IndraLab

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"These findings emphasize the potential of targeting multiple points and channels for treating Salmonella enteritis, providing promising prospects for exploring the role of pyroptosis in its treatment.[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The decrease in intracellular K+ activates then NLRP3, producing IL-1β and IL-18 that are released from the cell throughout the gasdermin-N pores."

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"The signaling pathways involved in the assembly comprise NF-κB /NLRP3 /IL-1β, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), production of nitric oxide (NO), long non-coding RNA TVX1, AMPK activation, N[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"It has also been described that potassium efflux is required for NLRP3 activation by various stimuli, a notion that was mainly attributed to the fact that potassium ionophores (e.g. Nigericin) are strong activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome, whereas high extracellular potassium concentrations that block K + efflux potently inhibit NLRP3 activation."

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"ATP induced loss of intracellular potassium induces the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome."

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"In potassium efflux model, extracellular ATP activates purine-type membrane receptor P2X7, results in potassium efflux, and consequently reduces intracellular potassium levels, thus activating NLRP3 inflammasome40)."

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"Further, infection in the presence of high extracellular potassium – a method commonly used to inhibit the potassium-efflux dependent activation mechanism of NLRP3 - does not block but rather increase[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"First, a large reduction of intracellular potassium concentration was observed to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome by ATP, nigericin, and crystal molecules."

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"In contrast, NLRP3 inflammasome activation could be blocked by high concentrations of extracellular potassium (30-45 mM)."

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"The ability of high extracellular potassium to suppress activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by multiple proinflammatory agonists XREF_BIBR has been used to support a model demonstrating that decreased cellular potassium constitutes a general trigger for inflammasome activation."

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"Research has reported that a decrease in cytosolic K+ level triggers the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (Muñoz-Planillo et al., 2013)."

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"Many of these agents are capable of triggering K+ efflux from the cell, and indeed, addition of excess K+ to the extracellular space suppresses activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1beta releas[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"For example, Gov et al. [XREF_BIBR] demonstrated that addition of extracellular potassium inhibited NLRP3 activation in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection."

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"K+ efflux prevention resulting from β-HB inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"In keeping with previously published studies, elevated potassium levels inhibited caspase-1 maturation and IL-1β release downstream of the NLRP3 activator nigericin ( Figure 7 C)."

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"High extracellular potassium concentrations are known to inhibit NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation (Petrilli et al., 2007)."

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"To elucidate the role of potassium efflux as an upstream signal of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, equine PBMCs were treated with blockers of potassium efflux in the presence of NLRP3 triggers."

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"Polydatin attenuates potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation by inhibiting NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the AMPK and SIRT1 pathway."

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"K + efflux is proposed as an important event upstream of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the decrease in intracellular K+ can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome; however, the mechanisms of potassium efflux during NLRP3 inflammasome activation is not understood."

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"The depletion of cytosolic potassium ions induces the oligomerization of NLRP3 inflammasome, activating cas-1 [31]."
| PMC

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"V P E’trilli et al. found that elevated extracellular K+ levels inhibit NLRP3 activation in human monocytes, while intracellular K+ reduction triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation [17]."

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"Interestingly, higher levels of extracellular K+ significantly reduced the PrP106-126-induced NALP3 upregulation (64% of the mRNA level seen in microglia treated with PrP106-126 only) but had no effect on ASC upregulation."

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"Intracellular potassium levels suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome responses are regulated by Mtb-induced oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSXR1) expression (Hortle et al., 2022)."

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"Our results demonstrating the rescue of protein translation by increased extracellular potassium in BMDM exposed to nigericin or ATP (XREF_FIG) suggested to us that impairment of ribosomal activity may explain why loss of cellular potassium activates the NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"In agreement with these data, incubating WT BMDMs with high levels of extracellular potassium to prevent NLRP3 activation via potassium efflux ( Muñoz-Planillo et al., 2013; Pétrilli et al., 2007 ) ab[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Previous study has found that high extracellular potassium concentration (130mM) can block the activation of NALP3 inflammasome and inhibit the activation of caspase-1."

