IndraLab
Statements
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"Here we show that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), a major oxidant generated when oxidative stress occurs, induced apoptosis of neuronal cells (PC12 cells and primary murine neurons), by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated phosphorylation of ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1)."
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"Because the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and S6 kinase ribosomal protein stimulate de novo HIF-1α protein synthesis [ xref , xref ], we further elucidated the phosphorylation status of 4E-BP1, eIF4E, and S6 kinase after vanillin treatment."
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"Activated mTOR phosphorylates ribosomal protein 6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), two factors involved in translation initiation, resulting in an increase in protein synthesis, which in turn promotes cell growth and proliferation [ xref , xref ]."
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"Activated mTOR further phosphorylates ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (S6K1), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and Akt, controlling cell proliferation, growth, and survival. xref , xref Activated PDK1 also positively regulates S6K1. xref Studies have placed tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1/2 as a modulator between PI3K/Akt and mTOR. xref - xref The TSC1/2 complex acts as a repressor of mTOR function. xref - xref TSC2 has GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity towards the Ras family small GTPase Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain), and TSC1/2 antagonizes the mTOR signaling pathway via stimulation of GTP hydrolysis of Rheb. xref - xref Rheb activates mTOR by antagonizing its endogenous inhibitor, FKBP38, xref though this remains controversial. xref The TSC can also be activated by energy depletion through the activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). xref AMPK responds both to changes in AMP concentration and to changes in the ratio of AMP to ATP. xref An increased AMP to ATP ratio allows AMPK phosphorylation and activation. xref This, in turn, activates the TSC, which catalyzes the conversion of Rheb-GTP to Rheb-GDP and thus inhibits mTOR. xref AMPK can also be phosphorylated and activated by the calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKK-β) in response to alterations in intracellular calcium homeostasis. xref In addition, AMPK may be activated by oxidative stress. xref "
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"One of the most important effector molecules downstream of PI3K/Akt pathway appears to be the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulator of protein synthesis, which can subsequently phosphorylate S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) ( xref )."