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MYC activates cell cycle. 430 / 436
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"AKT activation via growth factors promotes c-myc transcription and accelerates cell cycle progression through enhanced expression of D cyclins, and minimizes negative regulators of the cell cycle process such as p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 resulting in a faster exit from the G0 phase XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR."
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"In this system, as well as in human osteosarcoma cell lines, the antimitogenic effect of GCs is associated with either down-regulation of cell cycle stimulators such as CDK2, 4 and 6, cyclin D, c-Myc, and E2F-1, or upregulation of the cyclin dependent inhibitors p21 and p27 [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"Following on from previous studies within this laboratory (Bartlett et al, 1998, 1999; Watters et al, 2000, 2001) which associated specific chromosomal aberrations with recurrence or progression, we hypothesised that alteration of key cell cycle modulators c-myc and CCND1 via gene alterations drives progression of superficial and locally invasive TCC (pTa and pT1)."
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"The ectopic overexpression of let-7g in OVCAR3 and HEY-A8 EOC cells induced i) a down-regulation of c-Myc and cyclin-D2 thus promoting cell cycle arrest, ii) a reduction of Vimentin, Snail and Slug thus counteracting the progression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, iii) a chemosensitization to cis-platinum treatment."
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"To examine whether Chk1 activity contributes to MYC mediated proliferation, we employed conditional MYC-ER expressing MCF-10A cells, that after serum starvation are driven to MYC induced cell cycle progression by nuclear translocation of MYC-ER fusion protein in response to tamoxifen treatment."
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"PKM2 dependent H3 phosphorylation facilitates the dissociation of histone deacetylase 3 from CCND1 and MYC promoters, resulting in subsequent acetylation of H3 at Lys9 and EGF induced cyclin D1 and c-Myc transcription, which promotes cyclin D1 dependent cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis [XREF_BIBR]."
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"When activated by estrogen, ERalpha, as a transcription factor, can induce the expression of cyclin D and c-myc to promote cell cycle in its genomic action and can activate multiple pathways such as the ERK and AKT pathways to induce mitogenesis in its non genomic action XREF_BIBR; XREF_BIBR."
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"The in vitro experiments confirmed that the i-lncRNA expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines, mainly through upregulating the expression of PTEN, p27 kip1, TIMP3, RECK and downregulating the expression of p38 and MAPK, survivin, CDK4, c-myc."
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"In detail, compared with ov-THAP11 transfection alone, cotransfection of ov-c-Myc with ov-THAP11 significantly upregulation of c-Myc mRNA levels (Figure 5(a)), promoted cell proliferation (Figures 5(b) and 5(c)), and cell cycle progression (Figure 5(d)), while inhibited apoptosis (Figure 5(e))."
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"Specifically, Myc promotes proliferation by transcriptionally repressing cell cycle inhibitors, such as p15, p21 and p27, while transcriptionally activating genes, such as nucleolin (NCL), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2/aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase (CAD), and Cyclin D2 (CCND2) that are needed for ribosomal assembly, polyamine generation, pyrimidine synthesis, and cell cycle progression, respectively."
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"Further, let-7 family members functionally inhibit the mRNAs of well characterized oncogenes, such as the Ras family XREF_BIBR, HMGA2 XREF_BIBR, and c-myc XREF_BIBR induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest when overexpressed in lung and colon cancer in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines XREF_BIBR XREF_BIBR."
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"It has been widely demonstrated that oncogenic MYC promotes cell cycle progression and increases Cyclin E/CDK2 activity, which may be achieved by induction of CCND2 gene expression, inactivation of CDK inhibitor p27 Kip1 or stimulation of E2F transcription factor dependent genes, among other mechanisms."
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"Activity of FTO could be inhibited by R-2HG, leading to the increase of m 6 A abundance and decreased stability of MYC and CEBPA mRNAs, which subsequently caused growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of leukemia cells; as a result, R-2HG displays an intrinsic anti-leukemia activity."
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"Surprisingly, transformed cells expressing HIF2alpha exclusively exhibit enhanced MYC activity, with more rapid entry into S phase of the cell cycle, increased CCND2, E2F1, and ODC1 gene expression, and elevated MYC promoter occupancy 110 Moreover, HIF2alpha promotes cell cycle progression in hypoxic cells via transcriptional effects on both MYC activated (CCND2, E2F1) and repressed (p21, p27) target genes, and interactions with MAX, SP1, and MIZ1."
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"In conclusion, we demonstrated that Fbxw7 can be activated by adenoviral delivery of p53, leading to increase proteasomal degradation of c-Myc and Cylin E. Low levels of the studied cell cycle regulators might attenuate the oncogenic phenotype of HCC cell lines by restricting G1-S transition and c-Myc mediated cell cycle reentry."
