IndraLab
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"The downregulation of insulin response under oxidant exposure involves activation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha; increased Ser/Thr phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) reduces the redistribution of IRS1 and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase from the cytosolic to microsomal fraction, reduces protein kinase-B (Akt) phosphorylation, and results in decreased trafficking of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane."