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Hydroxychloroquine inhibits TNF. 57 / 57
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"Moreover, chloroquine (CQ), the precursor for HCQ, is found to decrease the production of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1 beta (β) and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytes (Jang et al., 2006)."
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"In high-fat diet-induced obese mice, HCQ decreased the hepatic levels of macrophage-specific genes [cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) and arginase 1 (Arg1)] and pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1)."
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"Hydroxychloroquine’s blockade of TNF-α has been associated with a reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease-associated events among patients with autoimmune rheumatologic disease [22] (age adjusted rate ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 – 0.85)."
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"HCQ significantly reduces the production of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-22 and TNF-α, Il-1, soluble CD8 and soluble IL2 receptors) and induces the normalization of complement activity [ 21 , 2[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"The role of antimalarial drugs in the treatment of SLE, and hydroxychloroquine in particular is to reduce the production of TNF-a induced by TLR7 and TLR9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells [18]."
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"HCQ has been shown to improve endothelialOcular Immunology & Inflammation Choroidal Thickness Changes in Rheumatoid Arthritis 5function in mice models.23 Moreover, treatment with HCQ is associated with a decline in serum ET-1 levels.23,24 24 Rahman et al. 25 reported that HCQ significantly reduced the production of TNF-alpha and ET-1."
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"In SLE and RA patients, HCQ affects TLR7 and TLR9 activation and decreases the percentage of DCs as well as their production of IFN-α (Sacre et al., 2012; Alves et al., 2017; Hjorton et al., 2018; Zeidi et al., 2019; Meng et al., 2022), IL-6 (Piconi et al., 2011; Hjorton et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2022) and TNF-α (Sacre et al., 2012; Hjorton et al., 2018; Han et al., 2020)."
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"In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, HCQ could inhibit phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production, but failed to affect PHA induced IL-6 production [29]."
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"In cultured plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells from healthy donors, HCQ blocked TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in pDCs but not in NK cells after stimulation by RNA containing immune complexes."
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"TLR signaling pathways stimulate cytokine production, and CQ and HCQ have been found to inhibit the production of various cytokines, including IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ, by mononuclear cells [17]."
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"HCQ and CQ inhibit major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II expression; production of IL-1, IFNalpha and TNF and interfere with cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity partly by accumulating in lysosomes and autophagosomes of phagocytic cells and changing local pH concentrations [XREF_BIBR]."
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"Hydroxychloroquine also reduces pro inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-alpha and IL-6, and decreases insulin resistance."
| PMC
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"QC significantly reduced TNF-alpha secretion from the dsRNA - ( P < 0.01 ) , imiquimod - ( P < 0.01 ) , and ssRNA - ( P < 0.001 ) stimulated PBMCs of CLE patients , whereas HCQ was not able to inhibit TNF-alpha production ( Figure 3a , 3d , and 3g ) ."
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"In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, HCQ could inhibit phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced TNF-α and IFN-γ production, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production, but failed to affe[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"The patient was started on hydroxychloroquine , which suppresses interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha , which can lead to control of the cytokine storm [ 9 ] ."
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"Studies have demonstrated that CQ and HCQ inhibited the production of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma and/or TNF-alpha (XREF_TABLE) [XREF_BIBR]."
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"In cultured plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells from healthy donors, HCQ blocked TNF-α and IL-6 production in pDCs but not in NK cells after stimulation by RNA-containing [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) reduce IL-1, IL-6, IFN-alpha and TNFalpha by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex (MHC II), antigen presentation and immune activation."
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"Thus, it has been demonstrated that hydroxychloroquine inhibits the cytotoxicity, proliferation and TNFalpha production resulting from allo-recognition."
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"We have demonstrated that HCQ causes a dose dependent reduction of the cytotoxicity, proliferation, and TNF alpha production resulting from allorecognition in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)."
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"Hydroxychloroquine has been suggested to reduce the risk of MAS in SLE patients (104), and it is speculated that hydroxychloroquine may reduce the production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and inhibit TLRs, thereby reducing the likelihood of developing SLE-MAS."
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"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine Chloroquine ( CQ ) and hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) reduce IL-1 , IL-6 , IFN-alpha and TNFalpha by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex ( MHC II ) , antigen presentation and immune activation ."
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"HCQ was found to relieve TNF-α–induced inflammatory dysfunction of RVECs and lessened the interaction between RVECs and T cells, further inhibiting T cell functions.LOX-1 is a membrane protein widely expressed on vascular endothelial cells."
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"Importantly , both SARS-CoV-2 [ 71 ] [ 72 ] and related coronaviruses , such as SARS-CoV-1 [ 73 ] and MERS-CoV [ 74 ] , may incur pulmonary damage through TNF - ( alpha ) [ 75 ] , which CQ and HCQ can down-regulate through p38 MAPK inhibition [ 76 ] ."
| DOI
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"[ 14 ] HCQ does not consistently inhibit tumor necrosis factor ( TNF-alpha ) , but blocks interleukin 1 ( IL-1 ) , IL-6 , and IFN-alpha production ."
