactions, which prevent tissue remodeling and damage."

reach
"Although TNFalpha was undetectable in any coculture conditions, TNFalpha has been reported to increase preadipocyte proliferation and block differentiation, and consistent with these reports, we observed that 100 ng/ml TNFalpha increased preadipocyte proliferation and potently blocked differentiation (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"Among them, TNF-α can promote the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and increase intestinal inflammation (45)."

reach
"Inhibition of TACE or TNF-alpha expression attenuated endothelial differentiation of MSCs in direct co-culture condition."

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"To further examine the role of TACE and TNF-alpha signaling in endothelial differentiation of MSCs, we used Etanercept (Enbrel, Immunex, Seattle) as a soluble TNF-alpha receptor to neutralize the biological action of TNF-alpha during differentiation."

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"Gene expression of vWF, CD31, VE-cadherin, Flk-1, and Flt-1 was significantly attenuated by Etanercept in the cells by 31.0 +/-6.5%, 74.0 +/-6.2%, 79.2 +/-2.9%, 79.0 +/-2.8%, and 48.7 +/-7.6% (n = 3, p < 0.05), respectively (XREF_FIG), suggesting that TACE and TNF-alpha signaling mediate the endothelial differentiation of MSCs in direct co-culture condition."

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"in (17)) showing that TNF can stimulate osteoblastic differentiation using human, rat and mouse mesenchymal stem cells through upregulation of the expression of Runx2 and Sp7 (encoding osterix) (20, 21)."

reach
"C1q/TNF-related protein 6 (CTRP6) promotes porcine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation through the MAPK signaling pathway [28]."

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"Interestingly, TNFα mediated OC differentiation is also blocked by the MK derived factor."

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"We noted that while TNF-α or PMA + CI were able to induce the differentiation of DCs as evidenced by the upregulation of certain co-stimulatory molecules, such DCs were unable to induce the activation[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Under proliferation conditions, TNFalpha induced neural differentiation through NFkappaB activation at a very early stage of neurogenesis."

reach
"We also tested the effect of TNF on Wnt1 or LiCl induced differentiation of a pluripotent osteoblast precursor, C3H10T1/2 cells."

reach
"Recently, we have reported that the differentiation of IL-11+ CD4+ T cells was induced by the Th17 cytokines IL-17F, IL-21 and TNF-alpha, as well as by TGF-beta1 [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF-α, TGF-β, and PDGF also promote fibroblast activation and differentiation into myofibroblasts, resulting in the synthesis of more collagen for extracellular accumulation."

reach
"After binding to the receptors, TNF initiates cell proliferation, differentiation and pro inflammatory signalling [via activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways].9 Additionally, TNF signalling induces apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells as well as inducing changes in the epithelial expression of tight junction proteins (via caspase-8 activation).9 Hence, increased TNF-alpha expression might decrease the mucosal barrier function.9 Biologics are bioengineered therapeutic agents targeting a gene or a protein."

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"TGF-β (3 ng/mL), IL-6 (40 ng/mL), TNF-α (20 ng/mL), IL-1β (10 ng/mL), and IL-23 (30 ng/mL) were used to induce the differentiation of Th17 cells from CD4 T cells."

reach
"The exact mechanism of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) promoting osteoclast differentiation is not completely clear."

reach
"TNF can cause the differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells into endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"At the valve level, this is associated with reductions in proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL1, IL6, and TNFα, inhibition of metalloproteases, and differentiation changes in VICs."

reach
"In addition, we discovered that TNF-alpha promotes myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs through activating NF-kappaB signaling."

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"Bregs are normally produced in response to immune activation and their differentiation from B1b cell precursors is enabled by TLR activation by viruses, and bacteria, including commensal antigens, dir[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Activation of B lymphocytes results in the secretion of various cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which primarily target the orbital adipocyte, inducing its differentiation into a mature adipocyte and the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), particularly hyaluronan (HA)."

reach
"Here, using an organoid-based screening assay, we find that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) enhance the proliferation of AEC2s while maintaining their differentiation capacity."

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"Other studies have hypothesized that TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 either directly or indirectly increase the differentiation of osteoclasts (Fujisawa et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2000; Lam et al., 2000; Kudo et al., 2003; Cao et al., 2016; Pearson et al., 2017)."

reach
"We report here that hematopoietic cells from bone marrow B-ALL have the ability to produce proinflammatory and growth factors, including TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-12, and GM-CSF that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of normal stem and progenitor cells."

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"The pro inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is well known to induce differentiation of bone matrix resorbing osteoclasts from hematopoietic stem cells."

