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MDM2 increases the amount of MDM2. 125 / 136
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"Interestingly, SHPK170R failed to inhibit Mdm2 ubiquitination (XREF_FIG), which correlated with its lack of effect to increase Mdm2 protein expression (XREF_FIG)."

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"TSLP (p < 0.05) and MDM2 levels were suppressed by cisplatin in serum or liver of septic mice (Figure 6D–F), indicating that cisplatin inhibits TSLP level through downregulation of MDM2 expression."

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"A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of MDM2, SNP T309G (rs2279744), has been identified and was demonstrated to up-regulate the expression of MDM2 via a greater affinity for the SP1 transcription factor."

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"Recent studies have also shown that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MDM2 promoter (SNP309), which slightly increases MDM2 levels (by ~ 2-fold), significantly impacts upon tumorigenesis through attenuating p53 function in both human beings and animal models [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"It has previously been observed that InuA inhibits the protein expression of an MDM2 activator, NFAT1, which directly binds to the MDM2 P2 promoter via its DNA binding domain (DBD) and activates MDM2 transcription."

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"Research shows that wild-type p53 can combine with the promoter region of proto-oncogene murine double minute chromosomes 2 (MDM2) to enhance MDM2 protein expression."

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"The SNP in the MDM2 promoter (SNP309) results in the increased levels of MDM2 to promote tumorigenesis [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"1 , 2 DDLPS is associated with high‐amplification of MDM2 and CDK4, which often leads to overexpression of MDM2 and CDK4; therefore, immunohistochemistry staining for MDM2 and CDK4 can also be used for the diagnosis of DDLPS."

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"Mutations in MDM2 promoter induce MDM2 overexpression, accelerating the shift from chronic to blast crisis phase, thereby worsening the prognosis of patients with CML (23)."

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"The present study shows that the MDM2 SNP309G allele was not associated with increased MDM2 mRNA levels, in contrast to the MDM2 SNP285C allele, which significantly increased relative MDM2 mRNA expression."

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"The MDM2 siRNA was able to knockdown MDM2 expression and reduce MT1M expression in A549 cells (Figure 4B), indicating that MDM2 regulated MT1M expression."

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"The minor allele of MDM2 that includes a 309T> G transversion (single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2279744) in the MDM2 promoter is known to enhance MDM2 expression."

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"Importantly, MDM2 forms a negative-feedback loop in regulating p53 activity, in which p53 induces transcription of MDM2, and, in turn, the MDM2 protein inhibits p53 activity [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Knockdown of MDM2 significantly reduced the mRNA levels and protein abundance of MDM2."

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"The MDM2-rs2279744 and MDM2rs937283 variants are located in the MDM2 promoter, which initiates differential transcriptions of MDM2."

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"MDM2-rs2279744 (also referred to as SNP309, T/G) is located in the first intron of the MDM2 promoter, which drives transcription of the MDM2 gene."

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"Overexpression of MDM2 caused by the amplification of MDM2 gene or other reasons has been seen as one major mechanism of wide-type p53 inhibition [ 13 ], which was related to poor clinical prognosis a[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Since the overexpression of MDM2 has been shown in several human tumors, and increased expression of MDM2 inactivates the apoptotic and cell cycle arrest function of p53, the expression of MDM2 in long-term H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa may indicate a risk for carcinogenesis, and IL-16 secretion in H. pylori-infected mucosa could well be one of the factors promoting gastric carcinogenesis."

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"There is a negative feedback loop between P53 and MDM2, in which activating p53 protein increases MDM2 transcription, and the resulting MDM2 protein interacts with p53, thereby causing p53 degradation."

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"For instance, MDM2 SNP309 (rs2279744, T> G) within promoter P2 enhances the affinity of promoter with the transcriptional activator SP1 to increase MDM2 transcription, thereby promoting tumor development in the different tissues."

