IndraLab

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"These results suggest that TNF-alpha might induce osteoclast differentiation in the absence of TRANCE-RANK interactions."

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"Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induces Reactivation of Human Cytomegalovirus Independently of Myeloid Cell Differentiation following Posttranscriptional Establishment of Latency."

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"TNF-alpha enhances T and B cell proliferation and differentiation, and increases Natural killer (NK) cell activity [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Determination of soluble TNF receptor levels, especially p55, might enable differentiation of rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis and gout."

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"It has been previously demonstrated that TNFalpha induces the differentiation of a subset of CD34+ cells committed to the monocytic-dendritic lineage within 3-5 days of liquid culture."

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"Although these results suggest that TNF-alpha induces osteoclast differentiation through TNFR1 and TNFR2, there were still two possibilities that TNF-alpha directly binds to RANK or TNF-alpha increases endogenous production of some factor (s) that can interact with RANK."

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"Similarly, miR-28 can inhibit the expression of TIM-3, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), PD-1, and the secretion of cytokines IL-2 and TNF-alpha to modulate exhaustive differentiation of T cells 35."

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"28 TNF-alpha has also been shown in vitro to induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

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"The PI 3-kinase pathway is also involved in differentiation, but activation of this pathway could not relieve inhibition of differentiation by TNFalpha or UO126."

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"Although TNFalpha was undetectable in any coculture conditions, TNFalpha has been reported to increase preadipocyte proliferation and block differentiation, and consistent with these reports, we observed that 100 ng/ml TNFalpha increased preadipocyte proliferation and potently blocked differentiation (XREF_FIG)."

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"Under the effect of fingolimod, T cells decrease the production of cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, IL-17, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha, which can help to effectively kill congenital effector cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) and promote the differentiation of T cells."

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"The results of in vitro experiments confirmed that TNF-alpha at 20 ng / mL significantly up-regulated the expression of P2X7 receptor protein of BMHSCs and promoted their differentiation into more osteoclasts ."

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"Here, we report that TNFalpha exposure during MSC expansion increased the chondrogenic differentiation capacity regardless of the presence of TNFalpha during chondrogenesis and that this effect of TNFalpha during expansion was reversed upon TNFalpha withdrawal."

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"TNF-α at low concentrations has been reported to induce the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells by activating p38 MAPK signalling [20,21,22], thus promoting muscle repair."

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"A large number of inflammatory cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, accumulate in the affected synovium, and these inflammatory cells, together with fibroblast like synoviocytes, express various cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), IL-6 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), which are known to induce differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

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"Addition of TNFalpha to activate NFkappaB signaling under proliferation conditions induces neural differentiation of NSCs and NPCs."

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"TNF-a Is a Potent Stimulator of Tc9-Cell Differentiation."

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"The TNF-alpha superfamily of cytokines and receptors can activate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and effect cell growth, differentiation, or death (Thanos and Maniatis, 1995; Beg and Baltimore, 199[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The lists of DM genes were further investigated based on a functional relationship database analysis, which pointed to an IL6/JAK1/STAT3 node, related to TNF signalling and engagement in Th17 cell differentiation amongst many pathways."

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"TNF did not appear to enhance apoptosis or affect cell-cycle distribution of cultured progenitors, but rather promoted myeloid differentiation."

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"At relatively low concentrations, IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha induce neuronal differentiation and proliferation, but at high concentrations, pro inflammatory cytokines reduce neurogenesis and cell survival."

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"Moreover, it was reported that in a mixed osteoblast-osteoclast cell culture, IL-12 was capable of inhibiting RANKL mediated osteoclastogenesis and TNF-alpha stimulated osteoclast differentiation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"CCL2 also involves in TNF mediated osteoclast differentiation, therefore, it is crucial in periarticular bone resorption in arthritis (Hounoki et al."

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"Thus, we investigated the possibility that TNF or LTalpha (lymphotoxin alpha), the ligands for TNFR2, contribute to the thymic differentiation and generation of Tregs."

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"IL-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) also induced the differentiation of M1 cells into macrophages and arrested proliferation."

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"Then, the cell viability, expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α and ROS production were determined.The THP-1-derived macrophages were induced differentiation and maintained as described above; then, the culture medium was removed, and 100 µL of MTT solution (2 mg/mL) were added per well for 4 h to allow MTT uptake."

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"These results suggested that sHDPCs preserved the odontoblastic differentiation capacity and TNF-alpha promoted odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs with theprogress of their population doublings through increased expression of TNFR1."

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"Indeed, TNFalpha strongly increased osteoclast differentiation shown by an increased number of multinucleated, TRAP positive giant cells."

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"Type I and II interferons, tumor necrosis factor, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly stimulate HSC proliferation and differentiation, thereby increasing the short-term output of mature effector leukocytes."

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"The differentiation of Th22 cells was caused by DCs in a dependent IL-6 and TNF-alpha manner."

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"TNF-α and IL-1β both induce Th17 lineage differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells and promote vascular permeability and leakage [44]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces myofibroblast differentiation in human tongue cancer and promotes invasiveness and angiogenesis via secretion of stromal cell derived factor-1."

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"However, TNF-alpha in combination with RANKL dramatically stimulated the differentiation of osteoclasts and positively regulated the expression of mRNA markers of osteoclasts."

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"For example, neutrophils produce the cytokine tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which stimulates dendritic cells and macrophage differentiation and activation, a necessary response in TB infection [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokines, including RANKL, CD40L, and lymphotoxin, produced by positively selected thymocytes and lymphoid tissue inducer cells promote the proliferation and differentiation of mTECs."

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"For example, Zheng HY et al. showed that a mass of upregulated differentially expressed lncRNAs positively regulated the differentiation of lymphocytes and T cells at the convalescence stages, which are closely linked with inflammatory factor genes TNF and IL1B (43)."

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"Cross linking of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF and NGF cytokine family, induces proliferation and differentiation in murine splenic B cells."

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"Recombinant human TNF (rHuTNF) induces differentiation of ML-1 cells and an anti-pDIF monoclonal antibody can neutralize both differentiation inducing activity and cytotoxic activity of DIF and rHuTNF."

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"To evaluate the effect of the inflammatory conditions on the osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro, H-DPSCs and H-GMSCs were treated with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha up to 72h and then they were cultivated in ODM."

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"Once activated, the cells migrate via CCR7 to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present the antigens to T cells and produce cytokines such as IL-12, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, which contribute to the activation and differentiation of antigen specific T lymphocytes."

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"TNFalpha is a strong promotor of osteoclast differentiation and, thus, bone resorption."

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"TNF-alpha, itself in the presence of IL-6 and IL-1beta may promote differentiation of T cells to Th17 (Zheng et al. 2014; Qin et al. 2018)."

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"On the contrary, other group reported that TNF-alpha stimulated osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by increasing TAZ expression [38]."

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"In THP-1 cells, TNF slightly inhibited the growth and induced differentiation."

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"In contrast, TNF alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation in the presence of M-CSF through a mechanism independent of the RANKL system."

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"Our findings contrast a previous report suggesting that TNF promotes Th17 differentiation."

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"These results indicate that the p38 MAP kinase pathway plays a crucial role in TNF mediated osteoclast differentiation."

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"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TNF-alpha, and calcium ionophore rapidly induce the differentiation of blood monocytes into DC like cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Differentiation of the M1 macrophages is induced by interferon-gamma, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor."

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"TNF-alpha, principally secreted by LPS stimulated macrophages and lymphocytes, causes osteoclastic differentiation and activation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Collectively, these results suggest that IL-21-induced TNF-alpha production from conventional T cells enhances T FH differentiation in part at least via modulating CXCR3-CXCL9 dependent LAPC migration into the dLN during IAV infection."

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"Math1, in the presence of TNFalpha and epithelial differentiation factor retinoic acid (RA), synergistically promoted the differentiation of mMEEC into mucus like cells via upregulation of mucins and their chaperones : trefoil factors (TFFs) in vitro."

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"Using our previously developed TEM assay [XREF_BIBR], we found that the presence of Ang-II alone, TNF alone, or valsartan (an Ang-II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker) alone during cell migration, did not increase the differentiation of human adherent PBMC into fibroblasts after their migration through HCMEC in response to MCP-1 (XREF_FIG; see also XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."

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"TNF-a induces monocytic differentiation of JCS cells into mature macrophages."

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"Moreover, addition of ceramide has been shown to mimic the TNF induced differentiation of HL-60 cells (Kim et al., 1991)."

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"On the basis of these informations, it is thought that the proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF and TNF-alpha may induce differentiation, maturation, activation, and proliferation of macrophages within he[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha promotes Th17 differentiation in RA via inducing stromal cells and monocytes to secrete proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, etc.."

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"We hypothesized that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation with up-regulation of RANKL expression from bone marrow adipocytes.During prosthetic replacement surgery of the hip joint, 20 ml of[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In addition to their role in inflammation, IL-6 and TNFα can also contribute to muscle homeostasis by controlling the proliferative and differentiation capacities of muscle stem cells ."

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"In the context of amino-bisphosphonate drugs, such as ZOL, the gammadelta T cells can produce interferon (IFN)-gamma, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF, which mediate monocyte differentiation to iDCs and induce iDCs to further mature."

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"This is concordant with the fact that over-expression of TNFa induces differentiation of ESC to trophoblasts."

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"Additionally, TNF-alpha and IL-1, (and RANKL and M-CSF,) can induce osteoclast differentiation from mononuclear precursor cells, and subsequent inflammatory osteolysis, a complication in many infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases."

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"In addition, macrophages produce cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGFalpha, PDGF, VEGF and EGF, that stimulate proliferation, migration or differentiation of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells, and ultimately stimulate ECM deposition, re-epithelialization and neovascularization."

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"Because integrin alpha 5 beta 1 modulated both monocyte adhesion to fibronectin and also TNFalpha induced endothelial differentiation on that substrate, we designed in vivo experiments to assess the effects of blocking alpha 5 beta 1 on myeloid to endothelial differentiation (i.e. generation of vascular leukocytes) in vivo."

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"PDTC, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, blocked the osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-alpha."

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"Moreover, it was shown that TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-23 promoted human IL-22-producing T cell differentiation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF-alpha has also been found to promote osteogenic differentiation of umbilical cord derived-MSCs through NF-kB signaling pathway."

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"It is reported that IL-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha also promote the growth and differentiation of immature thymocytes in vitro (Herbelin et al. 1992, 1994)."

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"Decreasing osteoblast proliferation and differentiation are induced by CXCL10, IL-17, and TNF-a, which may result in a net reduction in bone mass density (BMD) [138] ."

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"Some IL-22 producing cells do not secrete IL-17 and are called Th22; their differentiation is induced by IL-23, IL-6 +/- TNFalpha."

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"IL-4 is considered to be involved in chronic inflammatory responses [XREF_BIBR] and is deeply involved in allergic airway inflammation, in regulation of lymphocyte differentiation of naive helper T-cells to Th2 cells [XREF_BIBR] as well as modulating the TNF mediated growth and differentiation of dendritic cells (DC) [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein-6 attenuates post-infarct cardiac fibrosis by targeting RhoA and MRTF-A pathway and inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation."

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"These results confirm those obtained with leukemic cell lines, suggesting that TNF-alpha can induce differentiation of fresh AML blasts, mainly toward the monocytic lineage, and that induction of differentiation seems to be closely linked to down-regulation of c-myc mRNA expression over the first 24 hr rather than to attenuation of cellular proliferation per se."

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"The M1 phenotype is activated by IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and LPS to produce an inflammatory response.37 On the other hand, cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 produce stimulation and differentiation of the M2 phenotype that promotes resolution of inflammation and wound healing."

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"TNFalpha and IFNgamma have been shown to suppress clonogenic growth and promote differentiation in blast cells from AML patients."

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"Treatment of bone marrow cells with SB203580 but not PD98059 inhibited TNF induced osteoclast differentiation."

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"The TNF family ligand TL1A and its receptor DR3 promote T cell mediated allergic immunopathology by enhancing differentiation and pathogenicity of IL-9-producing T cells."

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"TNF is secreted by activated T cells and B cells (Section 2) and also stimulates the growth and differentiation of both T cells (Zucali et al., 1987; Yokota et al., 1988) and B cells (Jelinek and Lips[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"This study showed that the osteogenic potential of autologous MSCs was adversely affected when these cells were transplanted into wild-type mice, while abundant bone formation was observed when the MSCs were transplanted into immunosuppressed mice.In addition, studies conducted by Feng et al. [32] and Xing et al. [33] demonstrated that the addition of IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulated the osteogenic differentiation potential of dental pulp stem cells through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively."

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"Following differentiation, macrophages were treated with 1 ng/mL recombinant TNF-alpha (human) for 6 h at 37 degreesC in 5% CO 2 atmosphere, to obtain conditioned macrophages, which were then washed and used in subsequent experiments as described below."

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"The TNF-alpha also induced the differentiation of a CD62L - Treg population as observed in the previous study [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Differentiation of these cell lines was induced by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, tumor necrosis factor alpha or by retinoic acid."

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"IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreted by TIL may synergize with IL-2 and IL-12 to induce and stimulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of CD8 cytotoxic cells."

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"These observations suggest that TNF production of germinal cells might contribute to the organization and differentiation of Sertoli cells."

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", showing that IL-23 and TNFalpha can drive ILC3 differentiation, and of Zaba and Krueger, demonstrating that IL-17 and TNFalpha signature transcriptome probe sets predict disease remission in patients treated with etanercept (soluble TNFalpha receptor)."

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"TNF was able to induce osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption in RBP-J-deficient cells and mice even in the absence of RANK signaling; thus, the full osteoclastogenic potential of TNF leading to increased bone pathology was revealed in the absence of RBP-J."

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"Chen et al. [XREF_BIBR] have shown that the effects of TNF-alpha on myogenesis and muscle regeneration are concentration dependent : a low concentration of TNF-alpha (0.05 ng/mL) promoted the differentiation of cultured myoblasts while higher concentrations (0.5 and 5ng/mL) inhibited it."

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"TNF-alpha can enhance B cell proliferation and also promote monocyte and macrophage differentiation."

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"In vivo, TNF-alpha and IL-1 enhance the expansion, persistence, and differentiation of responding CD4 T cells."

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"However since osteoclast differentiation driven by TLR5 and TNF-alpha is dose dependent, supplementing the flagellin treated cells with exogenous TNF-alpha further increased the number of TRAP+ osteoclast by 2 fold (XREF_FIG)."

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"Briefly, increased TNFalpha stimulates differentiation 34, while increased IL-1alpha enhances epidermal lipid synthesis 35."

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"Moreover, TNFA can induce the differentiation of hepatocytes into cholangiocytes in organoid culture system [XREF_BIBR]."

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"The addition of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha can further enhance the Th17 differentiation but can not replace TGF-beta or IL-6 [XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF has been shown to stimulate osteoclast differentiation, increase its activation, inhibit its apoptosis, and inhibit osteoblast differentiation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"A low concentration of TNF-α (0.01 ng/ml) promoted the differentiation of osteoblasts; this was inhibited by Danshensu, which had the same effect on AS fibroblasts but had the opposite effect on normal osteoblasts."

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"For instance, TNF in the morning promotes HSPC proliferation, differentiation and migration, whilst TNF burst at night induces melatonin secretion to increase HSPC maintenance and self-renewal (XREF_FIG)."

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"We have recently published that TNFalpha significantly promotes endothelial differentiation of myeloid cells both in vivo and in vitro."

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"TNF promotes osteoclast differentiation in the presence of RANKL, and there are indications that TNF and TNFR blockade can retard bone destruction in RA patients, even when the effect on the inflammatory component is limited."

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"TNF-alpha and IL-1beta then augment osteoclast differentiation and function."

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"Thrombomodulin expression in endothelial cells is regulated by retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), agents that also modulate epidermal differentiation."

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"Weber C, Aepfelbacher M, Haag H, Ziegler-Heitbrock HWL and Weber PC, Tumor necrosis factor induces enhanced re- sponses to platelet activation factor and differentiation in human monocytic Mono Mac 6 [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Conversely, the TNFalpha that is released within the regenerative environment promotes muscle differentiation, by activating the p38 pathway in cooperation with other stimuli [XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."

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"Similarly, TNF-alpha inhibits Npnt expression in both time- and dose dependent manners, and down-regulation of Npnt influences inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by TNF-alpha XREF_BIBR."

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"In chronic inflammation, TNFalpha and the NFkappaB signaling pathways are continuously upregulated, resulting in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

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"TNF-alpha can induce MHC class I expression and TNF-alpha and GM-CSF can promote differentiation and maturation of monocytes and macrophages and dendritic cells [7]."

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"However, combinations of IL-4 and TNF-alpha acted in synergy to inhibit cell proliferation and induce monocytic differentiation of JCS cells, as shown by increased expression of the macrophage differentiation antigens (F4/80, Mac-1), stimulation of phagocytic activity, induction of non specific esterase and NBT reducing activities, increased plastic adherence and morphological criteria."

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"Treatment of these CDI4+ progenitors with M-CSF yields macrophages, while GM-CSF and TNF-a induce differentiation into mature DC."

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"Experimental studies demonstrated that TNF-alpha in dose dependent manner induce differentiation of VSMCs into osteoblast like cells and stimulate mineral deposition [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Prophylactic treatment with Losartan resulted in an anti-inflammatory response mediated by reduced IL-6 and TNFalpha production, which prevented the differentiation of tumor stroma and epithelial cell EMT, and attenuated the malignant transformation of DCIS to IDC."

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"TNF produces cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation and differentiation in this cell line (Higuchi and Aggarwal, 1994)."

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"TNFalpha supplementation at a physiological concentration rescues myoblast differentiation."

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"ATRA and TNF can also induce differentiation of the non APL cell line U937."

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"TNFα promotes osteoclastogenesis by stimulating the differentiation of monocytes and macrophages into preosteoclasts (Lam, 2000)."

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"TNFalpha has been shown in an vitro study to induce early aspects of adipocyte differentiation."

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"These results indicate that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not IL-6, induce the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells via NO."

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"XREF_BIBR These findings suggest that TNF promotes autophagy dependent osteoclast differentiation and survival, which is confirmed in human synovial fibroblasts."

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"The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of celecoxib on bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation elicited by the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, the endotoxin LPS, an[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Furthermore, despite their inhibition of steady-state erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta promoted the expansion and differentiation of SEPs in the spleen."

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"We had previously demonstrated that PMA induced differentiation of JCS cells was mediated by TNF-a (9)."

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"In contrast, TNF-alpha promotes the mineralization or osteogenic differentiation of hDPCs by activating NF-kappaB signaling (Feng et al., 2013)."

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"Furthermore, stem cell factor (Pan et al., 2013), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) (Shi et al., 2017), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (He et al., 2017b), and BMP (Kim et al., 2010) have also been reported to promote dental pulp regeneration by increasing odontogenic MSCs migration and differentiation."

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"Consistent with previous reports [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], the addition of TNFa to the proliferation or differentiation media induced or promoted neural differentiation, as determined by immunocyto-chemistry and Western blot analysis (XREF_FIG, XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."

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"Several reports indicate that insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) fails to prevent TNF mediated muscle atrophy and block of differentiation, one of the reasons being a general downregulation of IGF-I dependent signaling pathways exerted by TNF XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"TNF has been shown to induce the production of pro inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation and differentiation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Here, we determined thatCD46 +/+ mice produce large numbers of M1 type macrophages with enhanced surface expression of MHC II and production of pro inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF, IL-12, and IL-1beta In the presence of M-CSF or GM-CSF, CD46 signaling enhances monocyte-macrophage differentiation."

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"Lam et al. showed that TNF-alpha alone failed to induce osteoclast differentiation from murine precursors in similar culture conditions."

