IndraLab

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"Studies in mice showed that IL-9 is likely to modulate vaginal response to Candida in a time-dependent manner, initially favoring inflammation via NLRP3 activation and then tolerance to the fungus by stimulating IL-1Ra production, mast cell (MC) engagement and macrophage crawling [106,107]."

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"In these patients, IL-9 levels correlated with clinical severity, IgE levels, and CCL17 levels, indicating an intimate relationship of IL-9 with classical mediators of T H 2 induced inflammation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"IL-9 blockade attenuates inflammation in a murine model of mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway ."

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"Th2 cells generate cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9 and IL-13, which mediate allergic inflammation."

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"IL-9 is mainly produced by T lymphocytes and mediates allergic inflammation in tissues such as the lung and intestine [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Furthermore, EBERs, viral RNA transcripts, activate the IL6 and STAT3 pathway and induce IL6, IL9, IL10 and IGF-1, which promote inflammation and growth [99,100]."

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"Here we show the induction of IL-9 producing ILC identified by an IL-9 specific reporter in a model of papain induced airway inflammation."

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"In a murine model of RSV infection, depletion of IL-9 enhanced clearance of virus from the lungs, and the authors concluded that IL-9 promoted a Th2-type inflammatory response [41]."

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"To examine the cytokine profile of CCR9 + Tm cells and determine whether it deviated toward the Th17 phenotype in SPMS, we sorted CCR9 + and CCR9 - Tm cells, stimulated them, and measured IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17A, GM-CSF, IFNgamma, and TNFalpha levels, which are known to modulate CNS inflammation."

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"To understand how IL9 induces IL13 dependent lung inflammation and mucus production, we sought the IL13 producing cells."

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"Furthermore, IL-9 has been proposed to induce the resolution of inflammation in arthritis by promoting type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) -dependent Treg activation [XREF_BIBR]."

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"XREF_BIBR Lung selective expression of IL-9 is known to cause airway inflammation characterized by infiltrating eosinophils and lymphocytes and pathologic changes including epithelial cell hypertrophy, mucus production, and increased subepithelial deposition of collagen."

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"IL-9, mainly produced by T helper 9 (Th9) cells, promotes allergic airway inflammation and remodeling through the interaction with its receptor (IL-9R)."

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"It is not clear whether IL-9 itself promotes intestinal inflammation, whether IL-9 impacts the production of additional cytokines from Th1 or Th17 cells that can promote intestinal inflammation, or whether Th9 cells directly acquire the ability to secrete other inflammatory cytokines in this model."

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"These Th2 lymphocytes produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 which mediate the inflammatory response in asthmatic airways by recruiting and activating additional Th2 cells and also mast cells and eosinophils."

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"Thisstudy provide evidence that the relatively high levels of IL-9 and MMCs observed in biopsies from patients with CD may promote inflammation driven intestinal dysbiosis to which tryptophan deficiency may contribute."

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"But additional discrete T helper cell subsets are involved in human allergy; Th9 cells, induced by TGF-beta and IL-4, secrete IL-9 which enhances the growth of mast cells, and can lead to inflammation in the lung and intestines, including intestinal anaphylaxis."

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"However, IL-9 probably promotes IBD by augmenting inflammation and impairing local tissue integrity and repair (XREF_FIG)."

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"Expression of Interleukin 9 in the Lungs of Transgenic Mice Causes Airway Inflammation, Mast Cell Hyperplasia, and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness."

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"However, overexpression of IL-9 was able to enhance asthmatic inflammation only in the presence of specific antigen since the transgenic mice had no evidence of eosinophilic inflammation in the absence of antigen challenge."

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"Intranasal challenge of IL9 Cre R26R eYFP reporter mice (XREF_FIG) with papain induces a robust T H 2-type lung inflammation as monitored by cell influx in the lungs (XREF_FIG) and cytokine production in the airways (XREF_FIG)."

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"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) promote allergic inflammation by producing interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-9 (IL-9), and interleukin-13 (IL-13)."

