IndraLab
Statements
reach
"In a Syrian golden hamster model of diet-induced insulin resistance combined with infusion of GLP-1, secretion of insulin in plasma increased as did expression of insulin mRNA, while ApoB-48 protein levels decreased [186], indicating that the expression of insulin affects ApoB-48 protein expression."
reach
"Two weeks of insulin therapy (euglycemia) starting six weeks after the onset of diabetes, increased body mass and plasma insulin level, and lowered blood glucose,% hemoglobin glycosylation, serum SSAO, and thiobarbituric acid reactants to near control, non diabetic levels, establishing that seen were the result of diabetes and not from STZ toxicity."
reach
"First of all the authors showed that the HF-diet-fed mice exhibited more adipose tissue, glucose and insulin intolerance, increased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, augmented blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, and elevated homeostatic model assessment ofL."
reach
"High insulin antibody concentration can lead to inappropriately elevated serum insulin levels leading to hypoglycaemia.Plasma exchange and B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and immunosuppression with high dose glucocorticoids are effective in reducing serum insulin levels and hypoglycaemia in insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS)."
reach
"Insulin tolerance tests at week 7 showed that both insulin treatments significantly reduced glucose concentrations and increased insulin levels compared with the Sham group, CRI significantly reduced glucose at 4 and 6h relative to Reg-In (P < 0.05), suggesting the effects of CRI on reducing glucose last longer than Reg-In."
reach
"In any case, this strategy is analogous to the minimal injection strategy, except that the order of introduction of agents is important, with troglitazone having the greatest efficacy in reducing insulin levels, metformin second, acarbose third, and then sulfonylurea and insulin secretagogues increasing peripheral insulin levels less than injected insulin."
reach
"Using a novel form of insulin conjugated with chromium - CRI and Reg-In treated KKAy mice, we observed that both insulin treatments significantly reduced glucose concentrations and increased insulin levels compared with the Sham group, and there was no difference in glucose levels in 2h between two insulin groups."
reach
"Insulin secretory capacity was reduced by 60% in vitamin D receptor knockout mice[152] with increased post-challenged blood glucose but normal fasting blood glucose concentration and reduced insulin mRNA levels in pancreatic islets but normal pancreatic beta cell mass, islet architecture, and islet neogenesis when compared to wild type mice."
reach
"Insulin secretagogues: ① sulfonylureas (Müller et al., 2002): these drugs lower blood sugar levels by promoting the release of insulin from islet beta cells and ② non-sulfonylurea short-acting insulin secretagogues (Schwarz et al., 2008): these medications reduced PPG by stimulating early-phase insulin secretion."
reach
"Some suggest that hepatic deposition of lipid is not a primary process but a " normal " response to elevated circulating insulin levels induced by muscle insulin resistance and thus that hepatic steatosis, typically found in obese adolescents with the metabolic syndrome, is the result and not one of the culprits of the adverse metabolic phenotype characteristic of insulin resistant individuals."
reach
"128
Madecassoside improves insulin sensitivity in pancreatic cells to promote glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and to enhance expression of insulin signalling proteins without any cytotoxic effects, making it a favourable drug compound in targeting type 2 diabetes mellitus."
reach
"Later studies have also confirmed the above findings, where gestational low protein (6% vs. 20% in control) in rats led to insulin resistance in adult offspring by involving an inadequate insulin induced phosphorylation of the Insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt substrate of 160kDa (AS160) as well as an impaired GLUT4 translocation and the corresponding increases in glucose and insulin levels when subjected to an IGTT (Blesson etal., 2014)."
reach
"An in vivo study showed that insulin levels are lower in vitamin D-deficient or vitamin D receptor-insensitive mice, and vitamin D supplementations can improve insulin production.15 Previous in vitro studies showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 promotes insulin release from pancreatic islets.16 Furthermore, in a non-randomized study consisting of 10 women with T2D (of which 7 women had vitamin D deficiency at baseline), first-stage insulin secretion during intravenous glucose loading increased to 34% from baseline after 1 month of oral cholecalciferol (D3) 1332 IU/D treatment."