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"TNF-α administration to cultured hippocampal cells induces cell death (132) as well as an increase in the astrocytic differentiation at the expense of the neuronal differentiation (130)."

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"To accomplish this, enzymatically dissociated HNSCC tissues were bulk cultured for 5 days in the presence or absence of low doses of 100 U/ml IFN-gamma plus 10 U/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-al[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In addition, the higher dose of TNFalpha (20 ng/ml) can induce OC differentiation without RANKL, but it fails for OCs to have a resorbing capacity of dentin slice."

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"In this study, we have demonstrated for the first time that PKC-epsilon activation significantly counteracted the differentiation program induced by TNF-alpha along the monocytic lineage."

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"Math1, in the presence of TNF-alpha and epithelial differentiation factor RA, synergistically promoted the differentiation of mMEECs into mucus like cells through upregulation of mucins and their chaperones : trefoil factors in vitro."

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"In contrast, mouse TNFalpha failed to induce TNF-Rp55-deficient mice derived Lin-c-kit+ HPCs to generate DCs with characteristic morphology, immunophenotype, and accessory function for T cells under the same culture conditions, suggesting a crucial role of TNF-Rp55 in TNFalpha mediated DC differentiation from HPCs."

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"Our results demonstrated that TNF-alpha and IL-17A promote the osteogenic differentiation of inflammatory and non inflammatory FLS through an increase of calcium deposits into the extracellular matrix[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Further studies showed that macrophage differentiation of WEHI-3B JCS cells could be also induced by TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, or IL-1beta."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was found to be required for myogenesis, as shown by impaired regeneration in TNF-alpha null animals [XREF_BIBR]; however, the concentration of TNF-alpha required to promote differentiation is apparently very low, and higher levels can have the opposite effect; for example, whereas 0.05 ng/ml of TNF-alpha stimulated myogenesis, 0.5 and 5 ng/ml caused inhibition [XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF ~ and IFN-7, which also induce monocyte differentiation of HL-60 cells, were also found to stimulate sphingomyelin degradation after 15 min exposure time?s TNF ~-in- duced sphingom '."

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"The increase in proinflammatory adipokine TNF-alpha levels promotes neuroinflammation as well as inhibition of neuronal proliferation and differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"After selection, NK cells down-modulate their surface receptors, lose their cytotoxicity, and become anergized, but continue to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α, which drive differentiation of the remaining stem cells."

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"As TNFα may enhance the differentiation and function of iTreg via TNFR2 signaling, TNFR2-agonists or TNFR1-specific antagonists may be effective therapeutics for treating patients with immune diseases.14 Current anti-TNF therapeutics."

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"It should also be mentioned that TNF has been found to directly induces BMM differentiation into OCs in the absence of RANKL, Another relevant effect of TNF is that of inhibiting osteoblastogenesis, thus blocking the expected homeostatic response of new bone formation."

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"Moreover, the chit/glu/HA material induced increased TNF-alpha production by osteoblasts that is believed to enhance osteogenic differentiation."

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"However, opposite findings suggest that TNF-alpha may also induce osteogenic differentiation."

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"TNFalpha alone does not increase the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells, but has been shown to act synergistically together with RANKL on osteoclastogenesis."

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"PONZONI, M., CASALARO, A., LANCIOTTI, M., MONTALDO, P. G. and CORNAGLIA-FERRARIS, P. (1992) The combi- nation of y-interferon and tumor necrosis factor causes a rapid and extensive differentiation of [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Studies on the mouse model for cherubism carrying a P416R knock-in mutation have revealed that mutant SH3BP2 enhances TNF-alpha production and RANKL induced osteoclast differentiation in myeloid cells."

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"Low concentrations of TNF-alpha promote osteogenic differentiation via activation of the ephrinB2-EphB4 signalling pathway."

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"Furthermore, during chronic inflammation, TNF-alpha contributes to arrest MDSC differentiation and enhances their immune regulatory activity [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Receptor activator NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and TNF, which are elevated in inflamed joints, mediate OCP differentiation into osteoclasts and other cell types, including dendritic cells."

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"These data suggested that TNFalpha could not promote Th17 cell differentiation directly."

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"TNF-alpha treatment dose-dependently increased osteogenic differentiation over the first 3 days of treatment."

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"The conjunct of RANKL and RANK recruits TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs), typically TRAF6, which activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, mainly NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and AKT, and thereby initiates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by inducing transcription and expression of osteoclast specific genes, such as tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and C-Src."

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"The cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha are known to increase bone resorption by stimulating both osteoclast activity and differentiation."

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"PMA (100 nM) alone generally up-regulated several classical indices of macrophagic differentiation and stimulated cellular production of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, PGE2, and NO."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow cells in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor."

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"These data suggest that TNFalpha pre-treatment accelerates chondrogenic differentiation probably via an early induction of COL2A1 expression among other genes."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) induce monocytic differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells in a synergistic manner."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta in CM of HM1 stimulated MNC for 1 day (MNC-CM-1) were 1350 and 1374 pg/mL, respectively, revealing the potent antitumor and differentiation inducing activities of HM."

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"Recently, we have reported that the differentiation of IL-11+ CD4+ T cells was induced by the Th17 cytokines IL-17F, IL-21 and TNF-alpha, as well as by TGF-beta1 [XREF_BIBR]."

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"An anti-c-Fms antibody completely inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption induced by TNF-alpha but partially blocked osteoclastogenesis stimulated in combination with RANKL."

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"By enhancing osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival often in concert with RANKL, TNF-alpha significantly contributes to the development of osteolysis."

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"Our data show that TNF-alpha promotes osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by activating the NF-kappaB signaling pathway."

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"After highlighting the importance of miR-182 in the setting of inflammatory osteoclast differentiation driven by TNF-alpha, we set out to determine the direct targets of miR-182."

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"Previously, we and others have found that RA and TNFalpha can act in synergy to promote differentiation of leukemia cells as well as normal monocytes."

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"Collectively, the results in XREF_FIG and XREF_FIG indicate that C5a acts on macrophages in the joint and other tissues to provoke their production of IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IL-23, and together with tissue TGF-beta, promotes the differentiation and expansion of self-reactive T cells into Th17 cells."

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"To investigate the role of TNF-alpha in PDLSC differentiation, cells were treated with or without TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) during the differentiation process for 14 days."

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"103 TNF-alpha promotes osteogenic differentiation and vascular calcification."

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"Elevated concentration of TNF-alpha induces trophoblast differentiation in mouse blastocyst outgrowths."

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"TNF-α supports the survival and differentiation of osteoclasts, whereas IL-1β supports the activation of osteoclast [35]."

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"Osteoclast differentiation from myeloid precursors is mediated by the key nonredundant TNF family cytokine RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand) and its receptor RANK."

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"Furthermore TGF-~ 1 co- stimulates TNF-a induced differentiation of monocytic cell lines (82, 83) and possesses differentiation inducing effects also on other hemopoietic lineages such as erythropoies[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"IL6 and TNF induce Th22 cell differentiation, and AhR is considered to be a key factor for Th22 development XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"The purified G.P. TNF and rHuTNF inhibited the growth of U937 cells, but did not induce their differentiation."

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"IL-35 stimulates basal and TNF-alpha activated osteoblasts differentiation through the Wnt and beta-catenin signaling pathway, thus highlighting the IL-35 for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications for treating RA bone loss."

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"In this study, we found that TNF-alpha suppressed the mineralization ability of cementoblasts by inhibiting differentiation and inducing apoptosis."

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"To explore the possibility that TNF stimulates keratinocyte differentiation at least in part by regulating 1,25-(OH) 2D production we examined the effect of TNF on both 1,25-(OH) 2D production and differentiation (transglutaminase activity, cornified envelope formation) at different stages of differentiation."

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"B cells can also reduce the anti-inflammatory activity of T cells and induce the differentiation of effector T cells by secretion of IL-6 and TNF [134]."

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"Low concentrations of TNF-alpha promoted osteogenic differentiation via activation of the ephrinB2-EphB4 signalling pathway."

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"The effects observed range from induction of expression of the neuropeptides choline acetyltransferase, substance P, cholecystokinin and neuronal survival [84], to inhibition by Hyper-IL-6 of the VCAM[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"These results suggest that TL, TNF-alpha and OK-432 promoted the differentiation of DCs."

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"Once within the pulmonary airspace, neutrophils and other inflammatory cells release cytokines and chemokines, such as TNFalpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta, which initiate epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation into mucous cells, a process termed mucus cell metaplasia (MCM),."

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"Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor induced human myelogenous leukemic cell differentiation by high molecular weight PSK subfraction."

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"Following terminal differentiation induced by TNFalpha, IFNgamma, polyI : C or LPS there is marked increase in expression and function of 1alpha-hydroxylase."

reach
"In addition, previous studies showed that exposure to BDNF substantially and synergistically enhanced TNF-alpha levels in vitro [XREF_BIBR], and TNF-alpha preconditioning increased proliferation, mobilization, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Because we also showed that TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta can act synergistically to cause monocytoid differentiation of HL-60 cells, we hypothesized that acivicin induced TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, in an autocrine manner, caused the differentiation."

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"Induction of differentiation of human myeloid cell lines by tumor necrosis factor in cooperation with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3."

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"TNF-alpha induces cell growth and differentiation at low concentrations, but also promotes the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and other cytokines to cause inflammation by activating leucocytes at high concentrations 17."

reach
"Cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 have been shown to stimulate osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo."

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"NKs also produce cytokines, mainly IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which modulate the differentiation of cells involved in adaptive immunity and induce the maturation of DCs [20]."

reach
"TNFalpha treated monocytes and not control monocytes are shown to effectively promote Th17 cell differentiation."

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"TNF-alpha and IL-1beta both induce Th17 lineage differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells and promote vascular permeability and leakage [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"And a higher level of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and a lower level of TGF-beta promote the differentiation of Th22 cells."

reach
"Proinflammatory cytokines, in particular tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, at the site of fracture induced the differentiation of stromal cells present in muscle into osteoprogenitor cells and promoted bone fracture healing."

reach
"TNFalpha increases inflammation, induces pre-osteoclast differentiation, expands the osteoclast precursor pool, and makes OCP more sensitive to the effects of RANKL [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"To determine whether IKK-DN blocked NF-kappaB in differentiated osteoblasts, we grow cells in differentiation inducing medium for 10 days and then treated with TNF."

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"TNF-alpha either mediate apoptosis, survival, differentiation or proliferation through the activation of pathways involving NF-kappaB, JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK), p42 and p44 mitogen activated protei[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha and IL-1 can also stimulate osteoclast differentiation via RANKL and RANK independent mechanisms [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], implicating that osteoclastogenesis is only partially accounted by the RANKL and RANK axis."

reach
"Adding TNF-alpha from the start [TNF (+) cultures] potentiated progenitor cell proliferation and promoted early differentiation of CD1a+ DC precursors without affecting differentiation of CD14+ cells, which comprise bipotent precursors of DC and macrophages, nor of CD15+ granulocytic cells."

reach
"As a cytokine, TNF stimulates cell proliferation and cell differentiation and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PS and RA [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Through these two distinct receptors, TNF can activate pathways leading to diverse cellular effects : cell survival, activation, differentiation, proliferation, and cell death."

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"26 TNF-alpha can also directly modulate the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitor cells."

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"Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to account for these effects : TNF directly inhibits osteoblast differentiation; TNF augments osteoclast formation by inducing stromal cells to increase expression of RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and decrease that of osteoprotegerin (OPG); and TNF serves to synergize with pathways downstream of RANK to directly increase osteoclast differentiation."

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"TNF-alpha increases marrow osteoclast precursor numbers in WT mice by promoting osteoclast precursor proliferation, differentiation and expression of the M-CSF receptor, c-Fms [XREF_BIBR]."

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"The neutralization of TNF-alpha markedly increases iTreg differentiation, leading to the amelioration of EAE, whereas the depletion of iTreg cells abolishes the therapeutic effect of an anti-TNF-alpha antibody."

reach
"96 In contrast, Lam et al. 97 have shown that although TNFalpha alone fails to induce differentiation of murine osteoclast precursors, priming with RANKL (with a concentration that is insufficient to induce osteoclastogenesis by itself) dramatically enhances TNFalpha induced osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"Interestingly, it is claimed that TNF can stimulate osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of RANK [XREF_BIBR], which might fit with a direct anti-erosive effect of anti-TNF treatment in RA patients."

reach
"TNF-α further promotes the differentiation of Th22 cells induced by IL-6, while a high dose of TGF-β inhibits the differentiation of Th22 cells (10)."

reach
"TNF-α, an important mediator of inflammation, triggers TGF-β1 and nuclear factor-κB and enhances proliferation and fibroblast differentiation, which ultimately lead to pulmonary fibrosis [45,46]."

reach
"Compared with RANKL, however, TNF-alpha alone does not effectively induce osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"PMT mediated induction of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, but not IL-1, supported the differentiation process."

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"Indeed, TNFalpha induces osteoclast differentiation directly by activating NF-kappaB and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) in a RANKL independent manner [XREF_BIBR] and indirectly by stimulating the osteoblasts to express RANKL [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Soluble glucocorticoid induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (sGITR) stimulates osteoclast differentiation in response to receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in osteoclast cells."

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"Thus, the ability of TNF alone to induce terminal OC differentiation in physiological and pathologic conditions is limited."

reach
"In contrast to RANKL, however, TNF-alpha alone does not effectively induce osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"These results suggest that TNF-alpha enhances in vitro vascular calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation of vascular cells through the cAMP pathway."

reach
"OBs may also be important local sources of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha that can modulate OC differentiation and function."

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"This finding may be related to TNF-alpha stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)/p65 pathway, which facilitates SRY (sex determin[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Certain authors demonstrated that TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 induced osteoclast differentiation directly, in a RANKL independent manner, whereas others showed that a permissive level of RANKL is necessary for TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis, thus concluding that TNF-alpha alone can not induce osteoclast formation."

reach
"Moreover, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, which are elevated during obesity, have been shown to promote osteoclast differentiation, thereby prompting bone loss."

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"In the human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line DiFi, however, TNFalpha induces differentiation toward a goblet like phenotype [16]."

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"Th1 cells has biphasic effects in the procedure of osteoclastogenesis by secreting IFN-γ and TNF-α, which can promote or inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts [26]."

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"Furthermore, TNF-alpha treatment promoted extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (Erk) 1/2 and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, but only Erk1/2 inhibition reduced the BMP-2 levels and osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-alpha preconditioning."

reach
"This study shows TNF-alpha increased P2Y 2 receptor expression in the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts in a noticeable manner."

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"Huang et al. [29] reported that long-term treatment of TNF-α induced inhibitory effect on osteogenic differentiation in vitro while short-term promoted osteogenic differentiation."

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"As TNF-alpha can promote differentiation and maturation of T cells, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR adalimumab induced reduction of this cytokine in peripheral blood may have caused alterations of T-lymphocyte subpopulations as seen in the present patient."

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"To elucidate how TNFalpha pre-treatment increases the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs we first evaluated effects on the TGFbeta1 signaling pathway, since exposure to TNFalpha reduced the expression of the TGFbeta co-receptor CD105 (XREF_FIG)."

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"Previously, we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) induces neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation in H82, but not H526, undifferentiated small cell lung carcinoma lines."

reach
"Recent studies indicate that TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB signaling promotes mesenchymal differentiation of proneural GBM cells in vitro."

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"The pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta (2.48-fold of control) and TNF-alpha (1.85-fold) were the strongest inducers of MSC osteoblast differentiation followed by FGF-2 (1.65-fold) and PTH1-84 (1.37-fold)."

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"Both RANKL and TNF stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activity [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Such immune cells interact with KCs and participate in immune activation to amplify the inflammatory response by promoting the secretion of large amounts of IL6, TNF, and other pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL17 promote KC proliferation and differentiation [22]."

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"Increased TNF-alpha enhances the survival and differentiation of osteoclasts 50, which exacerbates bone loss, and blockade of TNF-alpha provides a powerful therapeutic strategy for bone destructive disorders XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

reach
"TNF-α promotes the differentiation of Th22 cells, while TNF-α blockade has achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of psoriasis patients."

reach
"IL-1 also augments osteoclast activation, and TNF-alpha induces differentiation of early osteoclast precursors [29]."

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"Pretreatment of muscle cell cultures with SB216763 prevented loss of myogenic differentiation and myogenesis induced by TNF-alpha (Verhees et al., 2013)."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, induces osteoclast differentiation and indirectly promotes alveolar bone resorption."

reach
"TNF contributes to osteoclast activation and differentiation, and IL-1 can also stimulate synovial cell growth and activation as well as also contribute to osteoclast stimulation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Further research indicated that additional TNF-α could promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)."

reach
"Besides, TNF-alpha, as the prototype of the TNF superfamily cytokines, has been validated to enhance the differentiation of Th9 cell and exert anti-tumor immunity effect via TNFR2 dependent pathways 30."

reach
"However, TNF-alpha did not increase the gene expression of osteoblast differentiation markers and inhibited BMP2 induced osteoblastic differentiation."

reach
"IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-21 and/or TNF-a promoted Th22 cells differentiation from CD4 + T cells."

eidos
"Additionally , TNF can promote macrophage survival or differentiation , depending upon context [ 28 ] ."

reach
"In agreement with other studies, we observed that TNFalpha pre-treatment slightly increased the osteogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs."

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"The regulatory effect of YAP on MDSCs is reflected in two aspects: First, directly transcribing chemokine CXCL5 to promote the recruitment of MDSCs in prostate tumor cells (72); Second, promoting the expression of IL-6, CSF1-3, TNF-α, IL-3, CXCL1/2, and CCL2 to promote the recruitment and systematic differentiation of MDSCs in the Kras: p53-mutant PDAC model (71)."

reach
"TNF-alpha is associated with osteoclastogenesis and enhances the differentiation of osteoclasts via receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) signaling [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"LPS or TNF-alpha induced osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of VSMCs, as showed by the increases of runt related transcription factor2 (Runx2) protein levels, Runx2 and type I collagen mRNA levels, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition content."

reach
"Furthermore, neutralization of TNF-α by anti-TNF-α antibodies inhibited Th22 cell differentiation and IL-22 production but promoted Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production."

reach
"In the present study, we show that a combination of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta preferentially directs osteoclast differentiation and increases Kat1 + c-fms + preosteoclasts, which express several osteoclast specific genes."

reach
"As expected, TNFalpha treatment also strongly increased RARalpha expression, which may account, at least in part, for TNFalpha induced differentiation in some leukemia cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Overexpression of BCAP in osteoclast precursor cells enhanced osteoclast differentiation induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)."

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"IL-4 suppressed the IL-1-, IL-6-, and TNF induced differentiation of M1 cells and restored the arrested proliferation with IL-1, IL-6, and TNF."

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"TNF in com- bination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into den- dritic cells and macrophages."

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"In contrast, the highest dose of TNF-alpha had the opposite effect on MSCs; cell content remained fairly constant throughout the study (XREF_FIG), while mineralized matrix content increased monotonically (XREF_FIG; all three timepoints differ, p < 0.05), consistent with progression towards terminal osteogenic differentiation and with previous reports of human MSCs treated with human TNF-alpha in the absence of dexamethasone [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Endogenous TNFalpha released in co-cultures of CD34+ and allogeneic T cells was then demonstrated to mediate the rapid differentiation of a subset of CD34+ cells into monocytic and dendritic cells, whereas co-transplantation of CD34+ and T cells into NOD and SCID mice resulted in increased differentiation of mature dendritic cells."

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"On one hand, vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and so forth promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into MDSCs by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and Janus kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK and STAT) signal pathway [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF also induces fibroblast growth and differentiation as well as apoptosis of affected epithelial cells, but it also stimulates IL-1 and IL-6 release."