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"The tolerogenic cytokine IL-9 promotes T regulatory cell function and allergic airway inflammation, but it has not been extensively studied in cancer."

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"In addition, IL-9 induced an inflammatory response with recruitment of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages to both organs."

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"Recently, IL-9 has been demonstrated to promote pulmonary inflammation in cystic fibrosis by regulating the development of mast cells and CD25+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) [15]."

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"How does IL-9 promote inflammation?"

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"Other pathways were: Inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway (P00031, Fractalkine, MIP-1a, RANTES), Interleukin signaling pathway (P00036, IL-9) and Cadherin signaling pathway (P00012, E-Cadherin)."

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"Moreover, the results illustrated that pulmonary gammadeltaT and IL-9 + gammadeltaT cells increased considerably in asthmatic compared with normal mice, demonstrating that gammadeltaT cells may promote inflammation by IL-9 secretion."

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"Microbial control of basophil numbers may be of particular importance in light of a recent study demonstrating that IL-4 secreted from basophils controlled the function of lung natural helper cells and enhanced expression of CCL11, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 in a murine model of allergen induced airway inflammation XREF_BIBR."

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"Previous experiments have suggested that IL-9 promotes type 2 cytokine production by innate lymphoid cells in the lung and IL-13-deficiency inhibits the allergic inflammation initiated by an IL-9 transgene."

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"Both IL-9 and IL-33 also promote lung mast cell infiltration and augment allergic inflammation."

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"Interleukin-9 promotes mast cell progenitor proliferation and CCR2-dependent mast cell migration in allergic airway inflammation."

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"Lung selective expression of IL-9 caused massive airway inflammation with eosinophils and lymphocytes as predominant infiltrating cell types."

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"For example, IL-9 is involved in protective immunity to Trichuris muris infections 31, promotes Treg activation and prevents excessive cartilage destruction and bone loss in arthritis 32, and promotes tissue repair by amplifying ILC2 function in helminth induced lung inflammation 33."

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"On the one hand, IL-9 promotes inflammation and allergic reactions, mainly by recruiting macrophages, mast cells and eosinophils."

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"Conversely however, blockade of IL-9 inhibited the development of inflammation in recipients of Th2 cells."

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"In this scenario, IL-9 promotes allergic inflammation through effects on hematopoietic cells that then produce IL-13 to have direct effects on airway epithelium."

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"Transgenic expression of IL-9 in the lung results in allergic inflammation while blockade of IL-9 decreases allergic inflammation, mastocytosis and airway remodeling XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR as well as inflammation XREF_BIBR."

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"IL-9 Promotes Skin Inflammation in Mice."

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"XREF_BIBR Many studies have reported that IL-9 mediates allergic inflammation in human, although the precise mechanism of pathogenesis by IL-9 remains unclear."

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"Thus, depending on the context, deficiency of IL-9R or IL-9 may either lead to amelioration of Th17 mediated pathology such as EAE in vivo XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR or induce aggravation of inflammation and disease, reflecting the impaired Treg function XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."

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"Overexpression of IL-9 in murine models of asthma has been shown to cause airway inflammation with pulmonary infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes, airway obstruction, and mast cell hyperplasia [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"25 IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-9 and IL-13 mediate inflammation , whereas TNF-alpha and IL-1beta further amplify the inflammatory response ."

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"Important lymphokines are IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-14 and TNF-gamma.Prostaglandins are lipids that are made at sites of infection and tissue damage to produce inflammation and fever as part of the healing process.Acute-phase response is the term used for haematological, endocrinological and metabolic changes that follow (within hours or days) the onset of fever in response to infections or local damage to a tissue."
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"Interleukin-9 promotes allergen induced eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in transgenic mice."

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"These findings indicate the important role of IL-9 and Th9 cells in allergen induced late-phase airway inflammation."

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"Although livers from infected anti-IL-9 mAb treated mice appeared slightly shallower than the infected ones, no obvious difference in the size of a single egg granuloma in mice liver was detected between the two (P> 0.05), and these results differ from our findings in IL-17 blockage mice 7; which, indicated that the effect of IL-9 to induce inflammation in S. Japonicum infected mouse liver is limited, and may be related to the powerful function of IL-7 in recruiting inflammatory cells 27."