reach
"Insulin resistance was defined as fasting insulin> 10mU/ml, or HOMA-IR> 1.66, or abnormal insulin release curve (insulin peak more than ten times the basic value; insulin peak delayed to 1h after taking sugared water; area under the insulin curve increased; insulin level not returning to the normal fasting level 3h after taking sugared water), but with normal fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance levels [XREF_BIBR]."
reach
"However, inoculation of such SV40 transformed pancreatic cells into immunodeficient rats results in tumours in which insulin production was partially restored through the passage in vivo, since the tumour cells contained and synthesized small amounts of immunoreactive insulin which co-migrated with an insulin marker on gel chromatography."
reach
"Glucose stimulated insulin levels (10m) were significantly increased compared to fasting insulin levels in the VSG mice at both 10d and 70d after surgery, while there was no change in plasma insulin in the controls (Figure 3B,D).3.3
VSG induces sustained elevations in islet glucose sensitivity."
reach
"Similarly, the amount of glucose needed to maintain plasma glucose concentrations during a 2-hr insulin infusion designed to increase the basal insulin level by 114 pM/L (16 muupsilon/ml) was lower in GDM subjects compared to normal and obese subjects, with the greatest glucose infusion rates observed in normal subjects."
reach
"Despite whole body insulin resistance, in isolated vastus lateralis muscle, basal and insulin stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport, as well as protein expression of the insulin or exercise-regulatable glucose transporter, GLUT-4, and glycogen content were comparable between the patients and controls."
reach
"However, very few peripheral insulin can access the brain through the BBB in T2D due to the hyperinsulinemia and brain insulin resistance (Arnold et al. 2018; El Khoury et al. 2014; Freude et al. 2005), which was also proven in our animal experiments, as subcutaneous insulin injection failed to remarkably increase the insulin level in CSF (Figs."
reach
"Furthermore, research with isolated human islets has consistently shown that beta-cells from type 2 diabetic subjects display several defects that include reduced insulin content, diminished insulin mRNA expression, and decreased, or absent, first-phase insulin secretion in response to glucose."
reach
"In this method, the antibodies fixed to the test tube may be saturated with insulin when the serum insulin is too dense, and unbound insulin and signal antibodies may be combined, leaving only a small amount of signal antibodies after washing, thus causing an underestimation of the insulin level, referred to as the high-dose hook effect."
reach
"These findings suggest that lower levels of these vitamins are associated with higher blood glucose levels and greater insulin resistance.Studies have shown that vitamin D promotes the process of glucose transport and maintains normal glucose homeostasis in the human body by stimulating the expression of insulin receptors on cells (19)."
reach
"Current therapeutic strategies aim at optimizing glycaemic control through various modalities: (i) increasing the availability of circulating insulin (through the administration of exogenous insulin or drugs that promote the secretion of endogenous insulin), (ii) improving tissues sensitivity to insulin, (iii) delaying the absorption of carbohydrates in the gut and (iv) promoting the urinary excretion of glucose."
reach
"Third, we could not measure the INS levels in CNS directly; therefore, it is possible that the 40 units INS caused the heterogeneous elevation of INS levels in CNS among the subjects, and the differences in the INS levels in CNS might have affected the results in the present study; however, we adopted the INS dose according to that used in a previous report, which verified the high INS levels in CSF using the same dose of INS as that administered in our study [13]."
reach
"PAK1 plays an unforeseen and beneficial role in beta cells by promoting insulin biogenesis via enhancing the expression of PDX1, NEUROD1 and INS, along with anti-apoptotic effects, that culminate in increased insulin content and beta cell mass in vivo and ameliorate diet-induced glucose intolerance."
reach
"Evidence for the key role of insulin in androgen production in obesity and hyperinsulinemia is the significant reduction in testosterone and androstendione concentrations, following weight reduction, decreased insulin levels, and improved insulin sensitivity in patients treated with diet and pharmacological therapy [26,27,28]."
reach
"Insulin infusion markedly increased plasma insulin levels at the end of the clamp for both genotypes (0.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.7 +/- 0.4 ng/mL for basal vs. insulin stimulated conditions in Stk25 -/- mice [P < 0.01] and 1.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.8 +/- 0.3 ng/mL for basal vs. insulin stimulated conditions in wild-type mice [P < 0.01]), with no significant differences between the genotypes."