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"However, M1-related cytokine IL-12 Inhibits RANKL and TNF-a induced osteoclasts differentiation; IFN-g can inhibit RANKL and TNF-a induced osteoclasts differentiation, stimulates osteoclasts apoptosis (64) ."

reach
"These proangiogenic effects may be attributed to M1 secretion of proinflammatory factors such as VEGF, a known regulator of angiogenesis, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which induces endothelial tip cell differentiation."

reach
"Cross linking of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF and NGF cytokine family, induces proliferation and differentiation in murine splenic B cells."

reach
"Here we show that TNF can synergize with ATRA to induce differentiation, showing monocytic characteristics more typical of differentiation mediated by TNF than by ATRA."

reach
"TNF can cause the differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells into endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Secondly, TNF directly stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts from mononuclear precursors in synovial tissues in synergy with RANKL [XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"Inflammatory cytokines of TNF-alpha and IL-6 cooperate to induce the differentiation of Th22 cells from naive CD4 + T cells by a transcription factor (AHR)."

reach
"In contrast, the combination of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha supports quantitative differentiation into dendritic cells, lacking c-fms, CD14, and other macrophage properties, and expressing HLA-DR, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, and potent allostimulatory activity."

reach
"Moreover, IL-1 stimulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, largely through up-regulation of the RANK and RANKL, whereas TNF stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activation through RANKL dependent or independent mechanisms."

reach
"It has been reported recently that TNFalpha and TLRs activate osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSC via upregulation of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif."

reach
"We studied tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as a candidate cytokine to promote neuroendocrine cell differentiation in a nitrosamine-hyperoxia hamster lung injury model."

reach
"Similarly, inhibition of TNFalpha activity significantly decreases wear particle induced osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis."

reach
"The other miR-182 target Maml1 is likely an inhibitory candidate at early phase as deletion of Maml1 was able to turn on osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha without a need of RANKL priming."

reach
"These results indicate that proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha can promote Th17 differentiation."

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"In in vitro studies, TNF-α induced differentiation of VSMCs to osteoblast-like morphology enhancing matrix mineralization , and increasing calcium deposits ."

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"Simultaneous treatment with 12H- benzo [a] phenothiazine and tumor necrosis factor produced additive, but not synergistic differentiation -- induction of these cells."

reach
"Furthermore TGF-beta1 costimulates TNF-alpha induced differentiation of monocytic cell lines [41, 42] and possesses differentiation inducing effects on primary erythropoietic progenitor cells [43]."

reach
"We previously reported that tomuor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (10 ng/mL) triggered osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway."

eidos
"TNF-a , an inflammatory cytokine that is up-regulated in the MHV-JHM-infected CNS ( 18 ) , may contribute to DC differentiation by overriding IL-6-driven macrophage differentiation ( 5 ) ."

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"TNF-alpha also increased osteogenic differentiation of human gastroepiploic artery smooth muscle cells."

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"Under the conditions we used, neither GITRL or 4-1BBL enhanced Th9 differentiation, whereas FasL and TRAIL, two other TNF family cytokines not previously shown to enhance Th9 differentiation, were able to do this in the presence of APC."

reach
"We conclude that TNF-alpha can induce phenotypic features of neuroendocrine cell differentiation in SCLC cell lines."

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"The effect of oxLDL may contribute to prolonged monocyte arrest in complex atherosclerotic lesions which contain comparable oxidized lipid components.Both TNF-alpha and oxLDL have previously been demo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Finally, sphingosine-1-phosphate acts on T cell differentiation during activation to decrease Th1 and enhance Th2 responses by reducing dendritic cell TNF and IL-12, which act to initiate Th1 differentiation."

reach
"Differentiation of the M1 macrophages is induced by interferon-gamma, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor."

reach
"For example, osteogenic differentiation from murine ST2 MSCs is promoted by TNF at lower concentrations as indicated by elevated expression of the osteogenic genes Runx2, Osx, OC, and ALP but inhibited by TNF at higher concentrations, which depends on NFkappaB signaling."

reach
"TNF-alpha directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages in vitro as well as indirectly via osteoblasts."

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"Inhibiting the function of TACE by TAPI-2, a specific inhibitor of TACE, or TNF-alpha by Etanercept, attenuated endothelial differentiation of MSCs."

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"TNF morning peak augments hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation and increases vascular permeability to replenish the blood, while the evening peak exerts opposite effects by driving the renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and diminishing the vascular permeability [106]."

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"We confirmed that Hck expression was selectively increased among the NRTKs during the osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL and TNF-alpha, but not by RANKL alone."

reach
"Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine, induces the differentiation of osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor."

reach
"These sequential changes in NF-kappaB, c-Fos and NFATc1 gene expression levels are also observed in response to TNF, which can induce OCP differentiation independently of RANKL and RANK signaling."

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"Osteoclastic differentiation is also regulated by numerous factors : osteoprotegerin (OPG); RANK-L (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, a transmembrane protein related to tumour necrosis factor [TNF], the binding of which to its RANK receptor induces osteoclastic differentiation); and soluble TNF receptors."

reach
"These processes are favored by TNF and LTalpha1beta2, that are overexpressed by FL cells and promote lymphoid stromal cell differentiation."

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"Combinations of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), in the presence or absence of stem cell factor (SCF), can drive the differentiation of [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF activates polymorphonuclear neutrophils and induces monocyte differentiation (Gamble et al., 1985; Trinchieri et al., 1986; Nathan, 1987)."

reach
"It was observed that IL-3 inhibited rat osteoclast differentiation induced by both TNF-alpha and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)."

reach
"TNFalpha potently increased osteoclast proliferation and differentiation in the presence of RANKL."

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"However, the combined use of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF induced the rapid differentiation and activation of DCs from CD34 + cells, so the cell expansion rate would decrease (data not shown)."

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"TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of lamina propria stromal cells into activated myofibroblasts, which start producing high quantities of tissue degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)."

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"Ponzoni et al. (1992) in a preclinical study have shown that the combination of TNF and IFN-y causes extensive differentiation of neuroblastoma cells that suggests the clinical use of this combination[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In this study, we found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha promotes Tc9 differentiation in vitro, and the TNF-alpha-induced Tc9 cells display enhanced cell survival and cell proliferation."

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"Autocrine TNF-alpha signaling promotes the survival and differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells."

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"MK-886 augmented cell cycle arrest and differentiation induced by TNF-alpha; however, both effects were probably 5-LOX-independent, because a general LOX inhibitor, NDGA, had no effect."

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"On day 7 of differentiation, cells were treated with 0.5 nM TNFalpha or vehicle in DMEM +5% FBS for 24 h before harvesting."

reach
"These results indicate that proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha can promote Th17 cell differentiation in active RA patients via enhancement of monocytes derived IL-6 and IL-1beta production, and the signalling pathway is probably through TNFRI and TNFRII which are both expressed on the surface of monocytes."

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"Th1 profile cytokines, such as IL-2, INF-gamma, and TNF-alpha, which promote differentiation of naive T lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as the cytokines -- TGF-beta, IL-17, and IL-23 -- and Treg lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of the type I reaction or reverse reaction."

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"CD40L caused the DCs to mature and secrete high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12, proinflammatory cytokines that promote the differentiation of Th1 T cells."

reach
"In addition, it was shown that IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha can promote the differentiation of Th22 cells from naive CD4+ T cells and that combinations of these cytokines promote differentiation at more pronounced levels [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNFalpha and IL-6 promote osteoclast differentiation."

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"41 Azuma and colleagues reported that TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts 42 and Kobayashi showed that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation through a mechanism independent of the RANKL-RANK system."

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"The possibility that TNFalpha may stimulate ES cell differentiation was investigated with a test based on the expression of alkaline phosphatase."

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"XREF_BIBR In turn, IL-23 sustains Th17 proliferation, hence primarily increasing levels of IL-17 and IL-22 produced by these activated Th17 cells (It has been suggested that Th0 differentiation into Th17 is originally initiated by IL-6 and TGF-beta, and then supported by IL-23 and TNF-alpha)."

reach
"We hypothesized that the cultured cells may fail to produce TNFalpha, which increases T-cell lineage commitment and differentiation of human stem cells in NOD-scid mice transplanted with HSC."

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"Consequently, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha can be used as objective indicators during the TCM mediated syndrome differentiation of DM [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF-alpha (also known as cachectin), secreted by macrophages, is able to induce the differentiation and proliferation of fibroblasts, leading to the formation of fasciculate collagen fibers in extracellular matrix."

reach
"Secreted from mature DCs, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and type γ interferon (IFN-γ) promote the differentiation of T cells into the CD8 phenotype."

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"At these sites, binding of the TNFalpha family ligand Receptor Activator of NF-kB (RANKL) to its receptor RANK induces the differentiation and survival of LTi cells and trigger expression of LTalpha1beta2 on their surface XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"In order to understand the relation between the elevated expression of alphaB-crystallin and TNFalpha, a study from our laboratory [97] investigated the effect of over expression of alphaB-crystallin [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNFα stimulates the proliferation of the macrophages as well as the differentiation towards the M1 state [77]."

reach
"IL-12 and TNF-alpha induce the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Th1 cells, which secrete IFN-gamma."

reach
"The small, yet significant, increases in TNFalpha and the increased osteoblastic response in young adult HRLF rats are similar to findings from other studies showing that low doses of TNF-alpha can stimulate osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic differentiation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"In this system, TNF-alpha alone also induces Venus positive cells and synergistically enhances a RANKL dependent osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"Bone marrow Th17 TNFalpha cells induce osteoclast differentiation and link bone destruction to IBD."

reach
"To test this hypothesis, dendritic cells (DC) were generated in vitro from isolated monocytes, and changes in content, localization, and secretion of CyC and cathepsins S, L, and H (CatS, -L, and -H, repsectively) were followed in response to interleukin-4, enabling monocyte differentiation, and to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), enabling DC maturation."

reach
"We therefore considered whether TNF promotes foam cell differentiation independently of its effects on HUVEC."

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"However, our previous in vitro study demonstrated that preconditioning of murine BM-MSCs using TNFalpha alone or a combination TNFalpha and IFNgamma did not promote osteogenesis; however, a combination of TNFalpha and LPS enhanced osteogenic differentiation including ALP activity and matrix mineralization."

reach
"IL-1 also augments osteoclast activation, and TNF-alpha induces differentiation of early osteoclast precursors."

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"Evidence has been provided, in fact, that tumor necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (via the p55 TNF-R1), IL-1beta, CD40 ligand (CD40L), and bacterial lipopolysaccaride (LPS) can promote DC differentiation in vitro, resulting in irreversible structural and functional changes associated with a mature DC phenotype, including downregulation of antigen uptake and processing capacity."

reach
"These results demonstrate that TNF-alpha alone can not induce BMM differentiation into osteoclasts, but TNF-alpha may directly stimulate BMM synthesis of RANK and other osteoclastogenic cytokines, as well as amplify the effects of RANKL via NF-kappaB signaling."

reach
"Third, TNFalpha receptor mediated signaling promotes myogenic differentiation through its activation of p38 MAPK."

reach
"Interestingly, TNF blockade also inhibits the differentiation of type 17 helper T cells and the production of interleukin-17, potentially affecting the interleukin-17 axis in LAD1, as well."

reach
"Here, we report that the accompanying elevation of TNFalpha, an osteoclastogenic cytokine, causes the increased osteoclast differentiation."

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"A lower dose of TNF alpha (1 ng/ml) while not inducing apoptosis still inhibited myoblast differentiation by 56% +/- 12, (P < 0.001), indicating that induction of apoptosis is not the sole mechanism by which TNF alpha inhibits myoblast differentiation."

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"48 Also TNF-alpha obtained from culturing fractured bone in vitro can lead to osteogenic differentiation of muscle cells."

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"However, whereas [GM-CSF + SCF + TNF-alpha] induced only weakly iMacs generation and contributed also to the differentiation of CD11b+ Gr-1-CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, [GM-CSF + SCF + IFN-gamma] induced exclusively and importantly iMacs differentiation."

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"Microglial secreted TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IGF1 were identified as key mediators, and recombinant TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IGF1 were shown to directly increase dopaminergic differentiation."

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"The current data suggest that TNF-alpha can induce thyrocyte differentiation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through NF-kappaB and that it merits investigation as differentiation therapy for the treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma."

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"Expression of TNFR1 in cytotrophoblasts of the villous further suggests the possibility that trophoblast differentiation could be modulated by TNFalpha and TNFR1 signaling."

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"TNF promotes differentiation of MDSC in chronic inflammation, likely through membrane expression of TNFR2, as shown in sterile inflammation."

reach
"Engagement of this TLR1/TLR2 complex normally results in leukocyte production of IL-2, IL-12, TNF and IFNγ, which influence nearby DCs to induce Th1 differentiation."
| PMC

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"These data suggest not only that TNFRs are necessary for TNFalpha induced endothelial differentiation of myeloid cells but that TNFR2 plays a greater role in mediating the signaling."

reach
"Moreover, TNF-alpha promoted Th17 differentiation in BD CD4 + T cells."

reach
"Further studies will elucidate the biological significance of osteoclast differentiation and function stimulated by a combination of TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha in pathological bone resorption."

reach
"As a result, NFAT1-knockout DCs produced much higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha, which preferentially induce Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin induce differentiation of human myeloid cell lines in synergy with immune interferon."

reach
"Cell culture models support the view that IL-1 and TNFalpha stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts in the presence of osteoblasts."

reach
"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR VEGFA, another autocrine signal, has been described to contribute to the immobilisation of progenitor cells and the maintenance of stem cells, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR while TNFalpha, a well-known proinflammatory cytokine, can promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells."

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"IL-1, TNF and other proinflammatory cytokines stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activation, resulting in bone loss."

reach
"TNFalpha stimulates differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts and IL-1 acts directly on osteoclasts to increase the bone resorbing capacity of these cells."

reach
"In humans and mice, stimuli such as oxLDL 25 or LPS 18 induce the maturation of dendritic cells through upregulating the expression of MHC II, CD80, CD86, and CD40 and increasing the secretion of IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, which induce Th1 differentiation."

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"By activating NF-kappaB in endothelial cells in the aortic valve, TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce EndMT, weakening of the endothelial lining, and differentiation of endothelial cells into VICs."

reach
"A cloned subpopulation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells previously shown capable of osteoblastic differentiation was treated with TNF-alpha, and osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization were assessed."

reach
"This is also consistent with other reports showing that TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and interferon-gamma promote glial lineage differentiation while inhibit neuronal differentiation of NSCs and NPCs [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"In our study, pro inflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, promote astrocytic differentiation and inhibit neurogenesis."

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"Here we propose the hypothesis that systemic TNF induces osteoclastic differentiation of PBMC in PsA patients that correlates with their erosive disease, and that the innate immune TNF and IFN axis in patients with autoimmune disease dictates their erosive phenotype."

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"Ligation of the TNF receptor family co-stimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) with an agonist anti-OX40 mAb enhances antitumor immunity by augmenting T cell differentiation as well as turning off the suppressive activity of the FoxP3 + CD4 + regulatory T cells (Treg)."

reach
"Moreover, TNF-alpha can induce cell differentiation and promote mononuclear cells or T cells to secrete a variety of cytokines [XREF_BIBR]."

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"TRAF: TNF-receptorassociated factor; TLR9: toll-like receptor 9; Mac: macrophage; p38MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; IKK: I-kappa B kinase; MyD88: myeloid differentiation factor 88.Ways to genetic engineering expression of T␣1."

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"Our study demonstrates that although both growth inhibitors produce a similar decrease in c-myc protein synthesis, TNF alpha produces a greater growth inhibition and differentiation induction in HL-60 cells."

sparser
"Guttridege et al. , using differentiating C2C12 cells, have shown that TNF-induced activation of NF-κB inhibited skeletal muscle differentiation by suppressing MyoD mRNA at the post-transcriptional le[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Moreover, a TNF related increase in NSC differentiation and survival was detected."

reach
"The results demonstrated that RANKL or TNFalpha did not effectively induce osteoclast differentiation from osteoclast progenitor cells derived from these mice into mature multinucleated osteoclasts, although c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-kappaB activation was apparently observed in osteoclast progenitor cells."

reach
"XREF_FIG provides a schematic of the mechanism of TNFalpha induced endothelial differentiation supported by our studies."

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"Long-term tumor necrosis factor treatment induces NFkappaB activation and proliferation, but not osteoblastic differentiation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro."

reach
"Actually, mitochondrial dysfunction has been often associated to demyelination [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] and the impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation induced by TNFalpha has been causally linked to mitochondria deficiency in primary rat OPC [XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC

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"While TNFalpha and NF-kappaB activation induced MES differentiation, it did not alter CIMP methylation patterns, suggesting that other tumor microenvironment derived cytokines could play a role in this process."

reach
"A previous study has reported that TNF-alpha enhances the expression of TLR-4-myeloid differentiation 2 complex in intestinal epithelial cells, thus increasing sensitivity of the host to LPS."

reach
"TNF-alpha has been shown to induce osteoclast differentiation in mouse BMM in vitro XREF_BIBR."

reach
"TNF-α stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and NK cells, as well as the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and other mediators causing tissue destruction [56]."

reach
"TNF-α induces the tumor immune response and cell differentiation, promotes the production of a variety of cytokines by mononuclear cells and T cells, and induce tumor cell apoptosis and directly kill tumor cells [38–40]."

reach
"Elevated TNF in an inflammatory milieu augments MDSC accumulation and immunosuppression, whereas TNF antagonists reduce the inhibitory function of MDSC and support differentiation into dendritic cells or macrophages."

reach
"Moreover, an altered proliferation and expression of differentiation markers induced by TNF-alpha were also counteracted."

reach
"When OCPs were treated with RANKL and TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha was found to augment osteoclast differentiation in a dose dependent manner."

reach
"Therefore, the role of the double stranded RNA activated protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway in the impaired osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was investigated."

eidos
"TNF-alpha can activate caspase protease , JNK , and NF-kappaB signaling pathways to induce inflammation and promote cell growth , differentiation , and apoptosis ."

reach
"This differentiation is mediated by type 1 IFNs, which maintain cell survival, and by TNF-alpha, which induces DC differentiation in an autocrine fashion."

reach
"The pleotropic cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) appears to mediate macrophage differentiation along both of these pathways."

reach
"Because TNF-alpha induced not only differentiation but also apoptosis, a role for ceramide in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was investigated."

reach
"We suggest that the BM stem cells with a high expression of TNFR in patients with AA may be potently sensitive to TNF-alpha stimulation of differentiation."

eidos
"Appropriate amounts of TNF-alpha can significantly stimulate cell proliferation , differentiation , angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation , which is essential for wound repair ."

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"IL-1 and TNF produced by monocytes and macrophages, as well as the systemic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25 (OH) 2 D 3], stimulate osteoclast differentiation by[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Ikkalpha AA, but not Ikkbeta Delta, BM cells were able to resorb bone, once their differentiation defect was rescued by IL-1 (not depicted) or TNFalpha (XREF_FIG C)."

reach
"Overexpression of miR-146a induced the inhibition of IRAK1 expression and inhibited basal and TNF-alpha- and TLR ligand induced osteogenic differentiation."

reach
"Thus, adhesion appears to be an important part of the differentiation program initiated by RA and TNFalpha, and SPOCK1 could potentially participate in this process."

reach
"Witsell and Schook reported that differentiation of bone marrow- derived macrophages induced by GM-CSF was inhibited by the blockade of endogenous TNF-a message by an 1 2 3 4 5 6 M KDa 97 69 I- 46 30 [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF and IL-6 induce the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

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"13 Our results provide evidence that TNF-alpha could be an important modulator of trophoblast differentiation and may have a role in normal implantation processes."

reach
"It was suggested that MSCs release several cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, SDF-1, and TNF to promote the migration and differentiation of tissue cells [36,37]."

reach
"However, C/EBPalpha DeltaAD mutant that retains bZIP domain failed to inhibit LC differentiation induced by PU.1 and TNFalpha (XREF_FIG B)."

reach
"Thus, rather than inhibiting replication of HCMV, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha specifically induce differentiation of monocytes into HCMV-permissive MDM, which are resistant to the antiviral effects of these cytokines."