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"We also noted that the inhibitory effect of MYC siRNA on cell proliferation was not dependent on retinoblastoma protein (pRb) status, as five pRb deficient cell lines (BT549, MDA-MB-436, HCC70, MDA-MB-468 and HCC1937) were all responsive to MYC depletion, implicating both pRb dependent and pRb independent mechanisms underlying MYC stimulated cell cycle progression."
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"12 Due to this process, cell cycle stress induced in human keratinocytes by proto-oncogene MYC, the DNA replication regulator Cyclin E, or by inactivation of tumour suppressor p53, does not result in cellular transformation, but in a G2/M block that in turn induces squamous differentiation and polyploidy."
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"It was reported that K323 overacetylation might cause reduced c-Myc protein stability while preserving stability in normal conditions.53 This observation may explain why c-Myc was not always highly expressed in E7 expressing cells.40 These results indicate that GCN5 could acetylate c-Myc, stabilize it, affect its level of binding to the E2F1 promoter, regulate E2F1 expression and modulate cell cycle progression."
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"In human pancreatic endocrine cell lines c-myc downregulation by RNAi induces cells to exit the cell cycle and enter the differentiation pathway, thus c-myc plays a role in the switch mechanism that controls the inverse relationship between proliferation and differentiation XREF_BIBR."
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"FL erythroid precursors showed downregulation of Stat5a, known to promote erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation downstream of Kit 54, and Myc, which was described to mediate cell cycle progression in erythroblasts 55 and was recently shown to be downregulated in Kit W 41 mutants underlying their proliferative defects 56 (Fig XREF_FIG E)."
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"Analysis revealed that WT- and K326R-MYC induced an average of 57 +/-4% and 58 +/-6% of cells to synthesize DNA, respectively, while vehicle treatment alone resulted in 8 +/-6% positive cells, suggesting that SUMOylation of K326 does not play a role in MYC induced cell cycle entry."
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"These results strongly support the notion that increased Myc in adult cardiomyocytes induces cell cycle re-entry that leads to cardiomyopathy and is consistent with a previous report showing that the conditional inactivation of Myc attenuates cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and other hypertrophic stimuli XREF_BIBR."
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"44 In studies of lung adenocarcinoma, LPCAT1 has been shown to upregulate MYC and activate the PI3K/AKT pathway.40 Based on the above results, combined with bioinformatics analysis, it was considered that LPCAT1 may stimulate cell cycle procession by upregulating MYC and its downstream molecule CDK1."
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"Additionally, hypophosphorylated β-catenin transfers into the nucleus and binds to transcription factors, leading to transcriptional activation of specific target genes, including Cyclin D1, C-MYC, and MMP-7, all of which contribute to cell survival, cell cycle, uncontrolled proliferation, and distant metastasis (20)."
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"To circumvent both of these problems and to study the importance of Myc driven cell cycle re-entry in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, we used a tetracycline controlled system to generate bitransgenic mice (MHC-Myc) that inducibly overexpress Myc under the control of the alphaMHC gene promoter that drives high transgene expression specifically in cardiomyocytes XREF_BIBR."
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"They still are too closely wedded to moving forward with cocktails of drugs targeted against the growth promoting molecules (such as HER2, RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK, PI3K, AKT and mTOR) of signal transduction pathways instead of against Myc molecules that specifically promote the cell cycle."
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"While these data provide some evidence that Myc and HRas together drive cardiomyocytes’ entry into the cell cycle with positivity for markers of cytokinesis, productive cell division cannot be formally confirmed without direct cardiomyocyte counting.In healthy adult mammalian heart apoptosis is rare with only 0.01–0.001% TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes observed."
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"30 Treatment of control and EPC1 KD cells with U0126 or PD184352, compounds which are selective inhibitors of MAP2K1/2 (MEK1/2), blocked MAPK1/MAPK3 phosphorylation, reduced baseline levels of MYC, largely abolished the accumulation of MYC seen following EPC1 KD (XREF_FIG) and induced a G 1 cell cycle arrest (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."
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"The constitutive overexpression of c‐Myc in these two cell lines significantly increased the cell viability (Figure 2B and Appendix A1 and Figure S4B, Supporting Information), restored the cell cycle progression (Figure 2C and Appendix A1 and Figure S4C, Supporting Information), and protected the cells against apoptotic cell death (Figure 2D and Appendix A1 and Figure S4D, Supporting Information) in the presence of SR140333, confirming that c‐Myc mediates for the response to SR140333 in human CRC cells."
