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USP15 activates TGFB. 36 / 38
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"It has been shown that knockdown of USP15 in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes can impair TGF-beta and Smad-dependent growth arrest."

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"In this study USP15 was found to potentiate both the TGF-beta pathway and the related BMP pathway by targeting mono-ubiquitinated R-SMADs for deubiquitination."

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"The DUBs USP4, USP11, USP15, and UCH37 have previously been demonstrated to modulate TGF-beta pathway activity by directly deubiquitinating the TbetaRI, resulting in increased TbetaRI stability (XREF_FIG) XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR."

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"USP15 is known to promote stabilization of the TGF-beta receptor and its downstream signal transducers, known as receptor activated SMADS (R-SMADS), thus empowering the TGF-beta signaling [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"Mechanistically, we find that USP15 functions in a haploinsufficient manner and that loss of USP15 or SCAF1 leads to reduced inflammatory TNFalpha, TGF-beta and IL6 responses and increased sensitivity to PARP inhibition and Gemcitabine."

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"Mechanistically, USP15 can activate the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway and promote the progression of advanced malignant glioma by combining the SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 complex and deubiquitinating and thus stabilizing the TGF b type I receptor[13]."

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"In this respect it is important to note that while functional linkage of USP4 to the TGF-beta and SMAD pathway was shown by employing a breast cancer model, USP15 can enhance the tumorigenic effect of TGF-beta in glioblastoma."

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"USP15 Enhances TGF-beta Signaling by Deubiquitinating the Type I TGFbeta Receptor ALK5 The TGF-beta signaling pathway is involved in diverse cellular processes in both the developing embryo and the adult organism ; these processes include cell growth and differentiation , immune response , apoptosis , cellular homeostasis , wound healing , and many other functions ."

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"Conversely, the deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 reverses this modification and restores responsiveness to TGF-beta."

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"USP15 stabilizes the TGF-beta receptor as well as its downstream signal transducers , the R-SMADs , and enhances TGF-beta activity ."

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"By enhancing TGF-β signaling, USP15 promotes oncogenesis (27)."

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"In immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes , USP15 knockdown impairs TGF-beta / SMAD-dependent growth arrest but is required for TGF-beta-induced cell motility in metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells [ 48 ] ."

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"In line with these reports, we found that loss of USP15 in pancreatic epithelium leads to reduced TGF-β signaling and downregulation of inflammatory responses to cytokine and chemokines such as TNFα and IL6 signaling.In pancreas cancer cell lines, Peng et al. showed that USP15 regulates homologous recombination and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by deubiquitinating BARD1, thereby promoting BARD1-HP1γ interaction and increased BARD1-BRCA1 retention at DSB."

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"Besides ALK3 , USP15 also interacts with and deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated R-SMADs , causing enhanced TGF-beta and BMP responses in both mammalian cells and Xenopus embryos ."

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"USP15 can deubiquitinate type I TGF-beta receptor ( TbetaR-I ) and enhance TGF-beta activity ; and over-expression of USP15 is closely related to TGF-beta activation as well as a poor prognosis for glioblastoma patients ."

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"USP15 was reported to enhance TGFbeta signalling by binding to the SMAD7 and SMURF2 complex and deubiquitylating ALK5 in the process XREF_BIBR (XREF_FIG A)."

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"Moreover, Eichhorn et al. (2012) found that inhibition of USP15 decreased TGF-beta type I receptor and -phosphorylated Smad2 concentrations in these cells, thus corroborating the notion that USP15 sta[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"USP15 enhances the tumorigenic effects of TGF-β in glioblastoma (80), while USP4 promotes TGF-β-induced EMT and cell migration in breast cancer."

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"38, 39, 40, 41 For example, USP15 upregulates the TGF-beta pathway to promote cell proliferation in glioblastoma pathogenesis."

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"Both USP15 and USP4 stimulate TGF-beta signaling by deubiquitylating and stabilizing two key signaling molecules in this pathway, TGF-beta receptor I (TbetaRI) and R-SMADs, suggesting that these two closely related DUBs act in concert to modulate central signaling processes that are involved in oncogenesis and innate immunity."

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"Taken together, USP15 can enhance TGFbeta signaling by opposing both TGFbeta receptor polyubiquitination and R-SMAD monoubiquitination, which may contribute to tumor progression."

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"USP15 is reported to activate TGF-β signaling by deubiquitinating and stabilizing the TβR-I demonstrating its crucial role in oncogenesis ( Eichhorn et al., 2012; Iyengar et al., 2015; Niederkorn et a[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"USP15 directly interacts with SMAD7 and other SMAD family members to deubiquitinate and stabilize type 1 TGF-beta receptors , promoting TGF-beta signaling ( 40 , 41 ) ."

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"Our results indicated that USP15 stimulated TGF-beta and SMAD2 signaling and the cartilage phenotype."

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"Herein, we first revealed that USP15 could promote wound healing by enhancing the proliferation and migration of HDFs and activating the TGF-β signaling pathway, thereby providing a novel therapeutic [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"14 We demonstrate herein, for the first time, that USP15 can directly modulate wound healing by stabilizing TBR1 and maintaining the TGF-β signaling pathway, which represents a novel regulatory mechan[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Galant et al. indicated that overexpression of USP15 in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts increases response to TGFβ1, leading to fibrosis."

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"Although the mechanisms by which USP15 acts on TGFbeta and BMP signalling proposed in this study differ from those described above, the fundamental observations that USP15 enhances both TGFbeta and BMP signalling are consistent with studies described above XREF_BIBR."

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"In addition, USP15 increases TNF-α− or IL-Iβ-induced NF-κB activity, which results in enhanced inflammatory responses by stabilizing the TGF-β activated kinase 1 binding proteins TAB2/3 ."

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"USP15 is known to be involved in the signalling pathway of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which is a key factor in kidney fibrosis, and promotes the activation of TGF-β [37]."

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") Considered together, these results demonstrated that USP15 could enhance TGFβ1/Smad signaling."

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"Then, cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with TβRI antibody and the ubiquitination of TβRI was detected by immunoblotting, http://links.lww.com/PRS/E648.] The above-mentioned evidence indicated that USP15 interacted with TβRI and deubiquitinated TβRI to enhance TGFβ1/Smad signaling."

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"[103] reported that USP15 depletion in glioblastoma TICs resulted in decreased TGF-β signaling and tumor-forming capacity."

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"These results demonstrated that USP15 could enhance TGFβ1/Smad signaling."

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"USP11 targets the effectors of canonical TGFβ signaling, such as SMAD7 and ALK5 [37], while USP15 enhances TGFβ and BMP responses and regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling [38]."

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"In addition, USP15 also promotes TGF-beta and BMP signaling by opposing monoubiquitylation of R-SMADs, thereby allowing activated R-SMAD-SMAD4 complexes to recognize target promoters [XREF_BIBR]."