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"The ubiquitin ligase MDM2 also ubiquitinates and causes the degradation of E-cadherin, and in human breast carcinoma specimens, increased MDM2 expression was associated with decreased E-cadherin protein levels."

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"In human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized human keratinocytes, exposure to low-dose arsenite inhibited p53 expression by transcriptionally upregulating murine double minute 2 (MDM2) or ERK2-mediated overexpression of MDM2 [172]."

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"Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM-2) and its human homologue HDM-2 are transcriptional targets of p53 [4–6] , and, by a feedback autoregulatory loop, increased level of MDM-2 negatively regulates p53 by bin[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"MDM2 SNP309 is a single nucleotide T to G polymorphism located in the MDM2 gene promoter, which enhances the expression of MDM2 protein and thereby leads to attenuation of the p53 stress response."

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"To understand its potential function in gliomagenesis, the authors analyzed a novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MDM2 promoter that enhances MDM2 expression."

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"A single-nucleotide polymorphism at position 309 (SNP309) in MDM2 promoter generates a binding site for the transcription factor SP1, increases MDM2 expression, and leads to mitigated p53 activity and acceleration of tumor development in humans (Bond et al., 2004)."

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"It is worth noting that the SNP309G polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter modestly increases MDM2 mRNA levels (approximately 2 fold) and is associated with an increased risk for development of cancer.31-34 Further in vivo studies using genetically engineered mice carrying one of these point mutations may determine whether, like SNP309G, these mutations can promote tumor development."

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"However, inhibition of MDM2 with inhibitors can cause hematopoietic suppression, and gastrointestinal and cardiac toxicities ( Tisato et al., 2017 ), as well as a significant compensatory increase in [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"The minor allele of MDM2 SNP309 (rs2279744) increases MDM2 expression, downregulates p53, and improves 3- and 12-month mRS scores [226] at the cost of increased tumor formation [27]."

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"The MDM2 SNP309 G/G homozygous genotype elevates MDM2 protein expression [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Therefore a mutation in the MDM2 gene promoter can enhance MDM2 expression and consequently reduce the tumor suppressor function of p53 [XREF_BIBR]."

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"It has also been reported that the GG type of MDM2 SNP309 can increase the MDM2 level and leads to attenuation of TP53 function."

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"It was therefore not surprising for us to show here that a transient reduction of MDM2 protein level by mdm2 siRNA3 could significantly inhibit the growth rate of LoVo cells."

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"As shown in Fig. 4 B, Ad-MDM2 significantly enhanced MDM2 expression and suppressed p53 expression, while Nutlin-3a decreased MDM2 expression and increased p53 expression ( P < 0.05)."

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"Results showed that Pirh2 mRNA increased 2.3-fold and MDM2 increased 3.7-fold 8 h post-irradiation in the p53 +/+ /MEFs ( Fig. 5 A ), whereas no change occurred in Pirh2 and MDM2 mRNA expression in re[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"MDM2 amplification involves the presence of multiple copies of the MDM2 gene, which leads to elevated levels of MDM2 protein expression [9,10]."

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"MDM2 is a negative regulator of TP53 and MDM2 SNP309 has been shown to increase MDM2 expression."

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"The expression of endogenous MDM2 was significantly decreased by MDM2 shRNA, which in turn promoted AR expression (Fig. 7d), thus confirming that AR turnover mediated by SUMO3-modified PIAS1 was MDM2-dependent."

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"However, the damage induced alternative splicing of the MDM2 gene seems to be independent of its endogenous promoter, as the transcription of MDM2 minigenes are not driven by the endogenous MDM2 promo[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"P53 activates Mdm-2 transcription through binding to its promoter and up-regulates Mdm-2 expression."

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"miR-194-5p transduction and the silencing of MDM2 decreased MDM2 expression and thereby increased p53 and p21 expression in p53 wild type HeyA8-TR cells [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Therefore, the MDM2 SNP309 G allele increases MDM2 protein expression, leading to enhanced MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, which reduces p53-induced apoptotic responses to ischemia, resulting in good functional outcome after stroke."