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"HCQ interferes with antigen processing and presentation 14, decreases production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, and decreases proliferation and cytotoxicity resulting from allorecognition."
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"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine Chloroquine ( CQ ) and hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) reduce IL-1 , IL-6 , IFN-alpha and TNFalpha by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex ( MHC II ) , antigen presentation and immune activation ."
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"Differential suppression of NF-kappaB activation , TNF-alpha , and IL-6 by HCQ and QC could also affect antimalarial response in CLE patients ."
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"In this study, HCQ significantly reduced the elevation of Th1-type inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α induced by carvacrol."
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"Like chloroquine, its derivative, hydroxychloroquine, protects mice against lethal endotoxemia (XREF_FIG) and inhibits release of TNF-alpha (XREF_FIG) and HMGB1 (XREF_FIG)."
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"Hydroxychloroquine also has immunomodulatory effects, and has been reported to decrease IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IFN-alpha, and tumor necrosis factor [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"CQ and HCQ may inhibit the release of IL-6, IL-1B, and TNF-a and so cause a decrease in hepcidin and inhibit viral replication [32]."
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"The mechanism is not fully understood, but it is hypothesized that hydroxychloroquine decreases the production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which inhibits toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 7 and consequently lowers the likelihood of developing SLE-MAS (98)."
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"Previously, hydroxychloroquine was shown to down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, and TNFα) and NO production in murine M1 macrophages ( Bondeson and Sundler, 1998; Perecko et al., 20[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"In addition , hydroxychloroquine has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and can significantly decrease the IL-1 , IL-6 , TNF-alpha and TNF production through Toll-like receptor / NF-kappaB signalling ( 99,100 ) ."
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"It is well-known that increased TNF levels associate with disease exacerbations in SLE and in vitro data support that hydroxychloroquine decreases TNF-signalling by targeting the endosomal NADPH oxidase (34, 35)."
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"In addition, HCQ inhibits TNF-alpha and IL-1 production, which may be also possible mechanism contributing regression of CPL lesions (9)."
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"Hydroxychloroquine may down-regulate TNF-α, leading to HBVr."
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"This dichotomous effect (inhibition of CD4 T‐cell stimulation and promotion of CD8 T‐cell stimulation), which still needs to be demonstrated with chronic antimalarial use, may explain in part the paucity of opportunistic infections during antimalarial therapy.In vitro studies have shown that both chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine decrease the production of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IFN‐γ by mitogen‐stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (38)."
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"In vitro, HCQ also suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-12) secretion, promoted anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-beta 1 ) secretion."
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"We also detected the cytokine production in the supernatants of purified DCs stimulated with RA patient serum with or without HCQ, and we found that HCQ inhibited the secretion of IFN-alpha, but not TNF-alpha and IL-1beta (XREF_FIG D)."
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"HCQ interferes with the TLR7 and TLR9 signaling pathways, reducing the production of IFNalpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha [XREF_BIBR]."
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"Considering their pivotal immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potentials, CQ and HCQ are known to inhibit TLRs (TLR-3,7, 8 and 9); Interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma); T-cells (Th1, 2 and 17); TNF-alpha and interleukins (IL-1, 2, 6, 17, 22,) and act as a facilitator for IL-10."
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"Studies have demonstrated that CQ and HCQ inhibited the production of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma and / or TNF-alpha ( Table 1 ) [ 50 ] ."
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"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can inhibit the production of IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [71]."
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"HCQ is able to inhibit cytokine production in various immune cells, for example, the production of IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IFNγ by mononuclear cells and the production of TNF, IFNα, and IL-6 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and natural killer cells [7]."
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"Thus, HCQ blocked TNF-α and IFN-α production by pDCs, whereas I92 reduced TNF-α production in both pDCs and NK cells, as well as the IFN-α production by pDCs."
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"HCQ reduced the production of TNF-alpha in a concentration-dependent fashion ( Fig. 1 A )."
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"It is described that Hydroxychloroquine reduced the production of cytokines such as interferon -gamma, IL-6, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which modulate the adaptive immunity [24-26]."
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"Ligation of TLR7/8 resulted in increased histone methylation as measured by increased H3K4me2, a requirement for binding of NF-kappaB at certain promoters, specifically the kB1 region in the TNF promoter (ChIP-qPCR), which was significantly decreased by HCQ."
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"In vitro studies have shown that HCQ decreases the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes [12]."
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"Our in vitro experiments show that HCQ reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human microglia, including TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12."
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"The expression of cytokine genes TNF, IFNA2, CXCL8, CCL3, and CCL4 was significantly suppressed by I92, compared with only TNF and IFNA2 being suppressed by HCQ (Additional file 12)."
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"In vitro studies have shown that HCQ decreases the production of TNF-α, IL6 and IFN-α by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes [ 37 ]."
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"In addition, hydroxychloroquine has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and can significantly decrease the IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF production through Toll like receptor and NF-kappaB signalling."
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"Thus, HCQ therapy inhibits the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1, and IL-6 by mononuclear cells [24,27]."
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"It is reported that hydroxychloroquine may reduce TNF, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 production though the consistency and mechanisms of this effect are uncertain."
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