reach
"As an outcome, the pancreas produces more insulin is being produced to recompense for the diminished sensitivity which leads to advanced insulin levels in the bloodstream called hyperinsulinemia.Diosgenin has been explored for its anti-diabetic activities and its latent to advance insulin sensitivity."
reach
"During the test period, low-dose insulin infusion kept plasma insulin at basal levels in C and C (TG) and high-dose insulin infusion increased plasma insulin levels about 6 times the baseline insulin level in C. Glucose infusion rate (GIR) was significantly higher in rats with high insulin infusion than those with low insulin infusion."
reach
"By means of a primed-continuous insulin infusion (100mU/kgmin -1 within 3min, then 3.5 mU/kgmin -1, Humulin-R, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis), insulin levels were acutely raised and maintained at a physiological level until 120min (" steady state " conditions, pmol/l : 372 +/-86 Irp2 -/- vs. 374 +/-64 in WT), as previously described XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
reach
"In addition, insulin acts both directly as a gonadotropin, enhancing LH activity by stimulating the expression of LH, insulin, and IGF (insulin-like growth factor 1) receptors on granulosa cells, and indirectly, by impairing the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis."
reach
"Similarly, prenatally testosterone-treated female sheep exhibited elevated fasting insulin and glucose-stimulated insulin hypersecretion at 5 weeks of age, without an evident difference in the rate of glucose disappearance after exogenous insulin administration (Recabarren et al. 2005)."
reach
"Nonetheless, given that intranasal insulin delivery in 30 min is sufficient to elevate insulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid, these findings are in line with previous reports in rats and dogs, suggesting that direct brain insulin infusion lowers plasma glucose levels independently of changes in food intake."
reach
"Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with EDEM1 show decreased glycemia values, increased glucose tolerance and higher serum insulin.Several studies reported that insulin gene transcription is down-regulated in diabetic animals, thus impairing proinsulin and insulin expression."
reach
"Poor diet will cause an increase in blood glucose, a small fluctuation in blood glucose can trigger a huge change in insulin-producing cells thus causing an elevation in insulin levels, causing hyperinsulinemia to be the primary symptom of insulin resistance in its early phases [8]."
reach
"An attractive hypothesis that could explain the differences in IR isoform localization and function in the selective insulin dependent up-regulation of insulin and betaGK gene expression via IR-A and IR-B, respectively, is signal transduction from different microdomains within the beta-cell plasma membrane."
reach
"The efficient insulin release is supported by the synthesis of a higher amount of insulin that is stored in the granules of these EDEM1 overexpressing cells.To investigate the events leading to the increased insulin content within these cells, we determined the amount of proinsulin level at steady state and found that besides insulin, the proinsulin content was also higher in most of the EDEM1 containing clones of INS1-E cells stably transduced with EDEM1."
reach
"XREF_BIBR A single exercise bout reversed the insulin sensitivity of diet induced obese rats and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and s nitrosation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1/protein kinase B, accompanied by an increase in the activity of 5 ' adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)."
reach
"The insufficient secretion of endogenous insulin caused by the increase in oxidative stress leads to a metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus and for the decrease in the low blood glucose levels the cerium oxide nanoparticle when combined with the sodium selenium, leads to a decrease in the ROS levels and increases the secretion of insulin."
reach
"These alterations might be primarily attributed to the longer consumption of a high-sucrose diet, since glucose elicits insulin release toward its own uptake by insulin-sensitive tissues, whereas fructose is promptly uptaken by hepatic GLUT-2 in an insulin-independent manner [44]."
reach
"Some of the beneficial effects of cathepsin K knockout on cardiac hypertrophy may be attributed to its ability to alleviate insulin resistance, as evidenced by inhibition of high-fat diet induced elevated cardiac phospho-Akt and insulin receptor-beta, reversal of the blunting of cardiac insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation, and increased insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation and improved serum glucose and insulin levels."