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"A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of MDM2, SNP T309G (rs2279744), has been identified and was demonstrated to up-regulate the expression of MDM2 via a greater affinity for the SP1 transcription factor."

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"Studies have reported that MDM2 overexpression is rarely caused by increased MDM2 gene copy number."

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"An SNP in the MDM2 protein at location 309 from thymine to guanine enhances transcription of MDM2, reducing p53 mediated apoptosis."

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"As expected, the MDM2 vector induced MDM2 protein overexpression (XREF_FIG)."

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"Histone demethylase JMJD2C removed the H3K9me3 modification of MDM2 promoter, which promoted the expression of MDM2."

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"MDM2 induces CTL killing in endogenous MDM2-expressing tumors, whereas MDM2 induces less proliferation and differentiation of CTLs."

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"IRF8 binds to the MDM2 promoter inducing MDM2 expression."

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"Exogenous MDM2 expression in HCT116 p53 -/- cells downregulated levels of exogenously expressed SUV39H1 wt but not an MDM2 resistant SUV39H1 K87A mutant, confirming previous findings that lysine 87 is the site of ubiquitination by MDM2 (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."

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"The 2 proteins are linked by an autoregulatory loop in which expression of Mdm2 is induced by p53 and Mdm2 in turn targets p53 for proteosomal degradation."

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"Indeed, the nearby MDM2 promoter SNP285 is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with SNP309, overlaps with another Sp1 TFBS, and the SNP285*C allele reduces the binding affinity of Sp1, decreasing the levels of Mdm2 [17]."

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"A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP309) of MDM2 causes elevated MDM2 levels and an attenuation of p53 function."

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"The importance of MDM2 in neuroblastoma pathogenesis is further illustrated by studies which have observed that a SNP within the MDM2 promoter (SNP309 T to G) that can lead to higher expression of MDM2 and greater inhibition of p53, is associated with poor survival in neuroblastoma, in particular stage 4 patients with MYCN amplification."

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"A functional variant in the MDM2 gene promoter, single-nucleotide polymorphism 309 (SNP309) T> G (rs2279744), has been reported to cause an increase in MDM2 protein levels and impairment of p53 tumor suppressor activity, which may be associated with the development of cancer."

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"The presence MDM2 SNP309 G/G may lead to the overexpression of MDM2 and therefore cause downregulation of p53 in an effective manner and render mutational inactivation of p53 unnecessary."

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"As shown in Figures XREF_FIG, the transient transfection of MDM2 siRNA caused approximately 72% KD of MDM2 protein expression, decreased the cell growth, and strengthened the inhibitory effects of JapA on cell viability in MDA-MB-231 cells."

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"When exploring MDM2 expression in an additional database (HEMAP), MDM2 was clearly overexpressed in B-ALL compared with other hematological malignancies, supporting the strong idasanutlin responses in our drug panel (Suppl."

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"We also found that Mdm2 indeed plays a causal role in the process, since simultaneous deletion of one Mdm2 allele to reduce Mdm2 levels rescued defective Atm activation."

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"Notably, ATM mutations and MDM2 polymorphisms causing aberrant MDM2 expression have been shown to harbor prognostic relevance in CLL [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"The MDM2 T→G SNP, known as MDM2 SNP309, occurs in the intronic promoter and causes increased MDM2 expression and subsequent attenuation of the p53 pathway [15,23] ."

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"A polymorphism in the promoter of MDM2 at SNP309 (T>G) was shown to increase levels of MDM2 expression leading to diminished function of p53 [15]."

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"A MDM2 SNP at the 309th nucleotide in the first intron (rs2279744), with a T to G change, could increase the affinity for stimulatory protein 1 binding and result in increased MDM2 expression and subsequent attenuation of the TP53 pathway."

