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"( 2 ) What are the molecular mechanisms underlying NLRP3 inhibition by sulforaphane in gout ?"

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"In a previous study Lee et al. demonstrated that the natural product sulforaphane reduced the activation of NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes, but did not affect AIM2 inflammasome activation [36] ."

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"NLRP3 inhibition by sulforaphane also ameliorated cerebral I/R injury [92,260] ."

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"Sulforaphane inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome against diabetic retinopathy (220)."

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"Lee et al. also reported that SFN supplementation inhibits the activation of both NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes [39], but not AIM."

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"However, in this area, a number of issues remain to be clarified: (1) What are the exact mechanisms through which 2ccPA and hydroxytyrosol inhibit NLRP3 activation in MS and AD, respectively? (2) What are the molecular mechanisms underlying NLRP3 inhibition by sulforaphane in gout? (3) How do some polyphenols block both canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 assembly? (4) Can phytochemicals targeting both canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation be regarded as the most reliable pharmacological approaches for the management of CNS, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases? (5) Can a dietary supplementation with phytochemicals prevent or counteract neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, metabolic alterations, and immune/inflammatory responses? (6) Can phytochemicals exert beneficial effects in CNS, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases through the inhibition of other inflammasomes, including NRLP1, NLRP6, AIM2, and NLRC4?"

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"Oral sulforaphane reduced symptoms and inflammatory infiltrates in a mouse model of acute foot gout, attributed to inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by sulforaphane (Yang, Yeon, et al., 2018)."

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"Sulforaphane effectively reduces NLRC4 and NLRP3 activation, supporting its therapeutic potential in inflammation-driven peritonitis [196]."

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"Interestingly, it has been reported that SFN inhibited the activation of NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4 inflammasomes [66,67]."

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"Additionally, sulforaphane inhibited the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome by regulating the inflammasome complex itself and the AMP-activated protein kinase-autophagy axis (Yang, Yeon, et al., 2018)."

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"Sulforaphane attenuates the activation of both NLRC4 and NLRP3 at μM potency, which limits inflammation during peritonitis [262]."

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"NLRP3 is inhibited by SFN, independent of the NRF2 pathway."

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"SFN has also been shown to disrupt the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which could majorly reduce IL-1ß and TNF-α signaling mediated by microglia during HIV infection [187]."

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"In this study, we found that sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane; SFN) suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by saturated fatty acid in hepatocytes."

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"SFN treatment also reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, downregulation in the NLRP3 inflammasome components and decrease in microglial activation."

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"SFN also exerted antioxidant effects, activated the Nrf2 pathway, and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in Muller cells."

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"For example, the ketone body, b-hydroxybutyrate, which specifically inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation via potassium efflux blockade, and the naturally derived antioxidant, sulforaphane, have been shown to attenuate MSU induced responses in murine models of gout."

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"SFN Inhibited NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Cerulein Stimulated Pancreatic Acinar Cells."

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"Taken together, our data indicate that SFN reduces activation of NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes but not that of AIM2 inflammasome.Based on the previous literature [16,18] , SFN blocks NF-κB signaling r[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Sulforaphane suppresses the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by saturated fatty acid in primary hepatocytes."

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"SFN inhibits NLRP3 even in KEAP1 knockout cells [ xref ]."

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"Sun et al. reported that sulforaphane, as an activator of the Nrf-anti-oxidative response element (ARE) pathway, reduced NLRP3 activation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response, thus participating in ischemia/reperfusion muscular injury [177]."

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"We investigated whether SFN inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by the saturated fatty acid, palmitate, in primary mouse hepatocytes."

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"The results showed that epalrestat, sulforaphane, parthenolide and OLT1177 could inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome at the concentration of 40 μmol/L, and epalrestat is more effective than OLT1177 at this concentration (Additional file 2)."

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"Our data revealed that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with cerulein induced inflammation in acini and suppressed by SFN."

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"Interestingly, sulforaphane, an nrf2 activator, has been shown to limit mtROS generation and prevent both NLRP3 and NLRC4 activation in murine macrophages (Lee et al., 2016)."

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"Sulforaphane markedly inhibited the expression of NLRP3 mRNA (#P, < 0.05 vs. vehicle treated group."

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"Consistently, oral administration of SFN blocked MSU-crystal-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in a mouse air pouch gout model."