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"Although the mutants were expressed at the same levels as wild-type C/EBPalpha (unpublished data), they failed to inhibit DC differentiation induced by both PU.1 and TNFalpha (XREF_FIG B), indicating that both domains are essential to inhibit DC development."

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"However, C/EBPalpha DeltaAD mutant that retains bZIP domain failed to inhibit LC differentiation induced by PU.1 and TNFalpha (XREF_FIG B)."

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"Inhibition of NF-kB, but Not TNFalpha, Leads to Impaired Differentiation of Human PESCs."

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"3 In addition, TNF-α can either activate or inhibit osteoblastic differentiation."

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"19 In the early phase of psoriasis, pDCs produce IFN and TNF-a, which causes the maturation of resident dermal DC and the differentiation of monocytes into inflammatory DC (iDC)."

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"Macrophages play a key role in osteolysis where particle uptake culminates in a chronic inflammatory state mediated by cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and RANKL, which can also contribute to osteoclast differentiation and thus exacerbate bone resorption."

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"Increased iDCs produce cytokines, such as IL-23, IL-12, and TNF-α, which activate the differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 and Th22 cells."

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"Costimulatory signals initiated by the interaction between the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies promote clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival of antigen primed CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and have a pivotal role in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity and diseases."

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"In terms of concentration, TNF-α at less than 1 ng/mL promoted osteogenic differentiation by upregulating ALP activity, while at higher concentrations of TNF-α (10 and 100 ng/mL), ALP activity reduced to a level less than the control after 48 hours of incubation."

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"TNF mostly secreted by macrophages can arouse cell death of certain tumor cell lines and stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation."

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"In vivo, TNF-alpha and IL-1 enhance the expansion, persistence, and differentiation of responding CD4 T cells."

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"Here, using an organoid-based screening assay, we find that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) enhance the proliferation of AEC2s while maintaining their differentiation capacity."

reach
"Whereas physiological levels of Tnf are transiently up-regulated during myoblast regenerative responses to injury and stimulate differentiation, sustained high levels of TNF are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases and especially with muscle pathology associated with impairment of differentiation and muscle wasting."

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"Surprisingly, anti-TNF reduced IL-4 and IL-10 in SEA LN but did not affect PPD LN, suggesting that TNF-alpha or -beta supports Th2 differentiation in LN during the secondary response to schistosomal Ags."

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"Suppression of both IGFBP-5 and IGF-II secretion may explain why of all triggers tested, only TNF-alpha not only blocked differentiation, but also promoted cell death."

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"The neutralization of TNF-alpha markedly increases iTreg differentiation, leading to the amelioration of EAE, whereas the depletion of iTreg cells abolishes the therapeutic effect of an anti-TNF-alpha antibody."

reach
"TNF-α promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into mature osteoclasts by activating the RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) and its receptor RANK signal pathway."

reach
"IL-12 and TNF-alpha induce the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Th1 cells, which secrete IFN-gamma."

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"In contrast, TNF-alpha, primarily through TNFR I, supports osteoclast differentiation, while both IL-1 and LPS can activate preformed osteoclasts to resorb bone [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"At advanced stages of COVID-19, intense activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR2-MyD88-NF-kappaB mediated pathways most likely create a cytokine environment enriched in IL-1beta, IL-23, IL-6, and TNF, which would further elicit Th17 differentiation and GM-CSF production by gammadeltaT17, Th17, and CD8 T cells (XREF_FIG)."

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"TNF-alpha is released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes and contributes to both innate and adaptive immune responses, regulating growth, differentiation, survival and physiological function of a variety of different cells and further production of other cytokines, inflammatory mediators and enzymes XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family RANK ligand, lymphotoxin, and CD40 ligand, expressed in T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), promote the differentiation and proliferation of medullary TECs (mTECs) that play critical roles in the induction of immune tolerance."

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"TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, induces cell differentiation, regeneration, and tissue restructuring."

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"In general, when cells are treated with substances such as TPA, IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that induce cell differentiation and inhibit proliferation, mRNA of not only the A chain but[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Exploration of immune cell diversity and network interactions suggested that M1 macrophages, neutrophils and NK cells may stimulate cell cycling and proliferation in MSCs, possibly through Sell‐, Tnf‐ and Thbs1‐mediated activation of STAT signaling, whereas Lgals9 expressed by M2 macrophages and Ifng expressed by CD4 and/or CD8 T cells might promote osteochondral differentiation."

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"Th1 cells are induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and secrete the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which promote the differentiation of M1 macrophages 28."

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"Our results also supported those reports in which IL-4 inhibited RANKL mediated osteoclast formation.Next, we examined whether IL-4 can suppress TNF-alpha induced osteoclast differentiation through di[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"It has been reported that TNF-alpha induces osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by stimulating osteoclast precursors."