reach
"Since adiponectin increases, while resistin and pro-inflammatory cytokines decrease insulin sensitivity, altogether these changes in the cytokine and adipokine expressions decrease whole-body insulin sensitivity leading to compensatory increases in circulating plasma insulin levels and later to the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus ."
reach
"However, another study found that patients with regular insulin use presented with better memory function after 2 and 4 months compared with patients receiving a placebo; this is likely because insulin administration increases brain insulin levels and improves memory and cognition in MCI or early stages of AD, which leads to enhanced Abeta clearance from the brain."
reach
"Therefore, maintaining the stability of insulin levels and blood glucose is the key point for diabetes, but increase the insulin levels and glucose metabolism in the brain is more important in AD.Glucose was transported into the cells by GLUTs and phosphorylated by mitochondria-bound HK to initiate glucose metabolism."
reach
"Insulin resistance appears to have a pivotal role with multiple studies demonstrating significant associations between altered lipid metabolism and insulin level, which may be induced in part by the insulin medicated stimulation of lipolysis and altered expression of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
reach
"In light of these considerations, we utilized insulin’s effect on expression of genes in lipogenic pathways to assess hepatic insulin resistance.Ad libitum intake of the HF diet suppressed the effects of an oral glucose load, used to raise plasma insulin level, on expression of some of the genes studied (Srebf1, Fasn, Scd1, Gck, Pck1, and Cpt1a)."
reach
"The results of this study show that the combination of glimepiride and recombinant human insulin injection increases insulin levels, and insulin can upregulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (IGF-1), so that IGF-1 increases synchronously, which is highly consistent with the results of Younossi's study."
reach
"Notably, FOXO1 signaling up-regulates the expression of Akt in the liver to mediate the induction of FGF21 as an available route to regulate insulin resistance.144 Correspondingly, both modalities can modulate blood glucose signaling and maintain energy balance regardless of the FGF21-dependent mechanism.144 145 For example, increased leptin content in the plasma of male mice and decreased cholesterol and insulin levels stimulated the expression of GLUT4 and insulin receptors and improved insulin sensitivity in the liver."
reach
"These data are also in keeping with a recent study in rats, in which experimental hyperinsulinemia (i.e., insulin infusion to raise insulin levels by approximately 66%) was started at age 28 days and continued for 4 weeks (encompassing the time of puberty, since vaginal opening occurred by 40 days of age)."
reach
"However, intraperitoneal application of streptozotocin (STZ), an inhibitor of insulin secretion, to the high-fat-fed obese-prone rats reduced their ability to potentiate bronchoconstriction after vagus nerve stimulation, which was reversed by restoring insulin levels to pre-STZ treatment level by acute or chronic insulin treatment."
reach
"The development of FK506 induced PTDM may be multifactorial : (1) insulin secretion impairment consequent to either decreased insulin expression or lower secretory capacity in beta cells; (2) altered glucokinase function, lowering the efficiency of glucose induced insulin secretion; (3) increased apoptosis in the islets; and (4) other uncharacterized effects."
reach
"Interestingly, it was shown that high peripheral insulin concentrations acutely increase the levels of insulin in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), whereas prolonged peripheral hyperinsulinemia leads to a down-regulation of IRs in the BBB and to a reduction in insulin transport into the brain."
reach
"To examine whether our ICV insulin injection protocol induced an increase of the insulin level in physiological ranges, we measured the OB and plasma insulin levels in both 22 h fasted and satiated animals receiving a NaCl ICV injection (respectively Fasted-NaCl and Satiated-NaCl animals) and in 22 h fasted animals receiving a 14 mU insulin ICV injection (Fasted-Insulin animals) (XREF_FIG)."
reach
"A summary of the effects of FGF21 therapy and DPP4 -- i is shown in Figure S1.It has been known that long -- term HFD consumption reduces insulin sensitivity in several organs which leads to increased plasma insulin levels.13 In this study, we also demonstrated that long -- term HFD consumption promotes inflammation and oxidative stress processes as indicated by higher circulating TNF-alpha- and MDA levels."
reach
"Initially, the pancreas responds to hyperglycemia or insulin resistance by increasing insulin biosynthesis and secretion from β-cells due to upregulated insulin expression and by expanding β-cell mass to maintain homeostatic glucose levels, resulting in hyperinsulinemia (Prentki and Nolan, 2006; Vasiljević et al., 2020)."