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"Knockdown of the PERK-eIF2alpha-ATF4-CHOP Pathway Blocks Mineralization and Osteoblastic Differentiation Induced by TNFalpha in VSMCs."

reach
"TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclasts differentiation and along with IL-1 may cause release of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and destruction of the extracellular matrix and bone resorption [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF is cytotoxic and induces differentiation in ML-1a cells after a 3-day incubation."

reach
"In addition, TNF-alpha may activate circulating monocytes and promote their differentiation into dendritic cells and macrophages in affected tissues."

reach
"However, high concentrations of TNF‐α treatment have been shown to induce apoptosis of cultured NPCs in SVZ, while low concentrations of TNF‐α promote NPC proliferation and differentiation (Bernardino et al., 2008), suggesting a complex role for TNF‐α in adult neurogenesis."

reach
"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR Furthermore, TNF-alpha induces bone destruction by promoting osteoclast differentiation and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation."

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"They showed that TNF enhanced differentiation of GM-CSF derived cells, found in inflammatory sites and inhibited differentiation of CSF-1 derived cells, found in lymphoid tissue."

reach
"TNF-alpha may lead to an increase in the number of osteoclast precursors, and promote osteoclast differentiation through stimulation of RANKL expression."

reach
"In addition to RANKL, recent studies have demonstrated there are several TNF family molecules which promote osteoclast differentiation, including TNF XREF_BIBR, decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) XREF_BIBR, FasL XREF_BIBR and TRAIL XREF_BIBR; indicating that activated T cells and inflammatory response can remodel bone homeostasis via these effector molecules."

reach
"The evidence, based on our in vitro experiments, that AVP and TNF directly modulate myogenic differentiation, led us to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon."

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"30) Despite the well accepted importance of TNF-alpha in the acceleration of RANKL signaling, it remains controversial whether TNF-alpha induces osteoclast differentiation RANKL-independently."

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"A longstanding enigma in the field is why TNF alone is not able to induce osteoclast differentiation as effectively as the same superfamily member RANKL, a physiological master osteoclastogenic cytokine."

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"93 Activation of p38 MAP kinase plays an important role in TNF induced osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"TNF contributes to osteoclast activation and differentiation."

reach
"Recombinant human TNF as well as the partially purified guinea pig TNF induced differentiation of Ml cells in conjunction with either the partially purified guinea pig IL 1 or recombinant human IL 1 alpha, although these factors by themselves did not induce differentiation."

reach
"It has been reported that the differentiation of Th17 cell could be induced by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6, while being inhibited by IL-10 18."

reach
"IL-6 and TNF-alpha induce the differentiation of Th17 cells, whereas IL-21 and IL-23 promote the proliferation of Th17 cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF liked ligand 1A (TL1A) is another TNF family cytokine that acts through its receptor, death receptor 3 (DR3), to promote the differentiation of Th9 cells via an IL-2-STAT5-dependent mechanism, but not the lL-4-STAT-6 signaling axis involved in OX40 induced Th9 cell differentiation."

reach
"TNF-alpha can stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation under certain conditions."

reach
"In addition to its well characterized pro inflammatory properties, TNF-alpha may modulate cellular differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis."

reach
"Nevertheless, it is conceivable that IL-4-induced by biochanin A may act synergistically with endogenous TNF-a at the later stage of biochanin A triggered differentiation of JCS cells."

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"TNF enhances OC activity by directly promoting OC differentiation of bone marrow macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK-ligand (RANKL), XREF_BIBR by stimulating RANKL expression by T and B lymphocytes, XREF_BIBR by promoting stromal RANKL production by osteoblasts (OB), and by enhancing RANK and IL-1 expression by myeloid OC precursors."

reach
"Particularly, during the pathological process of bone loss, RANKL as a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, could induce osteoclast precursor cells differentiation into mature osteoclasts, which further play a critical role in osteolysis."

reach
"Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha stimulates DC maturation, being used for induction of anti-tumor immunity XREF_BIBR, and promotes DC differentiation from monocytes XREF_BIBR."

reach
"The inflammatory cells release cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, and IL-18 to induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs as well as promote angiogenesis."

reach
"However, TNF promotes differentiation of progenitors towards a myeloid lineage."

reach
"We have previously shown that TNF-a and some other chemical compounds such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) could induce monocytic differentiation of the JCS cells."

reach
"TNFalpha, in combination with TGFbeta, can induce osteoclast differentiation and multinucleation in the absence of RANKL in normal osteoclasts derived in vitro XREF_BIBR."

eidos
"TNFalpha stimulates the proliferation of the macrophages as well as the differentiation towards the M1 state [ 77 ] ."

reach
"However, elective stimulation of human TNF recptor2 (TNFR2) on astrocytes can promote OPCs differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes by secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) via PI3K-PKB and Akt pathway."

reach
"To better understand the effect of the TNFalpha pre-treatment on MSCs and the specificity for the chondrogenic lineage, we determined if TNFalpha increased apoptosis, expansion, and multilineage differentiation potential."

reach
"TNF-alpha is released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes and contributes to both innate and adaptive immune responses, regulating growth, differentiation, survival and physiological function of a variety of different cells and further production of other cytokines, inflammatory mediators and enzymes XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

reach
"TNF-alpha induces the tumor immune response and cell differentiation, promotes the production of a variety of cytokines by mononuclear cells and T cells, and induce tumor cell apoptosis and directly kill tumor cells [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"The myofibroblast differentiation of lr-MSC is induced by TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1."

reach
"Moreover, this study found that PADI4 may contribute to cancer development and progression by increasing the expression of CXCR2, KRT14 and TNF-alpha, which activate pro inflammatory processes, angiogenesis, cell migration, cell proliferation and cell differentiation in tumor tissues."

reach
"Osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells can be increased by the application of TNF-alpha via the NF-kappaB pathway 43."

reach
"A TNF-alpha induces macrophage differentiation of monocytes, essential for the induction and maintenance of granuloma integrity."

reach
"An increase in TNFalpha has been shown to induce cell proliferation, differentiation, and upregulation of adhesion molecules on the endothelium to increase cell trafficking to the site of inflammation."

reach
"Therefore, further study is needed to determine whether CUEDC2 affects osteoclast differentiation under pathogenic conditions treated with LPS, TNF-alpha, or IL-1alpha, because CUEDC2 may specifically act on Myd88 dependent NF-kappaB signaling in BMMs."

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"[XREF_BIBR] The cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta, which induce differentiation of Th17 and Th22 cells from CD4 + naive T cells, are significantly upregulated in AG, suggesting that Th17 and Th22 cells may be involved in gouty inflammation."

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"Pre-treatment of PN/CIMP + GSCs with TNFalpha strongly reduced the G2/M accumulation in response to IR (XREF_FIG) as well as the number of gamma-H2AX foci (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY), and these effects were inhibited by pre-treatment with IkappaB-SR, indicating that TNFalpha promotes MES differentiation coupled with increased radio-resistance in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner."

reach
"We investigated the mechanism, whereby tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A (TL1A) mediates the A1 differentiation of astrocytes in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)."

reach
"Myelomonocytic differentiation was induced by phorbol ester (12-o-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, TPA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) or interferon gamma (INFgamma), or their combination."

reach
"This enhancement in cell number was found to be due to TNFalpha promoting the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons rather than to an increase in cell survival."

reach
"In Behcet’s disease, NETs have been shown to stimulate macrophages to produce high levels of IL-8 and TNF, and induce the differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes into IFN-γ producing lymphocytes [150]."

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"TNFalpha is known to directly induce bone resorption by activating mature osteoclasts and stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors or indirectly by inducing the expression of osteoclastogenic factors in stromal cells or osteoblasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Additionally, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α can stimulate the odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via the NF-κB signaling pathway [32]."

reach
"TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL) -1, IL-6, and IL-17 which are expressed by macrophages, FLS, and/or T cells in the synovium enhance the differentiation and activation of the osteoclast."

reach
"The phenomenon seems to be due to unsuccessful catecholaminergic differentiation caused by TNF."

reach
"TNF synergizes with IL-1beta to induce synovitis by induction of chemokines, cytokines, e.g. IL-6, and prostaglandins by various cells, causes cartilage destruction by triggering the production of metalloproteinases by synovial fibroblasts and causes bone resorption by increasing the differentiation of osteoclasts 79."

reach
"RANKL was a member of the membrane associated TNF ligand family, which induced differentiation of spleen cells (osteoclast progenitors) into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF."
| PMC

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"It was shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced differentiation in the KU812 cells and that these cytokines were responsible for the differentiation inducing effect of the Mo supernatant."

reach
"miR-214-3p inhibits TNFalpha induced inflammatory SMC differentiation from AdSPCs."

reach
"Despite activating similar signaling pathways as does RANKL, TNF does not effectively induce osteoclast differentiation in the absence of RANKL; mechanisms that regulate the direct osteoclastogenic properties of TNF to limit pathological bone resorption in inflammatory settings are mostly unknown."

reach
"RANKL, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine, induced the differentiation of osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor."

reach
"TNF-alpha could promote lymphocytes differentiation and improve the level of humoral and cellular immunity."

reach
"Moreover, TNF-alpha activates p38 signalling pathway and stimulates the differentiation of muscle cells."

reach
"In precultured CD34+ CD38- CB cells, TNF increased GATA3 but decreased EBF1 expression, in line with the skewed lymphoid differentiation induced by TNF."

reach
"Our observation that TNF-alpha induces reactivation independently of differentiation provides insight into molecular mechanisms that control reactivation."

reach
"Depending on the factors recruited to ligand bound TNFR1/2, TNF-alpha can stimulate growth and differentiation through MAPK, survival and inflammation through NFkappaB, or cell death through caspase activation [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF-α weakens BMP9-induced tooth or osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts117 118 or rat tooth sac cells.119 Interestingly, DKK1 alone inhibits BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation, while promoting it in combination with TNF-α, the mechanism of which remains to be further explored."

reach
"In fracture healing, TNFα from macrophages also sensitizes OB progenitors to growth factors and enhances OB differentiation (in combination with IL-6) (19)."

reach
"Besides inhibition of Cox-2 and upregulation of BDNF expression, they limit the proinflammatory mediators IL-17A, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, promote the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, and support the repair of ischemic demyelination."

reach
"Studies with Ab anti-IL-1 alpha, showed that the antibody abrograted the IL-2-driven generation of NK cells, but did not affect the NK differentiation induced by IL-2 + TNF alpha."

reach
"We first examined whether TNF-alpha directly induced the differentiation of osteoclasts from peripheral monocytes."

reach
"Therefore, TNF-alpha likely promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursors, thereby supporting bone resorption."

reach
"In the present study, we examined the role of the TNF-alpha autocrine loop in PMA induced macrophage differentiation and gene expression of 92- and 72-kDa gelatinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2)."

reach
"Although TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta have been shown to induce the differentiation of THP-1 cells and increase the production of other immune related proteins [XREF_BIBR], none of these factors alone or in combination had a regulatory effect on the expression of CD300B protein."

reach
"TNF-alpha can increase the differentiation of RANKL primed osteoclast precursors, activate bone resorption, and increase osteoclast survival."

reach
"Among them are TGFbeta, IL-6, and TNF (Koh et al., 2011; Lowik et al., 1989; Tawfeek et al., 2010), factors that direct the differentiation of naive CD4 + cells into Th17 cells (Basu et al., 2013; Bet[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In stromal-free cultures of macrophage-lineage myeloid cells (extracted from the marrow in the presence of saturating concentrations of OPG), TNF-alpha by itself fails to induce differentiation of ost[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"This effect of TNF-alpha was observed only for + dex precultured MSCs, and not in dexamethasone-naive MSCs, suggesting that TNF-alpha is not sufficient to trigger differentiation, but can support mineralized matrix deposition that would otherwise require the presence of dexamethasone."

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"In this study we show that the retinal autoantigen, S-antigen, contains a functional TNF-alpha homologous domain which stimulates maturation and differentiation of cultured dendritic cells (DC) or tissue DC via the p55 TNF-alpha receptor."

reach
"In this sense, it is known that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines produced by neutrophils induce macrophage differentiation and activation (Nathan, 2006)."

reach
"Previous work from our laboratory has revealed that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha enhance the capacity for hPMSCs to induce the differentiation of activated T cells to IL-10 + T cell subsets and, in this way, exert a remodeling effect upon activated T cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Ligation of the TNF receptor family co-stimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) with an agonist anti-OX40 mAb enhances anti-tumor immunity by augmenting T cell differentiation as well as turning off the suppressive activity of FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg)."
| PMC

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"TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor related activation induced cytokine) is a recently described member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that stimulates dendritic cell survival and has also been found to induce osteoclastic differentiation from hemopoietic precursors."

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"Th22-Cell Differentiation Is Induced by IL-6, TNFalpha, and IL-1beta."

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"Additionally, ERK, nuclear factor kappaB activation, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin expression in response to TNF-alpha, which promotes differentiation in endothelial cells, has [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

eidos
"TNF-alpha induces the tumor immune response and cell differentiation , promotes the production of a variety of cytokines by mononuclear cells and T cells , and induce tumor cell apoptosis and directly kill tumor cells [ 38-40 ] ."

reach
"The observation that the HD11 conditioned medium contained TNF-alpha indicates that TNF-alpha produced by macrophages found in chicken follicles modulates granulosa cell growth and differentiation."

eidos
"TNF contributes to osteoclast activation and differentiation , and IL-1 can also stimulate synovial cell growth and activation as well as also contribute to osteoclast stimulation [ 9,10 ] ."

reach
"However, the signaling pathways are complex and partly crosslinked, and TNFalpha is able to induce cell death as well as proliferation, differentiation, and migration [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"For instance, TNF-alpha induces the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activation of the NF-kappaB pathway [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

eidos
"As a cellular signalling factor , TNFalpha can mediate cellular apoptosis , survival , proliferation and differentiation and regulation of TNFalpha levels is critical for proper tissue viability23 ."
| PMC

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"Our results indicated that NaBt mediated differentiation and apoptosis of colon epithelial cells can be modulated by TNF-alpha."

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"On the other hand, we also investigated the multipotent differentiation ability of DPCs, and the results showed that TNF-alpha treatment enhanced odontogenic and adipogenic differentiation of DPCs, as determined by ALP activity as well as alizarin red staining and oil red O staining, respectively."

reach
"TNF induction of RelB promotes the differentiation of Ly6C + Gr1 - and Ly6C - Gr1 - CD11c + macrophages."

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"Continuous delivery of a higher dose, 5 ng/mL TNF-alpha, stimulated osteogenic differentiation for a few days, and 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha resulted in significant mineralized matrix deposition over the course of the study."

reach
"V7-TNF complex phagocytized RAW264.7 (CPR) was constructed and directly induced Th17 cell differentiation in colon LPLs and mLN in vitro."

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"In this co-culture system, it is likely that osteoclast differentiation was upregulated by TNF-alpha by both direct and indirect effects, including induced stromal cell and osteoblast production of RANKL, as well as increased sensitivity of osteoclast precursors to RANKL stimulation."

reach
"XREF_BIBR when they demonstrated that osteoclast differentiation in vitro could be induced by TNF-alpha independent of the RANK-TRAF6 axis."

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"Together with our findings that TNF activates RBP-J signaling, which in turn suppresses osteoclastogenesis, the results support the idea that TNF activates feedback inhibitory mechanisms that are not effectively engaged by RANKL, and this stronger feedback inhibition helps explain why TNF is a weaker inducer of osteoclast differentiation than RANKL."

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"As tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) contributed crucially to the activation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene transcription and to the differentiation of macrophages, we tested their roles in the induction of iMacs differentiation from bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) of uncompromised mice."

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"TNF-alpha is a principal initiator of inflammation, a mediator of cell death, differentiation, and immune modulation."

reach
"In line with this, TNFalpha in vitro regulates the expression of Muc2 (XREF_FIG), and slightly stimulates the differentiation of mucous cells in vitro."

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"Long-term clinical application has found that, except for gastrointestinal reactions, the use of TGP has no serious adverse reactions.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that mediates key roles in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, immune regulation, and inflammation induction (Wijbrandts et al., 2008)."

reach
"Besides, the synergistic effects of IL-17A and TNF-alpha enhance osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hBM-MSCs by down-regulating Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway."

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"As in the case of sRANKL, mTNF induced osteoclastogenesis was inhibited by SB203580, indicating for the first time that the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in TNF mediated differ[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation, but not survival."

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"In addition to a RANKL dependent pathway, TNF-alpha can stimulate osteoclast differentiation in the presence of M-CSF through TNFR1 and TNFR2 independent of RANKL [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Alternative cytokines and signaling molecules such as IL-25, IL-1, TSLP, Jagged-2, calcitonin gene related peptide and the TNF family member OX40 ligand (OX40L) have been proposed to enhance Th9 differentiation and/or T-cell production of IL-9, while cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandins, programmed cell death ligand 2, and 1,25-dihidroxyvitamin D 3 inhibit Th9 polarization."

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"The first important conclusion of this study is that the PERK-eIF2alpha-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response contributes to TNFalpha induced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation in VSMCs."

reach
"Further studies will be required to evaluate the molecular mechanisms in TNFA triggered cholangiocyte differentiation of SHED-Hep for treating cholangiopathy."

reach
"Low concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been reported to promote osteogenic differentiation."

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"Expression of IkappaBalpha SR, an inhibitor of NFkappaB, does not reverse the differentiation defective phenotype of Ras expressing cultures, but does induce differentiation in cultures treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) or in cultures expressing the RelA and p65 subunit of NFkappaB."

reach
"Th17 differentiation requires the presence of IL-6 and TGF-beta and is further enhanced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-21."

reach
"Activating receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) and TNF receptor (TNFR) promote osteoclast differentiation."

reach
"XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR When eubiosis is impaired TGF-beta, IL-6 and TNF produced by macrophages and T cells trigger the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into pro inflammatory Th17 cells leading the adaptive immune response against pathogens."

reach
"TNFalpha promotes osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by triggering the NF-kappaB signaling pathway."

reach
"Taken together, these recent studies provided deeper mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of synovial fibroblast subpopulations during pathogenesis of arthritis, paving the way to the discovery of mesenchymal cell-targeted therapeutics beyond anti-TNFs.Along with interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α stimulates synovial fibroblasts to produce receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) promoting osteoclasts’ differentiation and activation [33]."

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"cPTH stimulates bone cells and immune cells to release growth factors and cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-alpha, which induce Th17 cell differentiation and the production of IL-17, that plays a pivotal role in the PTH induced bone loss [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"TNF-alpha can also activate T lymphocyte, stimulate the differentiation of fibroblasts and the production of collagenous fibers to promote wound healing."

reach
"Indeed, TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of osteoclast precursors after priming by < 1% of the amount of RANKL normally required to induce osteoclast formation [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"This was supported by experiments in which the authors demonstrate that RANKL and TNF successfully induced osteoclastogenic differentiation of osteoclast progenitor cells derived from NF-kappaB p50 and p52 deficient mice which were reconstituted with c-Fos and NFATc1 [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"B. and Carsons, S.E. (1992) TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages, J. I,,, uk."