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"For those tumors expressing wild-type p53, their p53 functions are always inhibited through several different mechanisms, one of which is the overexpression of MDM2 caused by the amplification of MDM2[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Importantly, we created the MDM2 SNP309G from MDM2 SNP309T in human primary fetal RPE cells by using the technology of clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and found that the M[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Since p53 itself induces MDM2 transcription and expression, MDM2 functions as a negative-feedback inhibitor of p53.The effects of radiation and many chemotherapeutic agents are mediated via wild-type [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"As shown in Fig. 1 , HIPK2 expression induced p53Ser46 phosphorylation (lane 2) while MDM2 co-transfection induced HIPK2 downregulation and abolishment of p53Ser46 phosphorylation (lane 3); interestin[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Although the network components in tumor cells are not mutated as frequently as the p53 protein itself (≈50% of all human tumors), changes such as MDM2 gene amplification or overexpression of the MDM2 protein are observed in liposarcomas [ xref ]."

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"When DNA is damaged, p53 binds to the P2 promoter of Mdm2, which leads to increased Mdm2 levels and subsequent decreased p53 levels."

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"However, in any case this result indicates that MBP-HDM2 does not directly influence the active site in Chk2.We then analysed the effects of HDM2 with respect to Chk2-mediated phosphorylation of p53 b[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"To the contrary, MDM2 expression can be enhanced by activated p53 via induction of MDM2 promoter activity or by increased MDM2 protein stabilization."

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"A germline single nucleotide polymorphism of the MDM2 promoter increased MDM2 expression, increased cancer risk, and accelerated tumor progression [11]."

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"MDM2 amplification may lead to (over)expression of MDM2, although other mechanisms have been reported, e.g., germline single nucleotide polymorphisms."

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"T --> G single-nucleotide polymorphism at position 309 (SNP309) of mdm2 induces overexpression of mdm2, but inhibits p53."

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"We found that oroxylin A remarkably inhibited aerobic glycolysis in wt-p53 cancer cells and suppressed MDM2 mediated degradation of p53 through inhibiting SIRT3 modulated transcription of MDM2."

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"A polymorphism in the human MDM2 promoter was recently identified that modulates expression of MDM2 via binding of the transcription factor Sp1 [51] ."

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"Since a PROTAC MDM2 degrader efficiently reduces the levels of MDM2, they are much more potent and effective in inducing the activation of p53."

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"A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of MDM2 (SNP309T> G, rs2279744) has been shown to increase the expression of the MDM2 protein in various cancer types."

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"In breast cancer, the potential prognostic significance of Mdm2 or an Mdm2 promoter polymorphism (SNP309) that enhances Mdm2 expression has been inconsistent."

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"In solid tumours, MDM2 overexpression is caused by MDM2 gene amplification (Ladanyi et al, 1993)."

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"Two MDM2 SiRNAs and an MDM2 plasmid were transfected into HCs, which significantly decreased MDM2 mRNA expression or increased MDM2 expression but did not affect FASN mRNA levels (Supplementary Fig. 13a), suggesting MDM2 regulates FASN post-translationally.To date, post-translational regulation of FASN has been the primary focus of research."

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"The SNP309 is located at 309 base pair downstream from intron 1 in the promoter of MDM2 , which is utilized by both the p53 and RAS pathways to activate MDM2 transcription [20,21] ."

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"MDM2 Gene Amplification and Expression of MDM2 and CDK4 are Rare in Ossifying Fibroma of Craniofacial Bones."

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"On the basis of examining 522 cases and 712 controls, our data showed that MDM2 309GG, which increase MDM2 expression level in NPC tissue, and TP53 72Pro/Pro genotypes were statistically significantly associated with increased risk of NPC."

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"The Tc-A10 Aptamer–MDM2 siRNA chimera decreased MDM2 expression in PSMA-positive PCa cell lines."