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"Adoptive transfer of OVA specific Th9 cells and recombinant IL-9 treatment were both sufficient to restore lung inflammation in butyrate treated mice, indicating that butyrate mediated effects were likely to be dependent on suppression of Th9 cells."

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"Both Th9 cell adoptive transfer and IL-9 treatment restored lung inflammation in butyrate treated OVA challenged mice, indicating that the anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate may rely on suppressing Th9 mediated immune responses."

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"30 In addition, the expression of IL-9 causes airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness."

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"These cells express the transcription factor PU.1, a factor required for T H 9 development, and mouse models have demonstrated that IL-9 enhances allergic airway inflammation and remodeling."

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"Th17 cells are crucial for the secretion of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-9, which promote the inflammatory response of keratinocytes as indicated by studies in cultured human keratinocytes and in an IL-17-treated reconstituted human epidermis model [XREF_BIBR]."

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"OVA and alum induced inflam mation develops in the absence of mast cells, and yet inflammation is diminished in mice treated with blocking antibody to IL-9 and in mice lacking PU.1 expression in T cells, which results in diminished Th9 cells."

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"The inflammation is stimulated by IL-9IL-9R on mast cells – innate lymphoid cells – Th9 pathway (117)."

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"Our results confirm that IL-9 promotes inflammation in psoriasis by up-regulating IL-17A production and support the clinical association of the immune response by streptococcal sensitized CLA + T-cells with this cytokine, especially in guttate psoriasis."

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"Suppression of IL-9 production inhibits IL-33-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation, highlighting its role in effectively proliferating and activating ILC2s."

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"IL-9 promotes inflammation by stimulating growth of hematopoietic cells, particularly mast cells, and the secretion of factors including chemokines that recruit additional cells to inflamed sites."

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"IL-9 expressing ILC2 cells have also been observed in a papain induced lung inflammation model; however, this expression was transient and transitioned to IL-5 and/or IL-13 expression over time."

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"IL-9 contributes to the development of psoriatic lesions, by inducing Th17 related inflammation and by promoting angiogenesis [XREF_BIBR]."

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"A number of studies showed that IL-9 has anti-inflammatory properties, whereas other studies found that IL-9 effectively promoted inflammation."

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"IL-9 and mucosal MCs contributed to barrier function loss, dissemination, and inflammation in experimental models of impaired intestinal barrier function and were upregulated in patients with CD."

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"(2017) identify interleukin-9 (IL-9) derived from group 2 innate lymphoid cells as crucial regulators inducing resolution of chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis."

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"Intradermal injection of IL-9 in WT mice induced local inflammation along with increased expression of IL-17A and STAT3 (XREF_FIG and XREF_FIG)."

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"T H 2 immune response is defined by the cytokines IL4, IL5, IL9, and IL13, which induce in turn a complex inflammatory response characterized by T H 2 subset of CD4 + helper T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and alternatively activated macrophages."

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"Furthermore, expression of IL-9 transgenes under the control of a lung specific promoter led to severe airway inflammation with infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes, mast cell hyperplasia, and [MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"Th17 cells have been shown to produce IL-9, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and TNF-alpha, promote inflammation, and play pathogenic roles in many autoimmune diseases [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"These findings suggest that bronchial epithelial cells may express IL-9 receptors, and that IL-9 may induce airway inflammation through the release of G-CSF from bronchial epithelial cells."

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"Previous studies have shown that under certain circumstances IL-9 can promote inflammation in acute models XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."

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"Interleukin-9 induces mucous cell metaplasia independent of inflammation."

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"IL-9 production by a subset of non invariant (type 2) murine CD1d restricted CD4 + NKT cells is associated with IgE production XREF_BIBR and antigen induced pulmonary inflammation and mast cell infiltration XREF_BIBR."

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"This has been further supported by data from IL-9-transgenic mice in which the overexpression of IL-9 in the lung causes airway inflammation, mast cell hyperplasia, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness."