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"TNF-alpha, CSF-1, and RANKL are released by dental follicle cells and stimulate the migration and differentiation of bone marrow precursor mononuclear cells into osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Math1, retinoic acid, and TNF-alpha synergistically promote the differentiation of mucous cells in mouse middle ear epithelial cells in vitro."

reach
"Strikingly, brief and transient exposure of OPCs to IFNgamma is sufficient to delay wmOPC differentiation, an effect that was potentiated by TNFalpha."

reach
"TNF‐α can also induce the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of endometrial cells during endometriosis."

reach
"XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR RANKL and TNF-alpha are important mediators of osteoclast differentiation and activation."

reach
"Ceramide generation by stimulated sphingomyelinase activity has been implicated in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) signaling of apoptosis and differentiation."

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"Apoptosis in lymphocyte subsets, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha and interleukin (IL) -4 production in stimulated Th and CTL, cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) (B7-2) expression in B cells, cortisol and metanephrine in serum were measured."

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"M1 macrophages differentiation is induced by interferon-gamma, lipopolysaccharides, tumour necrosis factor (TNFalpha) and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor and are phenotypically characterized by high levels of interleukin IL-12, IL-23, TNFalpha, IL-1, IL-6, granulocyte -- macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CXC ligand 10 (CXCL10), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates."

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"Suppression of both IGFBP-5 and IGF-II secretion may explain why of all triggers tested, only TNF-alpha not only blocked differentiation, but also promoted cell death."

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"GSE reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6 in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (P<0.01), inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ in spleen cells of EAE mice immunized for 9 days (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and reduced the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 mediated by CD3 and CD28 factors (P<0.01)."

reach
"The catabolic view, mainly based on correlative studies in human and in vivo animal models, was challenged by experiments with myoblasts, in which TNF-alpha induced differentiation."

reach
"TNF-alpha was involved in calcium hydroxide promoted osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs through NF-kappaB/p38MAPK/Wnt pathway."

reach
"IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha treatment stimulates their differentiation and shift from production of TGF-beta and NO to production of TNF-alpha."

reach
"Proinflammatory cytokines (especially TNF-alpha) stimulate protein degradation, inhibit myocyte differentiation, and cause myocyte apoptosis [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], as demonstrated by the muscle biopsies [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"The TNF family ligand TL1A and its receptor DR3 promote T cell mediated allergic immunopathology by enhancing differentiation and pathogenicity of IL-9-producing T cells."

reach
"Further, TNF-alpha could stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of OC precursors [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] in addition to maturation of OC [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"For instance, vitamin D 3, prostaglandins, TGF-beta, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activity via direct or indirect mechanisms, whereas calcitonin directly inhibits osteoclast activity."

reach
"TNF-alpha has proved to promote megakaryocytic differentiation, indicating that anti-TNF-alpha therapy may have a direct inhibitory effect on platelet production by reducing megakaryocytic differentiation."

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"ELIAS, L. and BERRY, C. O. A. (1991) Induction of differentiation by tumor necrosis factor in HL-60 cells is associated with the formation of large DNA fragments."

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"XREF_BIBR TNF-alpha impairs the function of osteoblasts by blocking the differentiation of osteoblasts when inflammation is thought to be present."

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"In vitro, TNF induces the differentiation of bone marrow CD11b + / cFms -/lo to CD11b hi / cFms hi cells [XREF_BIBR] and these CD11b hi / cFms hi cells become highly proliferative in response to M-CSF, but not to TNF [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Specifically, LPS increases osteoblastic expression of RANKL, IL-1, PGE 2, and TNF-alpha, each of which is known to induce osteoclastic activity, viability, and differentiation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"To determine whether IFN-γ and TNF-α are contributing to CD38+ NK cells’ influence on Treg differentiation of MNCs, CD38+ NK cells were pretreated with 50 μM C3G and cocultured with MNCs that were depleted of CD38+ NK cells."

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"However, M1-related cytokine IL-12 Inhibits RANKL and TNF-α induced osteoclasts differentiation; IFN-γ can inhibit RANKL and TNF-α induced osteoclasts differentiation, stimulates osteoclasts apoptosis (64)."

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"Studies have shown that TNF-alpha stimulates the production of pro inflammatory adhesion molecules and increases the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts, resulting in bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family RANK ligand, lymphotoxin, and CD40 ligand, expressed in T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), promote the differentiation and proliferation of medullary TECs (mTECs) that play critical roles in the induction of immune tolerance."

reach
"TNF as well as causing necrotic cell death may also cause apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumourigenesis, and viral replication."

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"Additionally, TNF and IL-1 synergize with the osteoclastogenic cytokine to directly stimulate precursor differentiation into the mature resorptive polykaryon."

reach
"The inhibitory effect of TNF on Osx expression may decrease OB differentiation in arthritis and osteoporosis."

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"Reactivation from latency appears to be associated with differentiation that can be induced by systemic inflammation, stress, tumor necrosis factor alpha or other factors (Prosch et al., 1999)."

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"Cytokines detected during and after ICD induction (XREF_FIG) can be pro inflammatory, for example TNF, IL-6 and IL-1beta, increasing MHC class I expression on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and promoting T cell differentiation and NK cell activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"We showed that TNF-alpha modulated the differentiation of bone marrow cells into alpha-SM actin positive cells in vitro."

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"When these Abs were added in the presence of TNF, each independently, and almost completely, inhibited TNF induced DNA fragmentation and differentiation."

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"The present studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which TNF modulated functional differentiation."

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"B cell activating factor (BAFF, also known as BLyS) and a proliferating inducing ligand (APRIL) are cytokines that belong to the tumor necrosis factor family whose primary function is to enhance B cell survival and differentiation into plasma cells [133]."
| PMC

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"PDTC, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, blocked the osteogenic differentiation induced by TNF-alpha and TLR-ligands, but U102, an ERK inhibitor, did not."

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"Following this, whether TNF-alpha could stimulate osteoclastic differentiation of BMMs with or without RANKL was analyzed."

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"TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of NK cells but together with IL-1beta also enhances Langerhans cells migration from the epithelium of mice XREF_BIBR."

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"The TNF family cytokines, RANK ligand, CD40 ligand, and lymphotoxin were found to promote the differentiation of AIRE- and TSA expressing mTECs."

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"Whereas individual neutralization of IFN-gamma, IL-6, TNF, IL-17 and IL-4 did not restore iTreg differentiation of wild type T cells upon high TCR stimulation, combined blockade of these cytokines almost abrogated the ability of high doses of anti-CD3 mAb to suppress Foxp3 induction (XREF_FIG)."

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"We demonstrated that TNF-alpha pre-conditioning increased proliferation, mobilization, and osteogenic differentiation of ASCs and up-regulated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) protein level."

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"TNF-alpha and IFNgamma promote differentiation into M1, which is capable of producing oxidative metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines."

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"Moreover, IL1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) work synergistically with IL6 and TGFbeta to enhance murine Th17 differentiation, but the two former cytokines are not essential [14]."

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"These data suggest that TNFalpha promotes Th17 cell differentiation through monocytes that produce high levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta in active RA and inhibition of IL-17 by anti-TNFalpha therapy may protect RA patients from severe inflammation."

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"In addition, induction of HO-1 inhibited TNF triggered osteoclast differentiation in vitro as well as LPS driven inflammatory bone loss in vivo."

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"These data were also reproduced in bipotential HepaRG cells (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY), strongly suggesting that Tnf can promote cholangiocellular differentiation and proliferation of bipotential hepatic cells in vitro."

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"The differentiation of cells of the monocytic lineage into mature osteoclasts (OC) is specifically induced by the tumor necrosis factor related factor, RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand; also known as OPGL, ODF, or TRANCE)."

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"These results indicate that TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of CD1a+ DC precursors, which display a high susceptibility to apoptosis that can be prevented by high concentrations of GM-CSF or use of IL-3, without affecting the differentiation of the CD14+ DC precursors."

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"A recent report suggested that TNFα mediates the differentiation of monocytes into angiogenic cells that support tumor angiogenesis (27–29)."

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"The activation and differentiation of osteoclasts are modulated by three members of the TNF ligand and receptor superfamilies : the osteoclastogenesis inducers RANKL, RANK, and OPG."

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"The RANKL protein belongs to TNF superfamily, which can promote the differentiation of osteoclasts by activating TNFR associated factor 6 (TRAF6)."

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"TNF and IL-6 Modulate the Process of Monocyte Differentiation to Macrophage or DC In Vitro."

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"Indeed, recombinant human TNF induced differentiation of M1 cells."

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"TRINCHIERI, G., KOBAYASHI, i., ROSEN, i., I-Z) UDON, R., MURPHY, M. and PERUSSIA, B. (1986) Tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin induce differentiation of human myeloid cell lines in synergy with imm[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Furthermore, TNF-alpha could induce osteoclast differentiation in osteoclast lacking mouse models, including RANKL -/-, RANK -/-, and TNF receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF6) -/- mice [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Treatment with SB431542 promoted basal HuSKMC differentiation by up to threefold and partially rescued the blocking of differentiation caused by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha, analyzed by either FI or CK activity suggesting that TGF-beta and ALK signaling may play a role in the IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha-induced inhibition of HuSKMC differentiation."

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"Recently, it has been found that differentiation into osteoclasts is induced by TNF-alpha."

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"Thus, we demonstrated that the PA stimulated increase in IL-18 production in the IBC-NST biopsy samples may inhibit or block MDTC-to-HDTC differentiation after exposure to PAs; this differentiation may be mediated by other cytokines (IL-6 and/or IL-1beta, IL-1Ra, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF)."

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"De and M1 present antigen to resting T-cells while secreting cytokines IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 inducing their differentiation to pro inflammatory T-helper cells (Th), specifically Th1 or Th17 phenotypes, that also secrete inflammatory mediators."

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"TNF works in synergy with RANKL to promote the activation and differentiation of osteoclasts."

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"Strikingly, TNF effectively induced osteoclast differentiation in Rank -/- Rbpj DeltaM and DeltaM cells (XREF_FIG), although with slower kinetics."

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"TNF-alpha contributes to bone resorption by promoting osteoclast differentiation and activation through induction of RANKL, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and IL-1."

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"It may balance the immune answer in COVID-19 by suppressing NF-kappaB signalling XREF_BIBR and reducing release of classical M1 activated macrophage differentiation markers IL-8, IL-6, TNFalpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor."

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"To determine if BRG1 generally associates with NF-kappaB under conditions that lead to its activation or the association occurs only under certain conditions, such as during Schwann cell differentiation, HEK 293 cells were treated with TNFalpha, which stimulates NF-kappaB binding."

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"TNF-alpha inhibition also abrogates Th17 differentiation in vitro XREF_BIBR."

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"TNF directly induces marrow precursor differentiation into OCs, although according to some studies it is not osteoclastogenetic in cells not previously primed by RANKL."

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"TNFalpha is known to directly activate osteoclast differentiation and activation and inhibit osteoclast apoptosis 13."

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"IL-6 and TNF-α can induce the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of pulmonary vascular cells, harmfully promoting vascular remodeling [9]."

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"We found that the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused cell senescence and osteogenic differentiation of cartilage endplate stem cells (CESCs), while rapamycin induced autophagy protected CESCs from TNF-alpha-induced oxidative stress and cell senescence."

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"Immune serum that is specific for neutralizing HGF activity markedly inhibited monocyte differentiation (50% reduction in cell attachment and process formation) induced by IL-6 and TNF-alpha."

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"Expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha drives differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th1 effectors while suppressing differentiation of T cells into Th2 effectors."

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"Overall, the results suggested that iron overload resulted in a marked reduction of bone load bearing capacity through a TNF triggered osteoclast differentiation and resorption mechanism."

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"It is therefore possible that the increased expression of TNF-alpha in the HA defects promoted a higher osteoclastic differentiation compared with that in the SCP."

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"Th22-cell differentiation is induced by TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, which are involved in RA pathogenesis, and Th22 cells aggregate in synovial tissue in patients with high RA disease activity."

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"As mentioned above, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secreted by the NK cells synergistically augmented differentiation of cells resulting in an increase in MHC class I, CD54 and B7H1 and their resistance to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity and decrease in cytokine and chemokine secretion by the NK cells cultured with differentiated cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"An earlier study using the LysM-Cre system reported that TNF receptor deficiency rescues macrophage differentiation in myeloid specific Tak1 deletion bone marrow cells."

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"Pidotimod also induces DC to produce pro inflammatory molecules monocyte chemoattractant 510 protein-1 (MCP-1) and TNF-alpha, which drive T cell proliferation and differentiation towards a Th1 511 phenotype."
| DOI

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"TNFalpha promotes the differentiation of VSMCs into cells that are characteristic of chondroblastic and osteoblastic cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Our working hypothesis postulates that TNF-alpha stimulates HASMCs differentiation into osteoblast type of cell linage to induce calcium deposition."

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"Interferon-gamma but not TNF alpha promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of murine adult neural stem cells."

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"This link was described by Tintut et al.; human recombinant TNF-α was sufficient to induce markers of osteoblastic differentiation in cultured bovine aortic SMCs (69)."

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"Overall, the results show that JAK inhibitors can enhance aspects of TNF induced cell fusion and osteoclast differentiation."

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"We hypothesize that following exposure to bacterial antigens, subsequent TNF-alpha drives a differentiation of monocytes into a CD14 (dim) CD16 (+) subpopulation."

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"V7-TNF complex phagocytized RAW264.7 (CPR) was constructed and directly induced Th17 cell differentiation in colon LPLs and mLN in vitro."

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"Inhibition of TACE or TNF-alpha expression attenuated endothelial differentiation of MSCs in direct co-culture condition."

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"The inflammatory cells release cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, and IL-18 to induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs as well as promote angiogenesis [XREF_BIBR]."

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"However, 10 or 20 ng/ml TNF-a did not induce dendritic cell differentiation from cytokine primed blood cells in the presence of human plasma."

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"Th1 cells are induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and secrete the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which promote the differentiation of M1 macrophages 28."

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"Furthermore, it was demonstrated that TNF-α could increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells and cause osteogenic differentiation and cellular senescence in cartilage endplate stem cells (CESCs); however, autophagy could protect CESCs from oxidative injuries elicited by TNF-α and senescence [29]."

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"This pathological elevation of TNF-alpha may actually stimulate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells and differentiation along the osteogenic and chondrogenic cell lineages within the first three d[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF ligand related molecule 1A inhibits vascular calcification by inhibiting osteogenic differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Recent advances in biological therapy against such molecules (Langley, 2012) revealed that neutralization of TNF-alpha in psoriatic lesions restores normal epidermal differentiation (Kim et al., 2011;[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Moreover, transcriptomic analysis in the acute stages following sonication revealed a transient upregulation in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including CCL2, CCL3, and Tnf that have been found to promote migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural progenitor cells favoring neurogenesis 31."

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"The osteoclast cell is a tissue specific macrophage polykaryon formed by differentiation induced by a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine and monocyte and macrophage precursor cells at or near the bone surface [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Yang et al observed that TNFa can induce differentiation of the neuroblastoma SK-N-SH to perineurium like cells, which secrete functional IL-8 capable of attracting neutrophils and lymphocytes (9)."

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"Macrophages phagocytize particles and secrete proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which are thought to mediate the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells and play a fundamental role in this pathologic response."

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"Indeed, upon viral or bacterial infections, TNFalpha and IL1beta inflammatory cytokines suppress LSD1 activity through miRNA driven mechanism and induce HSCs proliferation and differentiation."

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"When IL-2 was used at concentrations optimal for LAK generation, TNF did not further enhance the differentiation of LGL into LAK effectors."

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"Other cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-3, M-CSF, and G-CSF which promote differentiation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR], tended to decrease at 1% O 2."

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"In HL-60 cells, TNF rapidly activates this pathway and induces monocytic differentiation."

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"In addition, TNFalpha can also elevate osteoclast differentiation when CSF1 is present."

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"We further show that PPR signaling in T cells stimulates the secretion of the osteoclastogenic cytokine TNF, a factor which promotes OC differentiation and bone resorption both directly, and by regulating the production of RANKL and OPG by SCs and OBs."

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"TNF-alpha changes the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells and induces osteoblastic differentiation [53]."

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"In fact, TNF-alpha may enhance the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs by increasing specific gene expressions, such as osteopontin (OPN), runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) [XREF_BIBR]."

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"23 TNFalpha enhances murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation 24 and macrophage differentiation, 25 which may cause monocytosis and increase plaque burden."

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"A large number of inflammatory cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, accumulate in the affected synovium, and these inflammatory cells, together with fibroblast like synoviocytes, express various cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), IL-6 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), which are known to induce differentiation and activation of osteoclasts."

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"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces both rapid onset of apoptosis and monocytic differentiation in HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells."

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"Summarizing, TNF induces a differentiation like process in cultures of 45T-l mouse Sertoli tumor cells, a phenomenon which could reflect the in vivo role ofTNF in the development or regulation of semi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Because TNFR1 is the receptor for TNF-alpha, we also determined whether TNF-alpha promotes monocyte differentiation into DCs."

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"XREF_BIBR Recently, Fujii et al reported that TNF-alpha promoted the differentiation of osteogenesis through activation of NF-kappaB pathways."

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"Autocrine type I IFN and TNF-alpha contribute to the survival of plasmacytoid pre-DCs and to their differentiation into DCs, respectively."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced osteoclast formation have been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of estrogen deficiency mediated bone loss, but the exact mechanisms by which TNF-alpha enhanced osteoclast differentiation were not fully elucidated."

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"In ALL patients the lower levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and overexpression of TGF-beta might suppress the differentiation of Th22 cells."

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"Culture in the presence of TNF-alpha induced some differentiation, but only treatment with PMA and ionomycin (with or without prior culture in GM-CSF and IL-4) induced morphological and phenotypic changes consistent with DC like maturation, and even these maximally differentiated KG-1 cells showed lower levels of surface marker expression, macromolecular endocytosis, and ability to stimulate in allogeneic MLR compared with in vitro monocyte derived DCs."

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"GMSCs from inflamed tissue acquire a pro fibrotic phenotype with a higher proliferation rate in the presence of a proinflammatory microenvironment; moreover, TNF-alpha induces the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activation of the NF-kappaB pathway."

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"In addition, we discovered that TNF-alpha promotes myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs through activating NF-kappaB signaling."

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"Statin treatment did not alter serum levels of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and VEGF, supporting the hypothesis that statin treatment stimulates the differentiation of endothelial precursor cells into EPCs, suggesting that statins directly enhance the EPC migration ability in patients with CAD."

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"We found that TNF-alpha alone greatly induced differentiation of PBMCs into osteoclasts."

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"Furthermore, our laboratory recently found that TNF (via TNFR2) enhanced the differentiation and suppressive function of iTregs induced in vitro (unpublished observation)."

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"In particular, the combination of TNF-alpha and stromal cell derived factor-1alpha or the combination of TNF-alpha and IL-6 promote osteoclast differentiation, independent of RANKL."

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"To determine the differentiation efficiencies of HL60 cells treated with VD and/or TNFalpha, three random field images per smear sample were photographed for each group (control, VD, VD-TNF) using a 10xobjective lens."

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"MCP-1 and CCL2 has been implicated in TNF mediated osteoclast differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes."

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"Recently, Yarilina et al. have shown that prolonged Tnf-alpha exposure of human macrophages can trigger differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts."

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"In vitro, recombinant mouse TNF-alpha stimulated proliferation, protein synthesis, and terminal differentiation of basal keratinocytes."

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"It is worth mentioning that TNFalpha alone failed to induce iSMC differentiation from AdSPCs in vitro; therefore, TNFalpha and TGFbeta1 were used together to generate iSMCs in the following experiments."

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"Moreover, vitamin D might exert immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and TNF-gamma, modulate dendritic cell maturation, differentiation, and activation as well as induce the inhibition of antigen presentation XREF_BIBR, thereby dampen the autoimmune pathway incriminated in the pathogenesis of vitiligo."