reach
"We recently showed that implementation of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in mice results in the release of exosomal miR-133b and other muscle-enriched miRNAs that then contribute to the improvement of metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity induced by exercise by decreasing the expression of insulin-regulated transcription factor forkhead box (FOX) O1 in the liver (Figure 2) [66]."
reach
"Measurement of serum insulin levels (XREF_FIG) confirmed that insulin treatment by minipump continuous infusion increased the circulating insulin levels of diabetic mice (STZ+INS and STZ+BOTH); and at the end of the study period, insulin values in these groups were not statistically different from control mice (1 vs. 4 or 2 vs. 6, NS); however, insulin concentrations in groups 1, 2, 3 and 5 reflect endogenous mouse insulin production, whereas values for groups 4 and 6 primarily quantify exogenous delivery of human insulin."
reach
"With increased glucose supply, the peak (at 0 h, P = 0.01) and increment of insulin (P = 0.02) were linearly increased in accordance with the significantly increased area under the curve in 240 min after infusion (P = 0.05), indicating a sustained high level of blood insulin in high glucose supply (G80 and G100) compared with low glucose supply (G0 and G20)."
reach
"For instance, administration of leptin into the brain ventromedial hypothalamus stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation in multiple tissues, including the heart, and this effect appeared to be independent of insulin since CNS leptin administration did not increase plasma insulin levels [22]."
reach
"Moreover, oral insulin pharmacokinetics are like the pharmacokinetics of endogenous insulin, thus allowing the modulation of insulin blood levels similar to physiological secretion.Nanoformulations for gene delivery and cell therapy may stimulate insulin production in β-cells or β-like cells through controlled gene expression or cellular reprogramming."
reach
"However, insulin therapy alone fre-quently causes increased body weight in NIDDM patients.Lipids : Whereas the reduction in insulin requirements may lower peripheral insulin levels and reduce the development of macroangiopathies [4], some authors reported a fall in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in patients receiving a combination of sulfonylureas and insulin [20,37]."
reach
"In fact, the acute administration of insulin to humans and rodents produces an improvement in cognitive processes and memory [103,104,105,106,107] as well as an increase in the expression of insulin receptors in the dentate gyrus, leading to better performance in spatial memory tests [106,108]."
reach
"Glucose fed rats displayed higher plasma levels of glucose and insulin, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, enhanced production of superoxide anion (O 2 *-) in the heart and aorta XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR and pain polyneuropathy as assessed by the presence of tactile and cold allodynia XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
reach
"However, these mice appeared to be in a state of insulin resistance exhibiting two-fold raised plasma insulin levels, decreased triglyceride hydrolysis and increased fat deposition in adipose tissue, as well as delayed glucose clearance due to slower uptake in skeletal muscle [XREF_BIBR]."
reach
"Insulin resistance in the classical target organs for this hormone (liver, muscle, and adipose tissue) leads to increase circulating levels of insulin, which would then have amplified effects on other tissues, with the kidney being particularly sensitive, as it is by far the most perfused organ of the body."
reach
"However, dietary glycaemic scores, which only reflect carbohydrate intake, may be suboptimal indicators of insulin response since protein and fat intake can also increase insulin secretion.A novel insulin score was therefore developed to quantify postprandial insulin response for various food items, including those with low or no carbohydrate content (Holt et al, 1997)."
reach
"In part III of the experiment both insulin and somatostatin were infused for the final 2 h. Plasma insulin levels were increased by insulin infusion (to 0.1476 to 0.1290 i.u./l for parts I and III respectively) and were reduced by somatostatin infusion in part II (to 0.006 i.u./l) relative to the basal periods (mean 0.021 i.u./l)."
reach
"Previously, it was established that intraperitoneal glucose administration leads to an increased glucose excursion and a largely absent insulin excursion compared to oral administration, which leads to the incretin potency potentiating glucose-induced insulin release.35,36 The effectiveness of glibenclamide and aqueous extracts may be linked to insulin release due to the excessive glucose concentration in the blood or the stimulation of peripheral glucose utilization."