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"As expected, increased extracellular potassium also inhibited Nlrp3 dependent silica induced, but not AIM2 dependent Francisella tularensis LVS induced, IL-1beta production (XREF_FIG)."

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"By blocking potassium efflux in response to necroptotic stimuli, high extracellular potassium suppressed NLRP3 activation by endogenous or induced necroptically active MLKL [137,138] ."

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"Because increased extracellular potassium blocks the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by MSU, it has been concluded that MSU acts through a mechanism that involves a decreased concentration of cellular potassium XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"It has been shown that reduction of the intracellular K+ concentration can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, linking ion efflux to innate immunity [XREF_BIBR]."

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"In this study, Petrilli et al. showed that reduced intracellualar K+ can effectively activate NLRP3 inflammasome (160)."

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"Prior evidence has indicated that NLRP3 could be selectively blocked by concentrated extracellular K+, glyburide, MCC950, minocycline and KD [78,79]."

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"Despite the inability of these inhibitors to trigger efflux of intracellular potassium, the addition of high extracellular potassium suppressed activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"We also examined caspase-1 activation in infected wild-type and NLRC4 deficient macrophages in the presence of a high concentration of extracellular potassium (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY), which is known to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation XREF_BIBR."

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"How NLRP3 inflammasome senses potassium efflux is still unknown, but one recently proposed model is that the loss of intracellular potassium promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation by triggering a structural change of NLRP3 into its active conformation [36]."

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"trilli et al. found that high extracellular potassium levels inhibit the activation of NLRP3 in human monocytes and that a decreased intracellular potassium concentration triggers the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome [23]."

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"In ischemic stroke, the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and the decrease in K+ is determined to activate NLRP3."

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"The conclusion that decreased intracellular potassium acts as a second signal to trigger activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was based initially on the observation that loss of potassium induced by nigericin, a potassium ionophore, or by ATP results in the robust release of IL-1beta from cells in an NLRP3 dependent manner XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"This leads to a potassium dysregulation and activation of NLRP3."

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"Polydatin attenuates potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation by inhibiting NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the AMPK and SIRT1 pathway."

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"In addition, high extracellular concentrations of potassium prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation, whereas low intracellular concentrations of potassium are sufficient to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages."

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"One study has demonstrated that because of autocrine and paracrine P2X7 activation by secreted ATP, a decrease in K+ levels (<90 mM) in the cytoplasm can activate NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"The common terminal signal responsible for triggering assembly of the Nlrp3 inflammasome appears to be efflux of intracellular potassium, because Nlrp3-dependent activation of caspase-1 by all of thes[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The depletion of cytosolic potassium ions below a certain concentration, which could be caused by ionophores, pore-forming toxins, and the opening of ion channels, causes NLRP3 to rapidly oligomerize and assemble the “inflammasome” complex, which in turn activates pro-caspase-1 via the adaptor protein ASC."

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"Subsequently, the decrease in cytoplasmic K+ triggers the classical mode of NLRP3 activation [161] ."

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"Potassium efflux is implicated in the activation mechanism for the inflammasome, because NLRP3 inflammasome activation can be triggered by low intracellular potassium, but prevented by culturing cells in high potassium containing media."

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"Firstly, recent studies suggest a central role for P2X7 receptor mediated K+ efflux in NLRP3 activation, with prevention of K+ efflux abolishing NLRP3 in response to almost all known activators."

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"Potassium efflux and reduced intracellular potassium concentrations result in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"Incubation of neutrophils with high extracellular potassium to prevent potassium efflux during caspase-4/5/11-driven neutrophil death was able to inhibit NLRP3-dependent IL-1β cleavage and release [31[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"124 Indeed, the decrease of the intracellular potassium is sufficient to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"Reduction of intracellular potassium level induces a conformational change of NLRP3 allowing its activation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"37 Caspase 11 decreases cellular potassium levels to activate NLRP3."

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"Our data suggest that cells in high potassium may suppress the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by two independent mechanisms : 1) by restoring intracellular potassium to normal levels in cells that have undergone leakage of potassium via pore formation (e.g. by nigericin) or stimulation of P2X7 receptors (e.g. by ATP), thereby preventing translational inhibition; and 2) by suppressing the activation of caspase-1 by an unknown mechanism."