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"At early stages of inflammation, IFN-gamma at relative low concentration may promote the proliferation of DPSCs and their migration to injury sites, subsequently TNF-alpha induces odonto and osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs at the lesion site."

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"In this study, we have identified transcription factor RBP-J as a key and central negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis that plays a prominent role in suppressing TNF induced osteoclast differentiation and limiting inflammatory bone resorption."

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"RANKL is a member of the membrane associated TNF ligand family that induces osteoclasts differentiation from the haemopoietic precursors and stimulates their bone resorptive activities [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Similarly, TPA and TNF, which also stimulate keratinocyte differentiation, increase cholesterol sulfotransferase activity [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"TNF is able to promote the proliferation and differentiation of IL-2 and IFN-γ, enhancing the stimulation of antigen on B cells [40]."

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"The combination of gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor causes a rapid and extensive differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells."

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"TNFalpha production by osteoclast progenitors is induced by RANKL and stimulates osteoclast differentiation in an autocrine manner."

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"In conclusion, we have shown that a PMT induced activation of G proteins in primary osteocytes and in the osteocyte like cell line MLO-Y4 leads to an elevated production and secretion of the osteoclastogenic cytokines RANKL and TNF-alpha, which efficiently contributes in an indirect manner to the differentiation of osteoclasts."

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"IL-3 inhibits rat osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha and other pro osteoclastogenic cytokines."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine that primarily contributes to joint destruction during rheumatoid arthritis (RA), stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and NK cells."

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"Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that TNF-alpha released from HIV-1-infected and immune activated macrophages increased astrocytic differentiation (astrogliogenesis) and inhibited neuronal differentiation of human NPCs XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"It has recently reported that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation with the aid of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta by a mechanism independent of the ODF and RANKL-RANK interaction [18,19]."

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"Pro inflammatory cytokines are secreted by the infiltrating immune cells and we have found that only TNF leads to the differentiation of precursor cells into myofibroblasts, and that TNF inhibition downregulates the myofibroblast phenotype 30."

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"The selective up-regulation of TNFalpha inducible transcripts in this biphenotypic population led us to formulate the hypothesis that TNFalpha promotes endothelial differentiation of myeloid cells in vitro, and more importantly, that it may constitute, at least in part, the in vivo tumor microenvironment signal (s) to promote myeloid to endothelial plasticity."

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"It was reported that more than 40% of patients with IBD have bone loss, which becomes the major complication affecting the quality of life and productivity XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR Excessive osteoclast differentiation induced by bone marrow Th17 TNFalpha cells was recently identified to contribute to bone loss in IBD XREF_BIBR."

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"We have previously shown that the differentiation of myeloid leukemia Ml and JCS cells could be induced by LIF and TNF-a, respectively (9,19)."

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"Acute TNF-α exposure has been shown to enhance nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent gene expression to promote HSC survival and myeloid differentiation (Yamashita and Passegué, 2019)."

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"SlanDCs were shown to express TRL7 and TLR8 and to produce IL-12, IL-23, and TNF, preferentially promoting Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation."

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"Based on the current data, we hypothesized that TNF-alpha is likely to modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and function of human joint capsule MFs and therefore may unveil new therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic joint contracture."

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"Complementary to this evidence, studies in mice (105) and in rabbits (106) demonstrate that the adipocyte-promoted myeloid expansion and IL1β production inhibit B lymphopoiesis.Also, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been shown to be upregulated in HSCs upon aging, promoting myeloid differentiation skewing, HSC survival, and changes in the immunomodulatory properties through the activation of a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent gene program (94)."

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"Suppression of TACE and TNF-alpha signaling inhibited endothelial differentiation of MSCs."

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"On the other hand, several studies have shown that TNF-alpha contributes to neuroprotection and tissue regeneration after stroke, status epilepticus, and inflammation by affecting the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"We previously reported that the tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-derived peptide promotes neural differentiation of fetal rat hippocampal neural stem cells."

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"Accordingly, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 enhance osteoblast differentiation by triggering NF-kappaB signaling or modulating BMP2 pathway."

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"Many members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family modulate differentiation, proliferation, activation and death of both tumor and immune effector cells."

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"In contrast, other studies suggest TNF-alpha secretion from inflammatory macrophages promotes osteogenic differentiation of VICs."

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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), as a receptor of TNF superfamily members, as well as lymphotoxin and immunoglobulin superfamily members can promote the survival and differentiation of immune cells and the proliferation of T cells."

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"Both receptors were involved in induction of differentiation by TNF."

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"As well as increasing local levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 + IL-6), TNF stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts from precursor cells, and stimulates the proliferation of synovi[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In vitro studies have shown that TNFalpha can stimulate osteoclast differentiation in the presence of M-CSF but not alone and that these osteoclasts also require IL-1 for full resorptive activity [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"In addition, TNF and DXR induced synergistically erythroid differentiation in K562 and multidirectional differentiation in K562-DXR."

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"Some studies have shown that TNF-alpha supports survival and differentiation of HSCs, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR while others suggest that TNF-alpha impairs survival and supports the elimination of HSCs."

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"Whereas physiological levels of Tnf are transiently up-regulated during myoblast regenerative responses to injury and stimulate differentiation, sustained high levels of TNF are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases and especially with muscle pathology associated with impairment of differentiation and muscle wasting."

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"Previous studies of glioma sphere cultures indicated that TNF-α promotes mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation accompanied by increased resistance to radiotherapy in an NF-κB-dependent manner (Bhat et al., 2013)."

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"Moreover, He et al. recently provided evidence that elevated TNFα signaling, by increasing IL27RA expression in HSCs, contributes to their biased myeloid differentiation (23)."

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"TNF-alpha and GM-CSF are needed to induce DC differentiation from monocytes or haematopoetic progenitor cells."

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"These results demonstrate that TNF alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation through a mechanism independent of the ODF-RANK interaction."

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"Costimulatory signals initiated by the interaction between the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies promote clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival of antigen primed CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and have a pivotal role in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity and diseases."

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"Neutralization of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-alpha) in Raw 264.7 macrophage CM reversed the reduction of myoblast differentiation."

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"The differentiation of monocytes into M1 macrophages is induced by GM-CSF, IFNgamma, TNF, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)."

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"Many signalings were coupled to CD40; for example, P38 MAPK and TNFalpha and PI3K and Akt / NF-kappab have been shown to enlarge systemic inflammation and promote differentiation of Th1 and Th17."

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"Besides, 1.0 ng/mL of TNF-a can also promote osteogenesis differentiation of BMSCs in the short term."

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"Adipose tissue differentiation and leptin secretion can be induced by the pro inflammatory cytokines, IL-1, and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)."

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"The decrease of ROS production and the PGC-1alpha induced expression of mitochondrial proteins following pioglitazone treatment would cooperate to protect from the TNF-alpha damaging effect on mitocho[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Addition of EPA under cytotoxic stress (TNF-alpha) was shown to partially rescue differentiation with enhanced myotube formation being associated with increased MyoD, myogenin, IGF-II and IGFBP-5 expression."

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"TNF liked ligand 1A (TL1A) is another TNF family cytokine that acts through its receptor, death receptor 3 (DR3), to promote the differentiation of Th9 cells via an IL-2-STAT5-dependent mechanism, but not the lL-4-STAT-6 signaling axis involved in OX40 induced Th9 cell differentiation."

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"Previous in vitro studies showed that preconditioning of MSCs by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) [19-21], TNFα + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [22], IL6 [21], or IL17F [21] enhanced osteogenic differentiation."

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"39-42 Indeed, TNFalpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation of precursors primed by < 1% of the amount of RANKL normally required to induce osteoclast formation."

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"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a potent cytokine involved in the regulation of osteoclast activity, promotes bone resorption via a primary effect on osteoblasts; however, it remains unclear whether TNF-alpha can also directly induce the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts."

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"In the literature, it has been demonstrated that TNF-alpha induces the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs through the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway [XREF_BIBR]; furthermore, NF-kappaB increases the expression of the transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ binding motif (TAZ), which stimulates ASCs into differentiating into osteoblasts through the activation of RUNX-2 and the repression of PPAR-gamma transcription."

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"In addition, we found that TNF-alpha promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, as demonstrated by an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as well as an increase in the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-4 can enhance LC differentiation from human monocytes or CD34 (+) progenitors."

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"TNF induction of the differentiation of HL-60 cells has been associated with the formation of large DNA fragments (200 -- 400 kbp) in contrast to nucleosome sized fragments produced in U937 cells that[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"We propose that ATRA can prime cancer cells for differentiation triggered by TNF and suggest that targeting the TNF pathway in combination with ATRA may represent a novel route to treat leukemias."

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"TNF-alpha serves predominantly as a mitogen for Mo7e cell proliferation and does not induce Mo7e cell differentiation."

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"These data suggest that 100 ng/ml TNF-alpha is able to induce osteoclast differentiation and function in Sh3bp2 KI/+ BMMs as efficiently as 10 ng/ml RANKL in Sh3bp2 KI/+ BMMs, and with higher efficiency than 10 ng/ml RANKL in Sh3bp2 +/+ BMMs."

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"In particular, interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and toll like receptor (TLR) ligands, among others, have been shown to stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and repopulating ability of HSCs in multiple mouse models of infection and inflammation."

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"Under proliferation conditions, TNFalpha induced neural differentiation through NFkappaB activation at a very early stage of neurogenesis."

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"Thus, both TNF alone and cytokine combination exerted equivalent effect on p38 in U937 cells, whereas cellular differentiation was more potently induced by cytokine combination than by TNF alone, show[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The TNF family cytokine RANKL (encoded by the Tnfsf11 gene) initiates osteoclast differentiation and is essential for the development, function, and survival of osteoclasts XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"In relation to the up-regulated genes, TRAF family proteins, especially TNF receptor superfamily member (17TNFRSF17/Cd27) and TRAF2 may lead to the activation of transcription factors, such as NFkB and JNK, promoting cell survival and differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"On the other hand, TNFalpha has also been reported to induce neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in mice [XREF_BIBR] and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone of adult rats [XREF_BIBR]."
| PMC

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"These results demonstrate that TNF-alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation in the presence of M-CSF through a mechanism independent of the ODF and RANKL-RANK system."

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"Split anergized NK cells are key mediators of cell differentiation since they secrete significant levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which we have previously shown to drive differentiation of healthy, as well as transformed stem cells, in the absence of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity."

reach
"Previous studies show that rapamycin downregulates expressions of RANKL, M-CSF, and TNFalpha to suppress proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast, and also block cytokine release to further inhibit differentiation of osteoclast."

reach
"then secrete TNFa which functions in an autocrine loop to promote differentiation of macrophages into multinu- cleate giant cells (kindler et al., 1989; amiri et al., 1992)."

reach
"The combination of VP16 and recomhinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNFalpha) synergistically induced differentiation of human U937, ML1, and M1 cells and had an additive effect on HL60 cells."

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"TNF-α is also a well-known mediator in the transformation and differentiation of myofibroblasts ."

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"In addition, IFN-gamma facilitated the generation of CXCR3 + RANKL + memory B cells, reminiscent of synovial B cell phenotype in RA, and these cells in concert with TNF-alpha induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro."

reach
"Regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 gene expression during TPA induced differentiation of " Malignant histiocytosis " DEL cell line t (5; 6) (q35 : p21)."

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"This indicates that in this disease model two mechanisms are essentially involved in inflammatory bone destruction : (a) Neighboring stromal cells need to provide excess amounts of proinflammatory factors, such as TNF, which induce osteoclast differentiation from mononuclear precursors; and (b) Osteoclastogenesis must overcome CD44 mediated cell-matrix interactions, which prevent tissue remodeling and damage."

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"In osteoclasts, miR-146a levels increase during differentiation, and miR-146a has been shown to inhibit both TNF-alpha and RANKL induced osteoclast differentiation by mechanisms likely to include the targeting of TRAF6 and IRAK1, as well as other mRNAs [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Previous studies reported that TNF-alpha could promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived MSCs by triggering NF-kappaB signaling pathway."

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"In this work, dexamethasone-naive MSCs did not exhibit any substantial mineralized matrix deposition (XREF_FIG), suggesting that TNF-alpha is not sufficient to trigger in vitro osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, but instead stimulates and supports progression of + dex precultured cells toward terminal differentiation."

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"Activated Th17 cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α, which drive the regulation of Th17 cell differentiation (15, 16)."

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"The combination of VP16 and recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF alpha) synergistically induced differentiation of human U937, ML1, and M1 cells and had an additive effect on HL60 cells."

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"We propose a model that HHcy and TNFalpha directly induce CD40 MC differentiation and that IL-6 promotes HHcy induced MC in CKD (XREF_FIG working model)."

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"They can also be characterized by their significant production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 and their ability to induce the differentiation of pro-inflammatory Th1 T cells [35,41,42]."

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"PSK directly stimulated human myelogenous leukemic cell differentiation induced by J774.1 conditioned medium or by tumor necrosis factor."

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"Previous studies reported that PMA induced macrophage differentiation of WEHI-3B JCS cells was mediated by endogenous production of TNF-alpha, as the differentiation inducing effect of PMA could be prevented by neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibodies [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"In this regard, TNF stimulates proliferation and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages to form bone resorbing cells, namely osteoclasts, and activates existing osteoclasts leading to bone loss [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Among them are TGFbeta, IL-6, and TNF, factors that direct the differentiation of naive CD4+ cells into Th17 cells."

reach
"TNF-alpha stimulation via TNFR-1 causes the differentiation of osteoclasts and therefore stimulates bone resorption."

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"Because, TNF-alpha alone did not fully induce the differentiation into preosteoclasts in vitro, Kat1 + CD11b + cells may be immature osteoclast precursor cells."

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"TNFalpha can dramatically enhance OC differentiation in the presence of low level of RANKL that is insufficient to induce OC formation, while TNFalpha alone without RANKL failed to induce the differentiation of OCs."

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"Increases in alkaline phosphatase point to the mechanism behind these changes, indicating that TNFalpha stimulates early osteogenic differentiation of valve interstitial cells, as has been observed in vitro under TGF-beta stimulation [XREF_BIBR], that can be protected against by preservation of endothelial function and reductions in oxidative stress."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-4 can enhance LC differentiation from human monocytes or CD34 (+) progenitors."

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"In addition to its role in inflammation, TNF-alpha can significantly modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and cell death of colonocytes during cancer progression [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"It is concluded that the TNF-alpha can effectively enhance the functional differentiation and maturation of the PBMNCDC and TNF-alpha at the concentration of 20 ng/ml is most effective to enhance differentiation and maturation of DC."

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"We described here that pentoxifylline (PTX), which is well known to counteract tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)-mediated inflammatory responses, augmented TNF alpha induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation in conjunction with growth inhibition and cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase."

eidos
"Once released , TNF-alpha and IL-1 act on different target cells to promote the proliferation , activation , differentiation , and survival of macrophages ( Witsell & Schook , 1992 ; Fahlman et al ., 1994 ; Conte et al ., 2006 ) and all these effects enhance proinflammatory responses during sepsis , we confirmed an increase in GM-CSF levels at 17 and 48 h in the LPS group , when compared to the CTL group ."

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"On the other hand, TNF-alpha can enhance the MSC osteogenic differentiation in a dose dependent manner, although this effect is avoided in the presence of anti-inflammatory agents, such as dexamethasone, which is added to the osteogenic-induction media [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Previous studies have shown that TNFalpha can induce differentiation and survival of osteoclasts in a RANKL independent manner XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"Patients ' PBMCs also exhibited constitutive NLRP3 inflammasome activation, skewed subsets of pro inflammatory monocytes, increased gene expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha in M1 macrophages, and increased Th9 and Th17 differentiation."
| PMC

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"TNF-alpha induces differentiation and stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic CD34 + cells."

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"Thus, TNF related ligands can lead to either apoptosis, differentiation, or proliferation."

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"Gene expression of vWF, CD31, VE-cadherin, Flk-1, and Flt-1 was significantly attenuated by Etanercept in the cells by 31.0 +/-6.5%, 74.0 +/-6.2%, 79.2 +/-2.9%, 79.0 +/-2.8%, and 48.7 +/-7.6% (n = 3, p < 0.05), respectively (XREF_FIG), suggesting that TACE and TNF-alpha signaling mediate the endothelial differentiation of MSCs in direct co-culture condition."

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"Immune cells from the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes express various cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFalpha, which are known to stimulate proliferation and differentiation in IECs XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

reach
"To mediate this process, we hypothesized that NK cells will have to first receive signals which will allow them to undergo split anergy resulting in a decrease in their cytotoxic function and an increase in the production of cytokines primarily, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, to promote differentiation of the cells."

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"TNF is a clinically validated etiological factor in inflammatory-erosive arthritis and is known to synergize with RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) to enhance the differentiation of osteoclast precursors (OCPs) into bone resorbing osteoclasts in inflamed joints [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"There is an interplay among the cytokines linked with muscle myopathies, most importantly IL-6, TNF-alpha, and NK-kB, where they initiate SC growth and proliferation, as well as myoblast differentiation in damaged muscles."

reach
"TNF-alpha and IL-6 not only drive keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation but also increase insulin resistance and promote proinflammatory cytokines release."

reach
"For instance, NE cell differentiation can be induced by TNFalpha or other cytokines."

reach
"This may explain, at least in part, why TNF-alpha can not fully induce osteoclast differentiation, but acts in synergy with RANKL in osteoclast differentiation (Lam et al., 2000)."

reach
"Consequently, AIEC triggers a strong proinflammatory response via a series of signaling pathways: AIEC strains proficiently evade clearance and replicate within phagocytic cells inducing the release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [17,18] and also cardinal proinflammatory polarizing cytokines which drive Th1/Th17 differentiation [19]."

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"Pro inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 enhance the proliferation and differentiation of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, increasing the population of mature osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"On day 7 of differentiation, cells were treated with 1 nmol/L TNFalpha (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN) or 1 nmol/L dexamethasone (Sigma) for 24 h and harvested for RNA analysis."

reach
"These findings were supported later in vitro studies in which the combined subinhibitory concentrations of MIF, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma acted synergistically to inhibit erythroid differentiation and hemoglobin production by antagonizing the pattern of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation that normally occurs during erythroid progenitor differentiation."

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"Neutralizing antibody against anti-mouse TNF-alpha blocked osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha but did not inhibit osteoclast differentiation induced by infection of RANKL primed BMM with P. gingivalis (XREF_FIG)."

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"Because M1 macrophages secrete large amounts of TNFalpha and IL-1beta that contribute to the differentiation of T H 17 cells, they are also believed to be important drivers of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and Crohn 's disease [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR] (see Section 3.3)."

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"Future studies should investigate whether M1 inflammation is reduced by an autocrine response to its own TNF product, thus allowing M2 precursors to respond to T H 2 mediators IL-4 and IL-13, or whether M2-to-fibroblast differentiation is directly aided by TNF, or both."

reach
"TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of NPCs in the subventricular zone of neonatal mice."

reach
"The present study suggested that TNF-alpha promotes osteogenic differentiation of UC-MSCs."

reach
"Located within atherosclerotic plaques, the pro inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma, and TNF, induce Th1 differentiation resulting in further cytokine production and activate both MPhis and vascular cells."

reach
"Studies carried in animal models have shown that TNF-alpha promotes the differentiation of bone resorbing osteoclasts while inhibiting the activity of bone forming osteoblasts [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Previous studies have shown that TNF-alpha triggers Mo differentiation by impeding the internalization of the M-CSF receptor, whereas IL-10 augments monocyte differentiation and Fc receptor mediated phagocytosis."

