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"Subsequently, a calcium wave is retrogradely propagated to the soma by voltage-dependent sodium channel activation of a transient calcium current. xref Calcium transients also correlate with regenerative growth and this growth depends, in part, on a dual leucine kinase-1 (DLK-1), a conserved member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, in Caenorhabditis elegans . xref This kinase has also been found to be required for growth cone formation and regeneration throughout the C. elegans life cycle xref and in drosophila. xref In mice, depletion of DLK-1 sensory neuron outgrowth in vitro and phosphorylation of c-jun in vivo are reduced. xref The effect of DLK-1 may be mediated by enhancement of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-1 (C/EBP-1) mRNA stability. xref Calcium, therefore, quickly signals acute axonal injury and, in part, initiates a regenerative response through DLK-1."

"Overall, the data supports a working model in which all four S4 segments contribute to voltage-dependent activation of the sodium channel."

"The S4 segments in each domain function as voltage sensors for voltage-dependent activation of the sodium channel."

"Interestingly, an even greater (25 mV) shift in the voltage-dependent activation of the rat α-subunit sodium channel is caused by a leucine to phenylalanine mutation in the S4 segment (the voltage sen[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"