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"In our experiments we have tested the effects of IL-9-IL-10 producing T cells in vivo in the RAG-1-deficient mice, in the absence of T reg cells; under these experimental conditions, IL-9 produced by the IL-9-IL-10 producing T cells may act only on the effector T cells and potentiate their pro inflammatory functions and thus induce more severe and unusual tissue inflammation (e.g., peripheral neuritis), which is not normally observed with the transfer of effector T cells alone."

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"IL-9 increases airway inflammation, mucus production, and mast cell differentiation, in large part by inducing other T H 2 cytokines."

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"IL-9 promotes inflammatory response in which Th2 cells are also involved."

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"On the other hand, IL-9 negatively regulates virus mediated inflammation and enhances the immunosuppressive activity of natural Treg, thus reducing the inflammatory response and protecting the body."

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"IL-9 mediates allergic inflammation in tissues other than the lung."

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"Recently, the generation of an IL-9 fate reporter mouse strain (IL9 Cre R26R eYFP mice) enabled us to identify ILC2s as potent producers of IL-9 in vivo in a model of papain induced lung inflammation."

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"Our results also support the idea that the repression of IL-9 expression by Blimp-1 in T cells is required to prevent severe airway inflammation."

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"IL-9 induced inflammation in mucosal epithelial cells and promoted colitis upon treatment with TNBS (20)."

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"These findings suggest that IL-9 is involved in the pathogenesis of VKH disease, and that IL-9 might also enhance the inflammatory response by increasing the secretion of IL-17, an established proinflammatory cytokine in VKH disease."

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"This is in contrast to the ability of Th9 cells to mediate eosinophilic inflammation, where blockade of either IL-9 or IL-13 diminished allergic inflammation."

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"These data suggest that IL-9 may promote and sustain eosinophilic inflammation via IL-5-driven eos maturation of precursors."

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"IL-9 enhances the growth of mast cells, and can lead to inflammation in the lung and intestines, including intestinal anaphylaxis."

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"In murine models IL-9 seems to be critical for the induction of allergic airway inflammation, as the administration of blocking antibodies reduced asthma features (165)."

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"We also observed that IL-9 treatment promoted higher inflammation and mucus production in butyrate treated mice when compared to animals not treated with IL-9 (XREF_FIG)."

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"Therefore, Blimp-1 deletion in T cells is sufficient to increase allergic lung inflammation, which is mainly mediated by IL-9, although cytokines of the Th2 profile, such as IL-5, are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation."

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"Interleukin-9 Blockade Suppresses Silica induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice."

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"Thus, defining the relevant IL-9-responding cells will be critical for understanding how IL-9 promotes inflammation."

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"XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR Recent studies have shown that IL-9 promotes inflammation principally by recruiting macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils."

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"Together, our results demonstrate that TSLP promotes Th9 cell differentiation and function and define a requirement for IL-9 in TSLP induced allergic inflammation."

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"Furthermore, transgenic overexpression of IL-9 in lung induced severe allergic inflammation and asthma 52."

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"Roles of IL-9 in S. japonicum infection induced hepatic granulomatous and fibrosing inflammation."

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"IL-9 and MCs also contribute to barrier function loss, dissemination, and inflammation in patients with celiac diseases."

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"Mechanistically in allergic disease models, IL-9 promotes all the major features of airway inflammation associated with asthma (17–20)."

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"Although it has been shown that IL-9 may promote IL-13-mediated lung inflammation and mucus production, we found no difference in the frequency of lung infiltrated IL-13-expressing Th2 cells in IL-9-treated mice, suggesting that other cells may have mediated the inflammatory process."

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"Previous experiments have suggested that IL-9 promotes type 2 cytokine production by innate lymphoid cells in the lungs , and IL-13-deficiency inhibits the allergic inflammation initiated by an IL-9 transgene ."

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"Soroosh and Doherty XREF_BIBR suggested that some effector Th2 cells may switch to Th9 cells and play a role in distinct aspects of chronic lung inflammation mediated by IL-9 in the presence of IL-4 and TGF-beta."