reach
"Insulin therapy is commonly initiated with a strategy to increase a patient 's endogenous basal insulin level with injected basal insulin, administered as a once-daily, long acting insulin analogue preparation or as an injection of intermediate acting human insulin administered once- or twice-daily (XREF_FIG)."
reach
"Notably, the β-cell-specific Chop gene depletion mouse model produced similar results to mice with reduced insulin synthesis, in that the pancreatic β-cells not only show reduced ER stress but also had reduced insulin mRNA expression and delayed insulin secretion under physiological glucose levels138."
reach
"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR It is also known that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which are problems associated with type 2 DM, can induce low insulin levels in the central nervous system which are closely associated with the onset of AD through reduction of cerebral blood flow, accumulation of amyloid-beta, phosphorylation of tau protein and so on."
reach
"Intranasal insulin has been shown to increase central brain energy levels in healthy subjects.33 Under PET imaging, intranasal insulin can increase glucose levels and restore glucose metabolism in multiple regions of the brain, thereby improving cognitive function.34 Furthermore, intranasal insulin notably increased the central insulin levels in our study, which may contribute to reducing brain insulin resistance."
reach
"Both insulin and A2AAR agonist treatments significantly increased serum insulin level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, bone expression of osteoprotegerin (Opg) and β-catenin (Ctnnb1), and cortical and trabecular bone thickness, whereas they decreased serum fasting glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), bone expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl), runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), and sclerostin (Sost) versus the untreated DIO groups."
reach
"Follow-up studies will need to be performed to test varying doses of ICV insulin and identify the lowest concentration of insulin in the CSF that is necessary to negatively impact insulin BBB transport.One way the insulin BBB transport rate for I-insulin can be decreased is by an increase in endogenous serum insulin level since this transport system is saturable [11], and the endogenous insulin would compete with the I-insulin for transport."
reach
"In 1922, it was discovered that isoelectric precipitation of insulin could be forced, allowing large quantities of relatively pure insulin to be extracted.1 By late 1923, insulin was relatively plentiful in North America, with 20000–25000 American children receiving insulin from about 7000 physicians.1
Over the next few years, insulin manufacturing also began in Europe."
reach
"Intranasal administration of human insulin (28 U, 1 mg) mixed with fractionated sodium polystyrene sulfonate powder (an anionic resin with a particle size of 20-45 microns) caused a rapid increase of the plasma insulin level 413.0 +/- 71.7 microU/ml (mean +/- S.D.) after 15 min, while intranasal administration of insulin alone caused little increase."
reach
"Elevated circulating insulin level induced by insulin resistance could contribute to the development of endometrial cancer by promoting cell proliferation through the PI3K and AKT and Ras and MAPK pathways and leading to changes in sex hormone levels in direct or indirect way XREF_BIBR."
reach
"Given that ligation of the pyloric sphincter greatly attenuated the stimulation of PS in the skeletal muscle, it seems likely that intestinal nutritional sensing is involved and acts through an incretin‐insulin axis, where incretins, such as glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP1) or glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) released from enteroendocrine cells stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic β‐cells."
reach
"Indicators such as triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin are important features for assessing obesity risk, this may be because there is a close relationship between high triglyceride levels and insulin resistance, insulin resistance can lead to fluctuations in blood sugar levels, further stimulating excessive secretion of insulin, elevated insulin levels can promote fat synthesis and storage ."
reach
"Elevated insulin reduces all major metabolic fuels such as glucose, stimulates tissue uptake of glucose, inhibits the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, inhibits hepatic production of ketone bodies, and promotes the deposition of fats and glycogen, thereby decreasing insulin levels and circulating fatty acid concentrations."
reach
"The fetal insulin hypothesis, established in 1998, proposes that low birthweight and T2D are two phenotypes of the same genotype , indicating that genetic variants of insulin-related traits can restrict growth in fetal life and increase the risk of T2D in adulthood by affecting insulin release and sensitivity in utero as well as later in life."
reach
"The two insulin deficiency clusters contained variant alleles that were associated with increased T2D risk and reduced fasting insulin levels; they differed from each other in terms of associations with high versus low proinsulin levels, which likely represent defective insulin processing versus defective insulin synthesis, respectively."