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"Last but not least, MYC further stimulates cell cycle progression by inducing genes directly involved in DNA replication including MCM (minichromosome maintenance), ORC (origin recognition complex), CDC6 (cell division cycle 6), TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) and the genes encoding three subunits of the APC/C (ANAPC5, CDC16 and CDC23) [XREF_BIBR]."
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"The abnormal expression of c-Myc in cancers presumably causes a sustained increase in c-Myc protein levels, perhaps throughout the entire cell cycle rather than in a restricted manner, because elevated expression of c-Myc activates expression of many cell cycle regulators such as cyclin D1, D2, CDK4, and CDK6 through binding enhancer box sequences (E-boxes) XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."
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"Our findings regarding MYC 's effect on patient survival and on CDK7 expression were expected, as upregulation of MYC enhances the expression of key elements of the cell cycle such as cyclin D, cyclin E, and the E2F family of transcription factors; MYC also regulates CDK7 phosphorylation [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"The cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by activation of p53, NF-kappaB and c-MYC might be critical and serve as a selection force during Ni (II) carcinogenicity, because only the cells have compromised p53, NF-kappaB and c-MYC will be selected for during long term Ni (II) exposure."
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"Seen from Figure XREF_FIG, after FAMLF-1 gene silencing, phosphorylation state of AKT protein was inhibited, c-Myc and CDK6 proteins were downregulated inducing cell cycle G0/G1 phase arrested, resulting in cell proliferation inhibited in Kasumi-1 cells compared with the CON and NC groups."
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"Silencing of E2F1 or c-Myc in OPCs induced decreased expression of cell cycle genes and of transcriptional inhibitors of differentiation while promoting histone reorganization and the initiation of the formation of heterochromatin, characteristic of the differentiated state [48,49]."
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"Since ectopic expression of Myc in neurons causes the cell cycle activation and neurodegeneration in vivo, the current data suggest that induction of Myc by neurotoxic agents or other disease factors might be a key mediator in cell cycle activation and consequent cell death that is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases."
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"The best known of them is Miz-1, a zinc finger protein involved in Myc dependent repression of cell cycle inhibitors - p15-INK4b (Cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B) and p21 (CDKN1 : cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1) - and in Myc dependent apoptosis in response to growth factor withdrawal XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR."
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"In order to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are likely to underpin the effects of the DeltaN Bcat mutation on intestinal tumor multiplicity, we monitored expression of the Wnt and beta-catenin target genes myc and Ccnd1, which serve as a gatekeeper in Apc dependent tumor formation and promote cell cycle progression, respectively."
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"Small molecules that inhibit E2F or c-Myc transcriptional activity induce cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 On the other hand, the inhibition of ZNF143 by YPC-21661 induced G2/M arrest in accordance with the findings of a previous knockdown analysis.3 These results indicate that the role of ZNF143 in cancer cell proliferation is distinct from those of E2F and c-Myc."
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"This regulation was not simply an indirect effect of MYC driven cell cycle progression, because when MYC expression was reestablished in serum deprived conditions, the cells did not proliferate but the expression of D2HGDH and L2HGDH was again readily induced (XREF_SUPPLEMENTARY)."
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"Moreover, both LRRFIP1 and LRRFIP2 act as important activators of the canonical beta-catenin/TCF/LEF signaling pathway, binding to Wnt signal mediator Dishevelled (Dvl) as well as beta-catenin, glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), and p300, which leads to transcription of c-myc and cyclinD1, which stimulates proliferation and cell cycle progression as well as apoptosis."
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"MYC not only directly stimulates the core cell cycle machinery, but also prepares the cells for cell division by globally stimulating cell growth and acquisition of macromolecules so that the cells can successfully progress through different cell cycle checkpoints to complete the mitotic cycle."
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"For example, PER1 and CRY2 were reported to regulate p53 controlled checkpoint function by interacting with the tumor suppressor ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Rad3 related (ATR), respectively, whereas CK1epsilon promotes beta-catenin-mediated activation of T-cell-specific transcription factor and lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (TCF/LEF) family that stimulates c-Myc and Cyclin D1 mediated cell cycle progression."
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"Unlike the setting of sustained proliferation that occurs following T cell activation, in growth-factor-stimulated cell cycle entry of MEFs and potentially other cell types, the reduction in the ratio of MNT-MAX to MYC-MAX may facilitate the induction of MYC target genes that function to promote cell cycle entry while being transient enough to not trigger MYC dependent apoptosis."
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"These new models suggest that Myc behaves as an amplifier of existing cellular states, however, Myc activation has been largely linked with cell proliferation and elevated levels of Myc are sufficient to drive cell growth and cell cycle progression [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."