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"The presence of H3ΔN in ΔNSPs cells attenuated CCL7, MMP9, TNF-α, CD11B, and CD11C upregulation (Fig. 7d, top) upon PMA-induced cell differentiation, in addition to the repression of genes downregulated during this process (Fig. 7d, bottom)."

reach
"Low concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and its receptor TNFR2 are both reported to promote osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells."

reach
"An increase in TNF-α induces cell proliferation and differentiation, and leads to upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.26 TNF-α is also involved in apoptosis via recruitment and autoproteolytic activation of caspases."

reach
"As the stimulation of each pathway results in different cell responses, TNF related ligands can promote cell differentiation, apoptosis, but also cell proliferation [1]."

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"MiR-1247-5p also weakened the inhibitory effect of circHmbox1 on osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"The TNFalpha pathway induces acute-phase proteins, expansion of lymphoid progenitors, maturation to B- and T-cells, differentiation of T-cells to T H1, activation of macrophages, cytolysis of targets by NK cells, and stimulation of leukocyte motility."

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"Since both TNF-alpha and oxLDL have been demonstrated to induce differentiation in cells of the monocyte lineage [19,20], we used M-CSF which directly stimulates monocyte survival and differentiation [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"It has been reported that TNF-alpha induces osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by stimulating osteoclast precursors."

reach
"Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families."

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"Previous studies reported that TNF-alpha could induce monocytic differentiation of WEHI-3B JCS cells [XREF_BIBR], and that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were involved in the differentiation inducing activity of TNF-alpha [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Ligation of the TNF receptor family costimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) with an agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) enhances antitumor immunity by augmenting T-cell differentiation as well as turning off the suppressive activity of the FoxP3 (+) CD4 (+) regulatory T cells (Treg)."

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"Tumor differentiation was largely mediated by both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreted by activated NK cells, since the addition of the combination of anti-TNF-alpha and anti-IFN-gamma retained the OSCSCs, MP2 pancreatic XREF_BIBR and A549 lung cancer cells in a non differentiated stage as assessed by susceptibility to NK cell mediated lysis and decreased B7H1 and MHC class I expression."

reach
"The pro inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha may impair fibroblast ingress and promote myofibroblast differentiation through increasing the inflammatory component of the granulation response."

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"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma, and interleukin-6 but not TNF-beta induce differentiation of neuroblastoma cells : the role of nitric oxide."

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"TNF-alpha modulates the differentiation induced by butyrate in the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line."

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"25 TNF and other members of the TNF superfamily of cytokines 26 mediate neurite outgrowth, normal fetal development of nociception, and the survivability, excitability and cell differentiation mediated by nerve growth factor."

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"Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces three-dimensional cytomorphologic differentiation of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through activation of nuclear factor kappaB."

reach
"The differentiation of T H 22 was promoted by TNF-alpha and IL-6 released from DCs."

reach
"In inflammatory response, epithelial cells are also important sources of leukotrienes for stimulating the recruitment of circulating leukocytes, generation of cytokines and ROS, increased TNF-alpha expression and induce activation, differentiation and proliferation of B cells, that are involved with immune response."
| PMC

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"Formation of FDC networks should be a composite phenomenon requiring an optimal splenic infrastructure, perhaps provided by LTs, and a TNF and p55TNFR specific signal which leads to the maturation and differentiation and/or follicular localization of FDCs."

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"Polysaccharides activate effector cells, such as macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells to express cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IFN-c, and IL-1beta, cytokines invariably possess antiproliferative activity, cause apoptosis and differentiation in tumor cells, and also secrete products like reactive nitrogen, oxygen intermediates, and interleukins [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Thus, TNF related ligands can lead to apoptosis, differentiation, or proliferation."

reach
"Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha, BAFF and APRIL, and BCMA might contribute to the pathogenesis of BD possibly through augmentation of both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as by collaborating with other inflammatory cytokines to promote the activation and differentiation of effecter immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of BD."

reach
"TNF-alpha causes smooth muscle cells to undergo osteoblastic differentiation and mineralisation thereby promoting calcification."

reach
"These data indicate that TNFalpha induces activation of the canonical NFkappaB pathway and the subsequent differentiation in NSCs and NPCs."

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"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR Growth differentiation factor-15 expression is induced by TNF-alpha, interleukins, P53, Egr-1, and macrophage colony stimulating factor, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR with the protein widely being considered a biomarker for various diseases."

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"miR-146a overexpression could suppress osteogenic differentiation and block NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha and toll like receptor ligands [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"The cytokine TNF-alpha enhances odontogenic differentiation at low concentrations (1-10ng/mL) and suppresses the same at high concentrations (50-100ng/mL)."

reach
"As primary cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-alpha can induce proliferation and differentiation of T cells, meanwhile, they also upregulate adhesion molecules expression and increase T cell adhesion which may c[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"The TNF receptor family member, CD40, promotes proliferation, survival and differentiation in B cells (Lagresle et al., 1995; Rothstein et al., 1995)."

reach
"TNFalpha mediates MES differentiation in an NF-kappaB dependent fashion."

reach
"Recent study demonstrates that TNFalpha accelerates odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs through NF-kappaB pathway 28."

reach
"TNF also directly promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells, as well as expands the pool of these precursor cells [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"For example, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulate differentiation of these cells into monocytes, while GM-CSF, TNF-alpha plus stem cell factor (SCF) (c-ki[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Bone marrow Th17 TNFalpha cells induce osteoclast differentiation, and link bone destruction to IBD."

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"These data demonstrate that the adherent fraction of cultured bone marrow contains very primitive hematopoietic cells and that tumor necrosis factor alpha activates their proliferation and differentiation."

reach
"68 The central hallmark of particle induced inflammation is innate immune cell (macrophages) secretion of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and PGE2, which stimulate differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts and increase peri-prosthetic bone resorption."

reach
"Beside its direct negative interference with the insulin signaling pathway, TNF-alpha also indirectly induces insulin resistance by altering adipocyte differentiation and adipocyte lipid metabolism."

reach
"Based on these results we conclude that TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation, and that its effects on MSCs can be blocked by the presence of anti-inflammatory agents like dexamethasone."

reach
"In three in vitro rodent models, low concentrations of TNF-alpha increased osteogenic differentiation via an up-regulation of Runx2, Osx, OCN, and ALP levels."

reach
"HL-60 differentiation was induced by 1.3% DMSO or 200U/mL IFN-gamma and 1000U/mL TNF-alpha."

reach
"Cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL) -1 and IL-17 promote the differentiation of osteoclast precursors to osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR] through several mechanisms, including inducing the upregulated expression of RANKL in osteoblasts."

reach
"After 3 days, 0.5% DMSO or 10 ng/ml of recombinant murine Tnf was added into the basal medium to induce differentiation."

reach
"In addition, PERK-, ATF4-, and CHOP-shRNA knockdown inhibited mineralization and osteogenic differentiation induced by TNFalpha, similar to stearate induced vascular calcification."

reach
"Moreover, it was shown that INF-gamma and TNF-alpha promote the ability of human MSCs to express programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2) and induce the differentiation of CD4+ IL-10+ and CD8+ IL-10+ Treg subpopulations [XREF_BIBR]."

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"To further characterize the extent of MES differentiation, we performed microarray analysis of GSCs treated with TNFalpha and found significant enrichment of genes involved in wound healing and vasculature development, as well as, the NF-kappaB cascade and regulation of cell death related genes (XREF_FIG), suggesting that in addition to the canonical NF-kappaB pathway, TNFalpha induces a parallel MES differentiation in GSCs, which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."

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"TNFalpha stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic precursors to macrophages [2,3], dendritic cells [4,5], Langerhans cells [6], eosinophils [7], and basophils [8], but no effect on osteoclast diffe[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"This differentiation is induced in vitro by GM-CSF and TNF-alpha with or without other cytokines for CD34 + HPC, and GM-CSF and IL-4 for monocytes, CD40 receptor cross linking, or calcium inophore alo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"To further examine the role of TACE and TNF-alpha signaling in endothelial differentiation of MSCs, we used Etanercept (Enbrel, Immunex, Seattle) as a soluble TNF-alpha receptor to neutralize the biological action of TNF-alpha during differentiation."

reach
"Moreover, it has been reported that in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), TNF directly acts on osteoclast progenitors and induces osteoclast differentiation [14-16]."

reach
"For example, both IL-2 and IFN-γ are potent inducer of T cell proliferation and TNF-α promotes the differentiation of macrophages into giant cells and contributes to granuloma formation [164]."

reach
"Whereas TGF-betaand IL-6 can induce Th17 activation and proliferation and IL-17 production, IL1beta and TNF-alpha enhanced Th17 cell differentiation induced by TGF-beta and IL-6 [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Besides, TNF-alpha, which is pivotal to the pathogenesis of inflammatory osteolysis, could directly promote osteoclastic differentiation and activation, and synergize with RANKL for both XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR."

reach
"Additionally, IL-1 and TNF-alpha recruit and activate Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4 +) T-lymphocytes, which produce granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor beta and gamma (TNF-beta and TNF-gamma)."

reach
"The ability of TNF-alpha to affect CD4 expression on L4E cells supports a role in thymocyte differentiation for this cytokine."

reach
"RANK is a TNF receptor family member that recognizes RANKL through cell-to-cell interaction with stromal cells, and promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF XREF_BIBR."

reach
"TNF-alpha as a pro inflammatory cytokine associated with bone metabolism can induce osteoclast activation and differentiation."

reach
"It was shown that TNF alpha actively induces the differentiation of these cell lines, whereas L-glutamic acid enhances its effect."

reach
"Furthermore, FR167653 inhibited the osteoclast like cell differentiation induced by both sRANKL and TNF-alpha in vitro."

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"NK cells produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha which mediates DC differentiation and maturation."

reach
"Therefore, in the present study, we decided to investigate the possible beneficial effects of flaxseed and ALA in models of TNF induced impaired myogenic differentiation."

reach
"It has been found that, in adipocytes and preadipocytes, TNFalpha increases PAF synthesis and can also enhance adipocyte differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"IL-1 and TNF-alpha also directly contribute to the differentiation of osteoclasts and their activation after maturation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"In the presence of M-CSF, TAM-osteoclast differentiation was also induced by TNF-alpha."

reach
"These findings indicate that TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of dental pulp cells toward an odontoblastic phenotype via p38, while negatively regulating MMP-1 expression."

reach
"Finally, TFH cells overexpress TNF and LTalpha1beta2 that triggers differentiation of stromal cells into FRCs."

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"In wild type cells, the ability of TNFalpha to induce osteoclast differentiation in the presence of RANK and RANKL blockade is enhanced by a variety of cytokines, but in vivo evidence has been lacking."

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"The calgranulin S100A11 and the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1, CXCL8, and TNF-alpha all are increased in OA cartilage and induce hypertrophic differentiation in cultured chondrocytes."

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"TNF-alpha and IL-1beta promote expansion and differentiation of SEPs."

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"In conclusion, the present study shows that TNF-alpha and LPS directly enhance the differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs, in particular after osteogenic commitment."

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"The combination of IFN-beta and TNF did not induce differentiation, although the growth of the cells was markedly inhibited."

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"The TNF superfamily activates signaling pathways for cell survival, death, and differentiation that orchestrate the development, organization and homeostasis of lymphoid, mammary, neuronal and ectoder[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"First, we determined whether TNFalpha contributes to vascular calcification and osteoblast differentiation of calcifying vascular cells."

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"In vitro studies have shown that TNF-alpha, along with IL-1alpha and IL1-beta, causes vacuolation of matrix cells within the follicle bulb and a decrease in the size of the matrix, as well as disorganization of follicular melanocytes and abnormal differentiation and keratinization of the precortical cells and the inner root sheath [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Therefore, ERKs mediate the inhibition of thermogenic but not adipogenic differentiation induced by TNF-alpha."

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"On the contrary, TNFα promotes myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration through p38MAPK (Chen et al., 2007)."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNF superfamily of structurally related cytokines and is known to induce proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptotic cell death, inflammation, and angiogenesis."

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"XREF_BIBR However, there is also the opposite opinion that the TNF-alpha is able to promote osteogenic differentiation via activating nuclear factor kappa B signaling."

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"Ectopic expression of active LAP * inhibited the neural differentiation under differentiation conditions and disrupted TNFalpha induced neural differentiation under non differentiation conditions (XREF_FIG)."

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"In this study, we found that TNF-alpha promotes Tc9-cell differentiation through TNFR2, but not TNFR1."

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"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates osteoclast differentiation and suppresses osteoblast differentiation, leading to bone loss and decreased bone mass in local inflammation areas in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."

reach
"TNFa directly stimulates the differentiation of osteoclast precursors to osteoclasts in the presence of M-CFS (which is a glycoprotein produced by fibroblasts and endothelial cells in response to growth factors and cytokines, such as PDGF, FGF, IL-1, and IL-6)."

reach
"Studies [XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR] have shown that TNFalpha directly stimulates the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors to osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)."

reach
"Finally, on the bone surface the RANKL-RANK-OPG interaction plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis [XREF_BIBR], with TNF-alpha supporting survival and differentiation of osteoclasts, whereas IL-1beta also supports osteoclast activation."

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"To assess the influence TNF alpha (inhibitor) and Rho kinases (ROCK) inhibitor (promoter) on the adipogenic differentiation, 0.5% GG hydrogel particles with hASCs were cultured for 15 days in induction medium supplemented with 0.5 µg/mL of TNFα or 50 µM of ROCK inhibitor."

reach
"However, the issue of whether TNF-alpha is a direct inducer of osteoclast differentiation is still controversial."

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"Furthermore, G. frondosa components could increase the secretion of cytokines, which are signaling molecules, including interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and lymphokines with antiproliferative activity, causing apoptosis and differentiation in tumor cells, thus further increasing the efficiency of immune related cells."

reach
"In this study, using genetic and chemical approaches, we found that proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-17 stimulated IkappaB kinase (IKK)-NF-kappaB and impaired osteogenic differentiation of MSCs."

reach
"Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induce differentiation of human myeloid cell lines along the monocytic lineage."

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"However, since previous in vitro studies have shown that TNF-alpha alone does not efficiently induce osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow derived M-CSF-dependent macrophages (BMMs) as RANKL does, TNF-alpha has been regarded as a cytokine that synergistically potentiates osteoclast differentiation and function in the presence of other cytokines such as RANKL, IL-1 and TGF-beta in vitro."

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"Such molecules include members of the osteoprotegerin and receptor for activation of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)/RANK pathway, where RANKL is a tumor necrosis factor family member secreted by osteoblasts with a role to trigger the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to osteoclasts and speed up the complementary bone degradation processes."

reach
"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to induce the differentiation of CD34 (+) cells toward dendritic cells (DCs)."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha enhances osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells through nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation."

reach
"Since DC differentiation is associated with a reduction in endocytic activity and TNF-alpha promotes differentiation, TNF-alpha was predicted to inhibit cationic lipid transfection."

reach
"Moreover, LIF neutralizing antibodies added to the medium of C2 myoblasts prevented inhibition of differentiation mediated by TNFalpha."

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"It has found that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can promote osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs in our previous studies."

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"Nature 1992, 360, 258-261 6 Santiago- Schwartz, F., Belilos, E., Diamond, B. and Carsons, S.E. TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells and macroph[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"We used the human monocyte and macrophage like tumor cell line U937 to examine whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces differentiation of monocyte and macrophage progenitors."

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"Thus, PA increased TNFalpha and RANK expression, which both can enhance the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts."

reach
"Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines can signal activation, proliferation, differentiation, costimulation, inhibition, or cell death, depending on the type and status of the target cell."

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"Their studies showed that TNF induces RA synovial macrophage-osteoclast differentiation and that IL-1alpha activates osteoclasts to resorb bone."

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"Stuber E, Neurath M, Calderhead D, Fell HP, Strober W : Crosslinking of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF and NGF cytokine family, Induces proliferation and differentiation in murine splenic B cells."

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"LPS, TNF-alpha, and calcium ionophore rapidly induce the differentiation of blood monocytes into DC like cells."

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"Both IL-17A and TNF-alpha were produced upon stimulation, suggesting normal function and differentiation of T H 1 and T H 17 populations in EVR patients when compared to STD."

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"Indeed, TNFalpha may up-regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in the subventricular zone after CNS injury, which may be mediated via IKK and NF-kappaB signaling."

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"TNF-alpha -863 C> A is associated with TNF-alpha secretion [XREF_BIBR], and TNF-alpha may directly destroy AChR or promote the differentiation and growth of B cells resulting in an enhanced production of AChRAb [XREF_BIBR], stimulating high expressions of AchRAb."

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"12 NF-kappaB activation has been considered as the main pathway leading to differentiation and survival effects induced by TNFalpha."

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"Previously, we showed that RA and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promote monocytic differentiation of the APL cell line NB4 and U937 monoblastic cells."

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"IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can promote Th22 cells differentiation (Duhen et al., 2009)."

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"TNF-alpha can induce a characteristic Th22 signature and promote Th22 differentiation."

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"Notably, canonical NF-kappaB signaling stimulated the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, which promoted chemotaxis and differentiation of lymphocytes, causing pathogenic effects over time."

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"Our results also supported those reports in which IL-4 inhibited RANKL mediated osteoclast formation.Next, we examined whether IL-4 can suppress TNF-alpha induced osteoclast differentiation through di[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR Tintut and Demer first reported that TNFalpha induced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation of bovine calcifying vascular cells through a phosphate kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism."

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"In addition to its immunological and metabolic properties, TNF-alpha promotes nerve cell growth and differentiation, and is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand."

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"Differentiation of Th22 cells is promoted by IL-6 and TNFalpha but suppressed by TGF-beta [32]."

reach
"Among cytokines produced by pDCs are IFN-Type I cytokines promoting Th1 cell differentiation via STAT4 transcriptional factor pathway (reviewed in), IL-6 which promotes myelin antigen specific Th17- and Th1-responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and TNF-alpha which induces oligodendrocyte apoptosis and mediates neuronal injury."

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"Thus, as expected, the second peak of Myod1 and TNF-alpha expression promoted the differentiation and remodeling of the skeletal muscle after frostbite."

reach
"The pro inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is well known to induce differentiation of bone matrix resorbing osteoclasts from hematopoietic stem cells."

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"10 ng/mL TNF-α induced osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation in DPSC and stimulated the secretion of miR-758-5p-encapsulated EV by DPSC, activating downstream signaling pathways involving BMP signaling in PDLSC."

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"TNFalpha mediates its inflammatory functions by inducing the production of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, activation of leukocytes and lymphocytes, inducing vascular permeability, enhancing the expression of adhesion molecules in immune cells as well as in the vascular endothelium, and promoting inflammatory cell migration, proliferation and differentiation XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"Tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin induce differentiation of human myeloid cell lines in synergy with immune interferon."

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"Mouse TNF-alpha strongly stimulated the differentiation of M-CSF-dependent mouse bone marrow macrophages (M-BMMphi) into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF."

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"AECs secret several mediators such as platelet derived growth factor, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and endothelin-1, that are contributing to the migration, proliferation, or differentiation of mesenchymal cells."

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"Additionally, TNF-alpha can directly induce OC differentiation in the absence of RANKL by activating NF-kappaB signaling."

reach
"Recent in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that IL-6 and TNF-alpha both induce the osteogenic differentiation of vascular cells and promote the mineralization of vascular cells [8-14]."

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"These integrated pathways mediate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 to drive Th1 and Th17 differentiation, being essential for the development of antifungal immune responses."

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"Silibinin inhibits osteoclast differentiation mediated by TNF family members."

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"We previously study and found that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoted osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the Wnt and beta-catenin signaling pathway in low concentration while inhibited that in high concentration."