reach
"Reduced intestinal glucose absorption, improved insulin sensitivity, stimulation of glucose uptake by peripheral cells, increased insulin release from pancreatic β cells, and gluconeogenesis suppression are all proposed reasons for crocin's blood-glucose-lowering effects (Rajaei et al., 2013; Talebanzadeh et al., 2018)."
reach
"Osteocalcin knockout mice exhibited glucose intolerance, increased fat mass, insulin resistance, decreased expression of insulin target genes in liver and muscle, and decreased adiponectin gene expression in adipose [XREF_BIBR], while administration of recombinant osteocalcin increased insulin secretion, decreased blood glycaemia and weaken the development of obesity [XREF_BIBR]."
reach
"The defect of this regimen is that the evening injection of NPH insulin does not produce stable basal plasma insulin levels and often leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia between 0500 and 0800hours, Any attempt to normalize the fasting * blood glucose level by increasing the evening dose of NPH insulin is apt to lead to nocturnal hypoglycemia, which is often prolonged and asymptomatic."
reach
"Insulin resistance is characterized by the inability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose output, which is caused by sustained elevation of gluconeogenesis in the liver, and impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues, which is caused by defective glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) cell surface expression in these tissues [70]."
reach
"By mapping proteomics or transcriptomics data onto specific pathways, the developed model could be utilized to gain further insight into changes in GSIS, for instance in diabetic patients.Furthermore, this model can serve as a crucial component for physiological whole-body models of glucose homeostasis, allowing researchers to investigate the relationship between the potentiation of insulin release and glucose uptake by insulin-responsive tissues."
reach
"Concentrated insulin, which allows injection of the same amount of insulin in a smaller injection volume, may permit fewer injections, decreased injection site discomfort, and less frequent insulin pen changes, thus potentially less insulin wastage and/or fewer split doses [9, 10]."
reach
"To examine whether decreased insulin secretion during starvation is related to a change in the ability of insulin to inhibit its own secretion, plasma C-peptide was measured after plasma insulin levels were acutely raised by intravenous (IV) insulin infusion in a dose of 40 and 80 mU/M2/min in obese subjects before and after a 72 hour fast."
reach
"Another study showed the potential for combining ADSCs treatment with gene therapy by transducing ADSCs with a furin-cleavable insulin gene (INS-FUR), which led to enhanced insulin expression in the differentiated adipocytes, and alleviated hyperglycemia in diabetic mice [XREF_BIBR]."
reach
"Insulin resistance causes an increase in both plasma glucose and serum insulin levels.9 Hyperglycemia causes hyperosmolarity, leading to fluid shift from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment, which results in plasma volume expansion.10 Hyperinsulinemia causes an increase of sodium reabsorption from renal tubules, renin secretion, and sympathetic nervous activity.11 Thus, elevated circulating levels of both glucose and insulin themselves could be a direct mediator of BP elevation in insulin resistance."
reach
"Trials have been carried out on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), which produces a more physiological level of plasma insulin than conventional insulin therapy (58), and reduces time- 134 SIMON P. WOLFFaveraged glycemia (as judged by HbA1, levels), but with equivocal results with respect to the inhibition of progression of diabetic tissue damage."
reach
"In the HF groups with B. thetaiotaomicron or lactitol supplementation, the acute insulin responses were attenuated, showing decreased insulin levels at time point 1h, when compared to the fasting values of the same group [p = 0.0004 and p = 0.012, respectively (Student 's t-test)]."
reach
"MODY is characterised by non-insulin dependence, so these patients produce significant amounts of their own endogenous insulin (have positive C-peptide), and they do not have the autoimmune process associated with T1D (negative islet autoantibodies), whereas being C-peptide negative (i.e. insulin deficient) or having positive islet autoantibodies is characteristic of T1D."
reach
"In addition to regulation of insulin by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), there is transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational regulation of insulin production and stability which can modulate the amount of insulin that is contained within LDCGs of the beta cells (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)."