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"Our study show that the NLRP3 inflammasome activated after 24 h ischemic/reperfusion and this activation was suppressed by Sulforaphane treatment."

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"Sulforaphane also down-regulated the expressions of cleaved caspase-1, IL-1beta, and IL-18 and inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"Sulforaphane may directly disrupt the formation of NLRP3 via suppressing ASC or Caspase-1."

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"Mechanistically, SFN reduced messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of TLR4, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and Caspase-1 in C2C12 cells, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory response and promoting myogenic differentiation."

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"A few NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, including sulforaphane, isoliquiritigenin, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-nitrostyrene (MNS), parthenolide, BAY 11-7082, INF39, and MCC950, have been developed, but there is no evidence showing that these compounds can specifically and directly inhibit NLRP3 itself."

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"Different NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, including sulforaphane, β-hydroxybutyrate, glyburide, flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, parthenolide, BAY 11-7082, INF39, and MCC950 have been developed, but there is no evidence demonstrating that these compounds directly and specifically target NLRP3 itself (212)."

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"In primary mouse macrophages, SFN inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by MSU crystals, adenosine triphosphate, and nigericin independent of the reactive oxygen species pathway."

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"SFN inhibited ligand independent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome suggesting that SFN acts directly on the NLRP3 inflammasome complex."

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"SFN suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by MSU crystals, adenosine triphosphate and nigericin but not by poly (dA : dT) in primary mouse macrophages, independent of the reactive oxygen species pathway."

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"In human microglia like THP-1 cells treated with Abeta, sulforaphane suppressed the activation of NLRP3 (NLRP3 : NOD like receptor, leucine rich repeat (LRR), and pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome [XREF_BIBR]."

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"PA and LPS may contribute to SI observed in obesity, while the dietary antioxidant sulforaphane has been shown to reduce activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome."

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"This indicates that SFN can directly suppress NLRP3 activation and possibly inhibit pyroptosis initiation in an NRF2-independent manner."

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"They concluded that sulforaphane both inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome and activates the antioxidative Nrf2 pathway."

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"SFN inhibited ligand independent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting that SFN may act directly on the NLRP3 inflammasome complex."

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"Consequentially, SFN may directly or indirectly inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation by attenuating mitochondrial ROS.In this study, we observed that SFN inhibited activation of NLRP3 and NLRC4 infla[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Although the gender differences in SNF response should be studied, the given results provide an insight for mechanisms on how SFN inactivates NLRP3 inflammasome ( Yang et al., 2016 )."

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"These results demonstrate that SFN suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by saturated fatty acid in hepatocytes."

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"Similarly, STZ-induced diabetic rats also had elevated retinal NLRP3 protein, which was attenuated by sulforaphane [121] and methylene blue [122] treatment."

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"In a study by Yang et al. [68], sulforaphane inhibited cytostatic autophagy-induced activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway in Aβ-stimulated microglia by reducing ROS production, thereby attenuating neuronal damage."

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"NLRP3 is inhibited by SFN, independent of the NRF2 pathway."

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"In their results, they showed that ROS production does not reverse the effects of SFN and Nrf2-/- BMDMs still have reduced levels of NLRP3 inflammasomes after SFN pre-treatment, suggesting SFN inhibit[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"NLRP3 inhibition by sulforaphane also ameliorated cerebral I/R injury [92,260] ."

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"Also, Yang et al. 38 showed that NLRP3 inhibition by sulforaphane, a compound derived from cruciferous vegehtables, resulted in amelioration of hepatic steatosis in high-fat fed mice 38."

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"SFN and 15d-PGJ2 inhibit activation of NLRP3 in the absence of NRF2 expression in a very fast manner, suggesting that transcriptional effects are not relevant for NLRP3 inhibition [22,141,142]."

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"SFN inhibits NLRP3 even in KEAP1 knockout cells [22]."

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"In a peritonitis model of acute gout, SFN treatment significantly reduced MSU crystal induced IL-1beta production, demonstrating that SFN inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome function in vivo."

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"SFN suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome by regulating different intracellular mechanisms ( Fig. 2 )."

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"SFN May Directly Inhibit Pyroptosis by Blocking the Activation of the NLRP3 Signaling Pathway."

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"These data indicated that SFN-induced neuroprotection may be through inactivating NLRP3."