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"During phorbol ester induced differentiation of HL-60 monocytic cells, tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFalpha) synthesis and secretion are increased, which contributes to the autocrine regulation of TNFalpha responsive genes."

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"TNF-alpha stimulates the differentiation and survival of osteoclasts, but not the function of osteoclasts [XREF_BIBR]."

eidos
"TNF-alpha induces the tumor immune response and cell differentiation , promotes the production of a variety of cytokines by mononuclear cells and T cells , and induce tumor cell apoptosis and directly kill tumor cells [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] ."

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"However, this favorable induction of IFN-gamma by EJHE-WR within the tumor microenvironment was accompanied by TGF-beta1 induction, probably along with an inflammatory cytokine e.g. TNF-alpha [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] that is common in such microenvironment, may further supports Th17 differentiation and thus induce IL-17 production as well [XREF_BIBR]."

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"In preliminary experiments, we sought for culture conditions that could specifically generate myeloid related DCs and found that a combination of GM-CSF and TNFalpha triggered a pure myeloid related DC differentiation of day 8-FL cells."

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"For example, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha promote the differentiation of lymphocytes called cytotoxic T cells, which kill pathogens that are introduced into the body during physical wounding."

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"TNF also inhibits osteoblast differentiation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR] and as expected, the continuous presence of TNF during osteoblast differentiation inhibited Wnt activity in treated cells compared to untreated cells."

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"Induction of inflammation by Th1 cells is mediated by expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, the latter being a hallmark of Th1 differentiation."

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"The osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha was independent of RANKL binding to its receptor RANK on PBMCs."

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"Data from animal experiments have confirmed that pro inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, promote the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cel[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha contributes to the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain."

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"Macrophages play a key role in osteolysis where particle uptake culminates in a chronic inflammatory state mediated by cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and RANKL, which can also contribute to osteoclast differentiation and thus exacerbate bone resorption."

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"On the other hand, IL-1beta and/or TNF-alpha promote dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (Jin et al., 2005; Rodriguez-Pallares et al., 2005) and regulate developing dopamine neu[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"We have shown previously that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibits the growth and induces the differentiation of a murine myelomonocytic leukemia (WEHI-3B JCS cells) into macrophage like cells."

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"To clarify the signaling mechanism of human myeloid differentiation by hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines, we investigated the role of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) during the differentiation of human monoblastic U937 cells stimulated by granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)."

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"In this study, we showed that the proinflammatory agents TNF-alpha and LPS potently enhanced BMP-2 and ODM induced osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs."

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"The study showed that TNF-α could trigger the osteogenic differentiation of hMSC by triggering NF-κB, which will increase BMP-2 regulation and eventually cause an increase in the expression of Runx2 and Osterix."

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"Exogenous addition of TNF, but not other cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1beta, promoted differentiation into specifically of palmar dermal fibroblasts from Dupuytren 's patients in to myofibroblasts."

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"TNFalpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo."

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"Previous studies have shown that TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, CD40 ligand (CD40L), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and ceramide can promote DC differentiation in vitro, resulting in irreversible morphologic, phenot[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF also augmented receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand induced M cell differentiation."

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"Our data indicate that TNF-alpha enhances osteogenic differentiation of hADSC via the activation of NF-kappaB and a subsequent increase of TAZ expression."

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"discovered that overexpression of miR-146a could inhibit basal and TNF-alpha- and TLR ligand induced osteogenic differentiation."

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"Tumor necrosis factor stimulates osteoblasts to release cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells and osteoclast precursors to the site and promote the differentiation of early osteoclasts."

reach
"However, opposite findings suggest that TNF-alpha may also induce osteogenic differentiation [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]."

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"CD27 is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor which stimulates lymphocytes and promotes their differentiation upon activation by TNF ligand CD70."

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"Although the mutants were expressed at the same levels as wild-type C/EBPalpha (unpublished data), they failed to inhibit DC differentiation induced by both PU.1 and TNFalpha (XREF_FIG B), indicating that both domains are essential to inhibit DC development."

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"TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce differentiation in the human basophilic leukaemia cell line KU812."

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"Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoted DC differentiation and induced a strong rise in 5-LO and FLAP expression."

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"The TNF family molecule Osteoprotegerin-ligand (OPGL; also known as ODF, TRANCE, and RANKL) (Anderson et al. 1997; Wong et al. 1997; Lacey et al. 1998; Yasuda et al. 1998) is a key factor stimulating [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Indeed, TNF-alpha and IL-6 together induce TGF-beta1, an acknowledged trigger of lung fibrosis, regulates the differentiation of pulmonary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which is represented by down[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Based on these data, TNF-alpha strongly synergizes with RANKL to promote osteoclast differentiation."

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"32 IL-4 and IL-10 can induce M2 macrophage differentiation and TNFalpha and INF-gamma can induce M1 macrophage differentiation."

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"We herein examined the potency of osteoclast differentiation and maturation induced by fivefold supernatants in the stimulated human PDL cells with a physiologically high concentration (10 ng/mL) of recombinant TNF-alpha to human peripheral blood monocytes and macrophages in the simultaneous presence of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand."

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"Some researches reported that IL-2, IL-12, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha could induce acute phase reaction, stimulate the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, promote the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts, and cause joint damage [XREF_BIBR] in the pathogenesis of RA."

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"Surprisingly, anti-TNF reduced IL-4 and IL-10 in SEA LN but did not affect PPD LN, suggesting that TNF-alpha or -beta supports Th2 differentiation in LN during the secondary response to schistosomal Ags."

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"Low concentrations of TNF-α promote hPDLSCs osteogenic differentiation by activation of autophagy via inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling."

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"Tumor necrosis factor induces neuroendocrine differentiation in small cell lung cancer cell lines."

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"Mechanistically, cPTH stimulates conventional T cell production of TNFalpha (TNF), which increases the differentiation of IL-17A producing Th17 cells via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling in CD4+ cells."

reach
"These results show that IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 might strongly activate the STAT3 pathway, and promote the differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th22."

reach
"Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that TNF-alpha increases astrocytic differentiation and inhibits neuronal differentiation of human NPCs."

reach
"In full contrast with these findings, other murine and human MSC studies have reported that TNF-alpha can also induce osteogenic differentiation."

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"Furthermore, both TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce synovial cells to release tissue degrading matrix enzymes, particularly members of metalloproteinase, and TNF-alpha stimulates abnormally the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone erosions [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR] (XREF_FIG)."

reach
"Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and that this effect can be antagonized by signaling resulting from pre-culture with the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone."

reach
"Both TNF alpha and IL-3 did not induce TF-1 differentiation."

reach
"These data collectively indicate that Def6 regulated endogenous IFN-beta production contributes to the control of osteoclast differentiation by RANKL or TNF-alpha and also indicate that Def6 suppresses c-Fos and NFATc1 and Blimp1 axis at least partially via regulating an endogenous IFN-beta mediated inhibitory loop during osteoclastogenesis."

reach
"Two recent Immunity articles (Enzler et al., 2006; Sasaki et al., 2006) probe the roles of Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) pathways in survival and differentiation mediated by B cell activation factor of the TNF family (BAFF)."

reach
"Lymphotoxin competitively, but not completely, inhibited TNF induced differentiation."

reach
"Involvement of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in tumor necrosis factor induced differentiation of the leukemic cell line K562."

eidos
"An increase in TNFalpha has been shown to induce cell proliferation , differentiation , and upregulation of adhesion molecules on the endothelium to increase cell trafficking to the site of inflammation ( Nawroth and Stern , 1986 ; Fakhoury et al ., 2014 ) ."

reach
"Additionally, TNF-alpha, a major inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory pulps, can trigger odonto and osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway XREF_BIBR."

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"Both IFN-γ and IL-17A, rather than TNF-α, are sufficient to induce NHEK abnormal differentiation."

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"In the short run, TNF-alpha may dynamically drive differentiation of monocytes into the CD14 + CD16 + cells so that this pool may enlarge within several hours up to 30-40% of all the monocytes."

reach
"Inhibition of TNF-alpha with TNFR : Fc in primary MLC also impaired the proliferation and Th1 differentiation of wild-type T cells."

reach
"Th17 cell differentiation is further stimulated by TGFβ, TNF, IL-6, and IL-21."

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"According to an investigation by Spaczynski et al. [XREF_BIBR], TNF-alpha causes proliferation and differentiation of theca cells and augmentation of steroidogenesis of follicular layer cells."

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"Tumor necrosis factor induces enhanced responses to platelet activating factor and differentiation in human monocytic Mono Mac 6 cells."

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"Senescent CD8 T cells, in turn, secrete inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, which promote further CD8 T cell differentiation and loss of CD28 [XREF_BIBR], among other effects."

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"TNF-alpha can directly induce osteoclast differentiation in BIPAs."

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"The receptor activator of necrosis factor (NF)-kappaB ligand (RANKL) [7], a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family, is highly expressed in supporting cells and directly induces the differ[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"TNF-alpha delivered for 28d in the absence of dexamethasone promoted odontoblastic differentiation and increased mineralized matrix deposition of dental pulp cells [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Using stemness assay and pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that TNFalpha treatment under proliferation conditions induced neural differentiation through NFkappaB activation at a very early stage of neurogenesis."

reach
"Glass et al. found that TNF-alpha in the supernatants from human fractured tibial bone fragments promotes the osteogenic differentiation of muscle derived stromal cells expressing CD73, CD90, CD105, and HLA-ABC in vitro [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Exposure to GM-CSF neutralizing antibody inhibited TNF-alpha- or IL-1beta-treated first trimester decidual cell induced monocyte differentiation to macrophages or dendritic cells by 51-66% and 30-32%,[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In a previous study, we showed that TNF-alpha promoted the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway."

reach
"Another study demonstrated that TNF-alpha pre-conditioning increased proliferation, mobilization, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and up-regulated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) protein level."

reach
"Locally produced IL-1 or TNF-a induce proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors."
| PMC

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"These results demonstrate that in the absence of Def6, RANKL induced osteoclastogenesis is enhanced (XREF_FIG), and importantly that TNF-alpha is sufficient to induce robust osteoclast differentiation and activity (XREF_FIG), even in the absence of RANKL."

reach
"The effect of TNF on glioblastoma cells appeared to modulate cell differentiation."

reach
"How the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-17A and IL-1β leads to increased OC differentiation and increased resorption are well understood."

reach
"In the laboratory, GM-CSF and IL-4 are routinely used to generate DCs from adherent PBMCs, and GM-CSF and TNF-alpha can induce differentiation of HPCs into interstitial DCs and Langerhan 's cells in 12-14 days [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"Pentoxifylline augments but does not antagonize TNF alpha mediated neuroblastoma cell differentiation : modulation of calcium mobilization but not cAMP."

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"A member of the TNF family, OX40L (which binds to OX40), shuts down the generation of IL-10-producing CD4 + type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells by DCs but induces the differentiation of pro inflammatory Th2 cells secreting TNF and IL-13."

reach
"The proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha can promote Th17 differentiation in BD patients who have uveitis."

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"Recently, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) not only can express the high levels of RANKL the same as activated T cells but also can express TNF-α, IL-22, IL-1, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which stimulate the activation and differentiation of osteoclasts [7]."

reach
"Furthermore, FR167653 inhibited the osteoclast like cell differentiation induced by both sRANKL and TNFalpha in vitro."

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"Following differentiation from monocytes, macrophages secrete pro inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFa, IL-12, IL-6, and iNOS, which promote differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th1 cells [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"At advanced stages of COVID-19, intense activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR2-MyD88-NF-kappaB mediated pathways most likely create a cytokine environment enriched in IL-1beta, IL-23, IL-6, and TNF, which would further elicit Th17 differentiation and GM-CSF production by gammadeltaT17, Th17, and CD8 T cells (XREF_FIG)."

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"For example, postmenopausal osteoporosis patients had higher T-cell activity and increased TNFalpha and RANKL production, which can promote osteoclast differentiation."

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"These results show that TNF-alpha enhances the expression of MSX2 as well as that of osteogenic marker genes in VSMCs.ALP is an osteoblast differentiation marker and is required for bone matrix minera[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

reach
"RNA sequencing and Western blotting analysis revealed that the MV@ZIF-8 coating activates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway, thereby promoting the osteogenic differentiation of the hBMSCs."

reach
"TNF-alpha stimulates airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia, maturation and differentiation of structural tissues, mucus hypersecretion, expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and T-cell activation."

reach
"However, it has been shown that TNF-alpha can induce osteoclast differentiation when RANKL levels are lower than necessary for osteoclastogenesis."

reach
"We also found that the expression level of TNF-alpha in intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens without narasin was significantly increased, which may be due to the fact that the body is in the stage of inflammatory reaction, and TNF-alpha produced by monocytes and macrophages is increased to promote cell proliferation and differentiation and repair body injury."

reach
"Moreover, they have shown that TNFalpha promoted myeloid differentiation rather than apoptosis of HSPCs."

reach
"Pentoxifylline augments but does not antagonize TNF alpha mediated neuroblastoma cell differentiation : modulation of calcium mobilization but not cAMP."

reach
"TNF-alpha regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption, and promotes myoblasts differentiation through an autocrine process."

reach
"TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2)-derived peptide promotes neuronal lineage differentiation of NSCs [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"It has also been demonstrated that TNFα and IL-17A can accelerate osteogenic differentiation of FLS cells in vitro (9, 12)."

reach
"Finally, ceramide was shown to copy TNF induced differentiation of HL-60 cells along the monocytic lineage (Kim et al., 1991)."

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"XREF_BIBR TNF induces differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, which are essential in the induction of granuloma, and is important for maintaining the integrity of granuloma."

reach
"Because PMA and TNF-alpha induce monocytic differentiation in THP-1 and AML-193 cells, these data increase the possibility that bomapin may play a role in the regulation of protease activities specifically in early stages of cellular differentiation."

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"XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, a cell membrane bound TNF superfamily member, binds to receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) expressed on osteoclast precursors, which then leads to the fusion, differentiation, and maturation of osteoclast."

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"However, it has been discovered that TNF-alpha may also promote osteogenic differentiation."

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"25 Mouse recombinant IL-6 (50ngml -1; eBioscience; Santa Clara, CA, USA), human recombinant TGF-beta1 (2ngml -1; eBioscience), mouse recombinant IL-1beta (2ngml -1; eBioscience), mouse recombinant TNFalpha (1ngml -1; eBioscience), anti-IFNgamma Ab (XMG1.2; 10mugml -1) and anti-IL4 Ab (11B11; 5mugml -1) were added to the culture medium to induce Th17 cell differentiation."

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"TNF-alpha, itself in the presence of IL-6 and IL-1beta may promote differentiation of T cells to Th17."

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"Trinchieri G., Rosen M. & Perussia B. (1987) Induction of differentiation of human myeloid cell lines by tumor necrosis factor in cooperation with la,25-dihydroxyvita- min D3."

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"Various concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vit D3; 10 (-9)-10(-7) M) and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF-alpha; 60-960 U/ml) were used to induce growth inhibition and differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 based on growth kinetics, colony formation, morphological analysis, nonspecific esterase (NSE) activity, surface antigen expression, and cytokine release."

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"These (and other B cells) respond to the cytokine B cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), which stimulates their proliferation and differentiation [XREF_BIBR]."

reach
"XREF_BIBR Dendritic cells and macrophages stimulated by LPS are believed to increase production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12, which induces differentiation of naive cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 positive T cells into Th1 cells."

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"However, several other groups reported that TNF induced activation of canonical NF-kappaB signaling in mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) promotes their differentiation into OBs through BMP-2-mediated up-regulation of Runx2 and Osterix (Osx) expression."

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"The inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha induced early differentiation of human bone marrow derived MSCs into calcifying osteoblast like cells, illustrating that inflammatory pathway activation can prime a cell to become osteogenic."

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"We have previously shown that non cytotoxic concentrations (600-1200 U/ml) of recombinant mouse tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can induce differentiation of a subclone (JCS) of the WEHI-3B myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line into mature cells with the characteristics of macrophages."

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"First thought that IL-23 was the inducing cytokine for Th17 cells, three groups simultaneously discovered that TGF-β and IL-6 induced Th17 differentiation (28–30), while IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α can potentiate Th17 differentiation in presence of IL-6 and transforming growth factor beta TGF-β (31–33)."

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"These findings suggest that the pro inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, an effect that can be blocked by the presence of anti-inflammatory agents like dexamethasone, with significant implications on the interplay between inflammation and tissue regeneration."

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"As TNF and IL-6 can induce osteoclast differentiation, the effect of BET inhibition on osteoclast differentiation is likely to result from a combination of direct and indirect mechanisms of action, the latter via inhibition of TNF and IL-6 production by cells in the synovial compartment 76."

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"IL-1 and TNF-α can stimulate bone resorption by promoting the differentiation of osteoclasts in vitro [20]."

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"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces differentiation of HL-60 cells, with only slight effects upon proliferation and little or no cytotoxicity."

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"We hypothesized that a temporal pattern of TNF-alpha delivery similar to that seen in vivo would further enhance MSC osteogenic differentiation."

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"Duhen et al. demonstrated that IL-6 and TNF-α together jointly induced Th22 cell differentiation (7)."

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"Although these studies suggested that ceramide could play a prominent role in TNF induced monocyte differentiation, the extended time courses implied that these events, even if critical for differenti[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Activated macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha, which activate T cells and induce their differentiation."

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"TNF-alpha accelerated the differentiation of progenitors into DC and augmented MHC class II transport to the membrane, resulting in improved capacity to induce MLR."

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"TNF-alpha specifically, compromises the function of mature osteoblasts 67, inhibits osteoblast differentiation 68 and promotes osteoclast differentiation XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-23 treatment promoted differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into Th22 cells."

eidos
"TNF-alpha , an inflammatory cytokine that is up-regulated in the MHV-JHM-infected CNS ( 18 ) , may contribute to DC differentiation by overriding IL-6-driven macrophage differentiation ( 5 ) ."

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"TNF-alpha-mediated brain injury is related to the following mechanisms (Signoretti et al. 2004; Yousaf et al. 2003; Riche et al. 2003; Makhija and Kingsnorth 2002) : (1) TNF-alpha stimulates the diffe[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Pro inflammatory interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, and IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) recruit and stimulate both osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells (MSCs) and angiogenesis near the fracture site [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"In keratinocytes, both PMA and TNF-alpha have been shown to elicit differentiation and inflammation via PPARdelta [XREF_BIBR]."

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"The Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines activate signaling pathways for cell survival, death, and differentiation that orchestrate the development, organization and homeostasis of lym[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Bacteria and their by-products can induce the release of pro inflammatory cytokines, such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins (ILs) and prostaglandin E2, which directly or indirectly stimulate osteoclast differentiation."

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"Others have confirmed that TNF also promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived MSCs in a time- and dose dependent manner."

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"The engagement of homotrimeric TNF-alpha to either receptor can activate three major signaling pathways : an apoptotic cascade initiated via the TNF-alpha receptor associated death domain, a nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) signaling pro survival pathway implemented via NFkappaB mediated gene transcriptional actions, and a JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) cascade involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation that is generally pro apoptotic [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Math1, TNFalpha, and RA synergistically promote mucous cell differentiation in vitro, suggesting that they are therapeutic targets for mucous cell metaplasia in OM or asthma in the airway."

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"TNF-alpha can promote PDLSCs proliferation and inhibit bone differentiation and Notch signaling pathway expression, indicating that the Notch signaling pathway regulates PDLSCs osteogenic differentiation."

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"Both IL-6 and TNF-α can induce the differentiation of Th22 cells, IL-6 alone drives the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th22 cells."

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"TNF like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) induces neuronal differentiation of NSCs and NPCs, under proliferation condition, through NFkappaB dependent downregulation of Hes1 that prevents neuronal differentiation."