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"6 Reported molecular and genetic alterations in MCN of the pancreas include mutations in KRAS (V-Ki-ras2, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) oncogene 7 and DPC4 and SMAD4 (deleted in pancreatic cancer locus 4 protein) gene, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR promoter hypermethylation of p16 ink4a / CDKN2A (inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinase 4/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A), and aberrant p53 protein expression."