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"IL-9 has been identified in the airways of asthmatic patients and can induce bronchial hyper-responsiveness, elevated serum IgE, mucin synthesis and eosinophilic inflammation (Dong et al., 1999; Longp[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"

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"XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR The presence of IL-9 positively promotes T H 2 differentiation and lung inflammation because it was previously demonstrated in a transgenic murine model."

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"Many murine studies have demonstrated that IL-9 mediates allergic inflammation."

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"IL-9 is produced both by Th2 cells as well as the new subclass of T helper cells, Th9, and is known to enhance airway inflammation."

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"IL-17 (IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and possibly also IL-9 produced by Th17 cells promote inflammation by directly causing tissue injury and enhancing secretion of pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by resident cells."

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"Blocking IL-9 inhibits airway remodeling and mastocytosis in a model of chronic lung inflammation."

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"IL-9 blockade suppresses pulmonary inflammation."

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"Importantly, adoptive transfer of an enriched IL-9 (+) iNKT cell population leads to exacerbated allergic inflammation in the airways upon intranasal immunization with house dust mite, confirming the ability of IL-9-producing iNKT cells to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, as previously reported."

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"In mice, IL-9 blockade reduced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Given that IL-9 contributes to inflammation in the early phase of vaginal candidiasis, we asked whether a timely administration of an IL-9 neutralizing antibody could ameliorate vaginal pathogenesis."

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"To examine whether the increased IL-9 production contributed to airway inflammation in SPC-TSLP mice, transgenic and littermate control mice were treated with 10 mug and mouse anti-IL-9, 50 mug and mouse anti-IL-4, or control antibodies intravenously twice a week for 4 weeks beginning at 6 weeks of age, when the transgenic mice began to develop airway inflammation."

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"The most important implications of this report are that IL-9 promotes inflammation in the intestinal milieu, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting IL-9 activity in patients with UC."

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"Furthermore, EBERs, viral RNA transcripts, activate the IL6/STAT3 pathway and induce IL6, IL9, IL10 and IGF-1, which promote inflammation and growth [99,100]."

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"Interleukin-9 promotes mast cell progenitor proliferation and CCR2-dependent mast cell migration in allergic airway inflammation ."

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"Furthermore , EBERs , viral RNA transcripts , activate the IL6 / STAT3 pathway and induce IL6 , IL9 , IL10 and IGF-1 , which promote inflammation and growth [ 99,100 ] ."

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"Lung selective expression of IL-9 can promote airway inflammation due to eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration, epithelial cell hypertrophy, mucus production and deposition of collagen [XREF_BIBR]."

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"Our results demonstrated that IL-9 aggravated DOX induced cardiac injury and dysfunction by promoting the inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis."

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"IL-9 promotes allergic inflammation and is associated with various Th2 cell mediated responses, including mucus production from lung epithelial cells and pulmonary mastocytosis."

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"Although the difference did not reach statistical significance, likely because of the low sample size, this result supports the hypothesis that IL-9 might contribute to inflammation also in human VVC."

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"IL-9 promotes inflammation, mainly by recruiting macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils, with a detrimental role during autoimmunity."

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"In asthma, IL-9 increases ILC2 survival, Th2 cell responses, IgE production, and innate cell inflammation."

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"Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that IL-9 can directly induce metaplasia independent of inflammation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."

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"In mice, transgenic expression of IL-9 causes allergic inflammation [18,19] while antibodies against IL-9 ameliorates its development [20]."

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"In K5.hTGF-beta1 transgenic mice, exhibiting a psoriasis like phenotype, we found increased IL-9R and IL-9 expression in the skin and intradermal IL-9 injection induced Th17 related inflammation."

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"The inflammation is stimulated by IL-9 - IL-9R on mast cellsinnate lymphoid cells - Th9 pathway ( 117 ) ."

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"In summary, as shown in XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY Our study identifies an important IFN-gamma dependent regulatory process that serves to control IL-9 mediated autoimmune inflammation through its direct effect on T cells or by inducing IL-27 from DCs."