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"MDM2 siRNA inhibited the expression of MDM2 in PCa cell lines in the presence of Lipo3000 ( Fig. 2 a )."

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"Namely, the MDM2-specific inhibitor reduced MDM2 and HIF-1α expression while increased pVHL expression (Figure 2D; Supplementary Figure S1C)."

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"Moreover, nutlin3a, an Mdm2 antagonist induces high levels of Mdm2 as well as HDAC3 both in H1299 and MCF7 cells ( Fig. 3 I; lane 1 vs. lane 4 and lane 5 vs. lane 8)."

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"In addition, overexpression of MDM2 enhanced the exogenous degradation of AR/AR-V7 protein by MDM2, while RAGAP1 expression reversed MDM2-mediated exogenous ubiquitination degradation in HEK293T cells (Fig. S3D-E)."

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"One feedback loop is between p53 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2, in which p53 activates Mdm2 expression and Mdm2 targets p53 for degradation."

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"It is totally unexpected that the protein level of both MDM2 and p53 is downregulated by MDM2 degraders based on ligands derived from Ugi reactions."

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"The HDM2 SNP309 G/G (rs 2279744) polymorphism with raised promoter recognition by Sp1 transcription factor elevates HDM2 expression and attenuation of apoptosis mediated by TP53 [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Moreover, ATM was observed to promote autodegradation of Mdm2 (26), which led us to test whether the strong elevation of phospho-ATM activity in response to high drug dose triggered more extensive Mdm2 autodegradation, thus restraining Mdm2 expression at a low level."

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"Together, p53 and Mdm2 function in a negative feedback loop, with p53 driving the transcription of mdm2 during times of normal homeostasis and maintaining low levels of p53 protein."

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"There are a number of pre-clinical studies demonstrating the promise of targeting MDM2 via PPIs in cancers with either high endogenous MDM2 expression or targeting MDM2 following induction of MDM2 expression via DNA damaging agents [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"A MDM2 single nucleotide polymorphism at the 309 th nucleotide in the first intron (rs2279744), with a T to G change, could increase the affinity for stimulatory protein (Sp) 1 binding and result in increased MDM2 expression and subsequent attenuation of the P53 pathway XREF_BIBR."

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"Hence, compounded effects of MDM2/TP53 loop and ER-α mediated MDM2 regulation in the presence of estrogen boost the level of MDM2 [65]."

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"The current regulatory model of HDM2 and p53 consists of an auto-regulatory feedback loop; MDM2 transcription is induced by p53 and MDM2 binds to the transcriptional activation domain of p53, thereby [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"It has further been reported that p53 protein can bind to a regulatory element in the first intron of MDM-2, which allows enhanced expression of MDM-2 [24]."

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"In conclusion, we have provided strong evidence that E/R abrogates p53 signaling through the direct induction of MDM2 expression, a cellular attribute that can be reversed in vitro by the inhibition of MDM2."

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"Additionally, binding Mdm2 to the XIAP IRES increases Mdm2 protein expression by preventing Mdm2 homodimerization."

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"Recent data suggested that MDM2 gene polymorphisms may contribute to increased MDM2 basal expression and increase cancer susceptibility."

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"Because of the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, MDM2, in AR-Ub and that another KDM4 family member, KDM4C, has been described to enhance MDM2 levels, we questioned whether MDM2 levels were affected by KDM4B."

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"As shown in Figure 5(a) , EBNA2 could activate this synthetic promoter, which contains only the p53-response element, suggesting that EBNA2 can activate the expression of p53-regulated genes.Next we t[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"MDM2 amplification results in overexpression of MDM2 protein and its increased binding to p53, inhibiting its function and causing p53 degradation [33,34,37]."

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"MDM2 amplification leads to overexpression of MDM2, promoting tumorigenesis by dysregulation of the p53 pathway (Figure 2B) (71)."