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"Inhibiting the function of TACE by TAPI-2, a specific inhibitor of TACE, or TNF-alpha by Etanercept, attenuated endothelial differentiation of MSCs."

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"Suppression of TACE and TNF-alpha signaling inhibited endothelial differentiation of MSCs."

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"TNF can promote the osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells under stimulation by high phosphate, oxidative stress and high glucose (42)."

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"It has been previously demonstrated that TNFalpha induces the differentiation of a subset of CD34+ cells committed to the monocytic-dendritic lineage within 3-5 days of liquid culture."

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"Endogenous TNFalpha released in co-cultures of CD34+ and allogeneic T cells was then demonstrated to mediate the rapid differentiation of a subset of CD34+ cells into monocytic and dendritic cells, whereas co-transplantation of CD34+ and T cells into NOD and SCID mice resulted in increased differentiation of mature dendritic cells."

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"Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene and metal debris enhance local secretion of proinflammatory factors including interleukin- 1, interleukin-6, TNF and prostaglandin E2 [10,12,15,16] which mediate differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into bone resorbing mature osteoclasts."

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"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR VEGFA, another autocrine signal, has been described to contribute to the immobilisation of progenitor cells and the maintenance of stem cells, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR while TNFalpha, a well-known proinflammatory cytokine, can promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells."

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"TNF-α supports the survival and differentiation of osteoclasts, whereas IL-1β supports the activation of osteoclast [35]."

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"Receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK), CD40, and lymphotoxin beta-receptor (LtbetaR), and all members of the TNF receptor family, have been reported to promote mTEC differentiation."

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"Nonetheless, the role of TNF in promoting osteoclast precursor differentiation is inhibited by multiple mechanisms, such as the RBP-J-mediated regulatory network, which has been reviewed and described in detail (Zhao, 2020)."

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"Furthermore, FR167653 inhibited the osteoclast like cell differentiation induced by both sRANKL and TNF-alpha in vitro."

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"These observations suggest that TNF production of germinal cells might contribute to the organization and differentiation of Sertoli cells."

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"In contrast, inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation by TNF were still observed in respiration deficient clones, suggesting a selective requirement of respiration in TNF induced apoptosis."

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"The phenomenon seems to be due to unsuccessful catecholaminergic differentiation caused by TNF."

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"By performing immune response enrichment analysis (IREA),39 we discovered that TNF-α was the main contributor to pro-inflammatory monocyte differentiation, further detailing the contrary effect of MTX treatment and TNF blockade (Fig. 3d and e)."

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"By binding to CCL2, CCR2 regulates the expression of IL-1, TNF, and CCL2 to activate corresponding signaling pathways to produce cytokine and regulate cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis [24]."

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"Ligation of the TNF receptor family co-stimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) with an agonist anti-OX40 mAb enhances antitumor immunity by augmenting T cell differentiation as well as turning off the suppressive activity of the FoxP3 + CD4 + regulatory T cells (Treg)."

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"TNF-alpha stimulates airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia, maturation and differentiation of structural tissues, mucus hypersecretion, expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and T-cell activation."

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"Furthermore, our laboratory recently found that TNF (via TNFR2) enhanced the differentiation and suppressive function of iTregs induced in vitro (unpublished observation)."

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"Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families."

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"On the other hand, TNF-α induces cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation in tissues."

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"These findings indicate that TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of dental pulp cells toward an odontoblastic phenotype via p38, while negatively regulating MMP-1 expression."

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"Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that TNF-alpha released from HIV-1-infected and immune activated macrophages increased astrocytic differentiation (astrogliogenesis) and inhibited neuronal differentiation of human NPCs XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"TNF is able to promote the proliferation and differentiation of IL-2 and IFN-γ, enhancing the stimulation of antigen on B cells [40]."

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"Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that TNF-alpha increases astrocytic differentiation and inhibits neuronal differentiation of human NPCs."

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"Furthermore, neutralization of TNF-α by anti-TNF-α antibodies inhibited Th22 cell differentiation and IL-22 production but promoted Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production."

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"Low concentrations of TNF-α promoted osteogenic differentiation and autophagy, while high concentrations of TNF-α inhibited osteogenic differentiation and autophagy in hPDLSCs."

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"Low concentrations of TNF-α promote hPDLSCs osteogenic differentiation by activation of autophagy via inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling."

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"Activation of the Th1 pathway produces interleukin-(IL)2, interferon (IFN) gamma and tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) beta leading to macrophage activation, stimulation of complement fixing antibody isotyp[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"