reach
"In the silk hydrogel, islets with both collagen IV and laminin showed a significant increase in beta-cell insulin gene expression, but not enhanced insulin protein secretion compared to islets in silk in the absence of ECM proteins (illustrated by XREF_FIG and XREF_FIG respectively)."
reach
"When the plasma insulin level of ob/ob mice was increased threefold by the administration of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, the in vitro stimulatory effect of insulin on [14C] glucose oxidation by adipose tissue isolated from these animals was not altered, suggesting that insulin induced receptor or postreceptor changes do not account for the increased insulin resistance produced by RCM-hGH."
reach
"There were few significant differences between diet groups with sucrose-fed mice having increased 15 min blood insulin levels compared to chow-fed mice, and increased insulin AUC compared to both chow and isomaltulose-fed mice, during pregnancy (p < 0.05 for all three comparisons)."
reach
"BAY 55-9837 stimulated glucose dependent insulin secretion in isolated rat and human pancreatic islets, increased insulin synthesis in purified rat islets, and caused a dose dependent increase in plasma insulin levels in fasted rats, with a half-maximal stimulatory concentration of 3 pmol/kg."
reach
"It is well known that insulin resistance (IR) can induce microalbuminuria, but an elevated fasting insulin level, which is an early clinical manifestation of IR, as a risk factor for microalbuminuria has not been clarified, so we investigated the association between fasting insulin level and the development of microalbuminuria in a general population."
reach
"Intratracheal administration of insulin in the form of an aerosol was able to produce a therapeutically effective blood insulin level and a significant hypoglycemic effect in both humans and rabbits (2), demonstrating the feasibility of such an administration mode to deliver insulin or other protein and peptide based therapeutic agents.While there is an ever increasing interest in developing pulmonary delivery systems for proteins, peptides, and vaccines (3), the mechanism of lung metabolism of protein and peptide drugs has not been thoroughly investigated."
reach
"In addition to regulation of insulin by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), there is transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational regulation of insulin production and stability that can modulate the amount of insulin that is contained within LDCGs of the β cells (7–12)."
reach
"The results of the present study, using the conscious beagle dog, demonstrate that inhaled insulin (INH; Exubera) provides better glycemic control during an intraportal glucose load than identical insulin levels induced by insulin (Humulin) infusion into the inferior vena cava (IVC)."
reach
"These indicated that CHS could significantly alleviate hyperglycemia and improve glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic mice.CHS improved insulin sensitivity As shown in Table 3, HFSD feeding significantly increased theserum insulin level and HOMA-IR value, and reduced QUICKI score, signifying the development of insulin resistance."
reach
"This clearly suggests the need for extreme caution while preparing food for diabetic individuals to ensure it has not just low GI but also a low insulin index to avoid raising insulin levels in the blood; high insulin concentration is associated with insulin resistance and cardiac risk."
reach
"Interestingly, alphaIRKO islets exhibited a significantly higher insulin gene expression in response to high glucose stimulation, and the addition of 100 nM insulin to the high glucose stimulation media further enhanced insulin gene expression in the alphaIRKO islets, but not in the controls, suggesting that beta-cells in alphaIRKO islets are more sensitive to insulin (XREF_FIG)."
reach
"This dispute highlights the significance of continuous research and monitoring in assessing the advantages and disadvantages of insulin sensitizers in managing T2DM.SecretagoguesSecretagogues enhance insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, targeting the reduced insulin secretion aspect of T2DM."
reach
"Insulin producing cells generated from embryonic stem cells, when treated with exendin-4, augmented their insulin expression more than five-fold [XREF_BIBR], suggesting the possibility that embryonic stem cells may express GLP-1 receptor and that GLP1 may have a role in recruitment and differentiation of progenitor cells during pancreatic development."
reach
"We conclude that (1) the pharmacokinetic behavior of regular insulin depends primarily on its route of administration; (2) continuous IV infusion of an insulin dose causes significantly higher serum insulin levels than the SC administration of the identical insulin dose, and (3) hyperinsulinemia caused by a square wave insulin infusion (12.8 U/hr; time : 0 to 17 minutes) requires more than four times longer to return to baseline levels following SC administration than after IV administration of the insulin."