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"Consistent with this notion, p53 protein levels are not increased in normal unstressed tissues of mice bearing a hypomorphic mdm2 allele that only supports low levels of Mdm2 expression ( Mendrysa et [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"In 2004, Bond et al. reported that the GG genotype of MDM2 SNP309 can significantly increase the expression of MDM2 and thereby suppress the p53 pathway (12)."

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"Previous work has shown that p53 * hDM2 antagonists stabilize p53 levels and induce expression of the p53 target genes hDM2 and p21."

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"The MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism increases the affinity of Sp1 for the MDM2 promoter and causes overexpression of MDM2."

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"Mdm2 transgenic mice, in which the Mdm2 transgene was driven from its normal promoter to create an approximately 4-fold elevation in Mdm2 expression, have an increased incidence of cancer, but not until later in life."

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"In other words, the increase of p53 restored the decrease of MDM2 transcriptional activity caused by XBP1 suppression, resulting in the overall unchanged MDM2 mRNA expression level in XBP1 silenced HCT116 WT cells."

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"MDM-2 is transcriptionally regulated by p53, so high levels of p53 result in increased amounts of MDM-2, which lowers the levels of p53 and this in turn lowers the levels of MDM-2."

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"In addition, MDM2 expression is triggered in response to DNA damage, resulting in increased levels of the MDM2 protein."

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"Therefore, MDM2 represents a promising therapeutic target for alleviating I/R-induced AKI, and drugs targeting MDM2 that promote MDM2 expression and subsequently inhibit p53 may effectively ameliorate renal ischemia–reperfusion injury."

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"RNA interference showed that p53 knockdown increased the protein level of Gli1 but decreased the level of MDM2, and enhanced cell invasion and migration in wild-type p53 Capan-2 cells; whereas Gli1 or MDM2 knockdown did not change p53 expression, but decreased the protein level of MDM2 or Gli1, respectively, and inhibited cell invasion and migration in mutant p53 PANC-1 cells."

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"One study found that SNP309 in the MDM2 promoter could increase the affinity of transcription activator Sp1 and promote the expression of MDM2 RNA and protein, leading to subsequent inactivation of the p53 pathway, which was associated with accelerating cancers formation."

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"The results showed that MDM2 and p53 protein levels were increased in Lenti-Vector cells upon the addition of Nutlin-3a because Nutlin-3a suppressed MDM2 binding to p53, thus inhibiting the translocation and ubiquitination of MDM2 and p53, which subsequently increased MDM2 and p53 levels."

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"As shown in XREF_FIG, the expression of MDM2 in A549 cells was upregulated to 1.5 times that in the negative control group (P = 0.003) after inhibitor-miR1273f transfection, and mimic-miR1273f transfection significantly downregulated the expression of MDM2 to 2/3 of that in negative control group (P = 0.035)."

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"RPS27a knockdown increased the expression of MDM2 and p53 (Fig. 4E; comparison of lane 3 with lane 2 in lower panels), MDM2 ubiquitinated p53, whereas RPS27a knockdown inhibited this ubiquitination that led to p53 accumulation (Fig. 4E; comparison of lane 3 with lane 2 in upper panel)."

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"A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP309G) in the mdm2 promoter increases expression of Mdm2 XREF_BIBR."

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"The G-variant of the Mdm2 SNP309, which is located within the promoter of the Mdm2 gene, increases expression of Mdm2 and thereby inhibits the p53 pathway."

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"Together, P53 and MDM2 function in a negative feedback loop, P53, by binding to the MDM2 promoter, modulates the expression of MDM2 which in turn promotes the degradation of P53 and quenches cellular P53 activity [6]."

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"A T to G change of MDM2 SNP309 could increase the affinity of the transcriptional activator Sp1 with the promoter of MDM2, which could lead to an increased expression of MDM2 and a downregulation of the p53."

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"The Mdm2 promoter SNP309 was shown to increase Mdm2 expression and can, thereby, inhibit the p53 pathway."