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Hydroxychloroquine inhibits IL6. 59 / 60
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"The patient was started on hydroxychloroquine , which suppresses interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha , which can lead to control of the cytokine storm [ 9 ] ."
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"In addition, the cytokine IL-6, which has been shown to be inhibited by hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, can induce B cell maturation and antibody production [42]."
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"Our in vitro experiments show that HCQ reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human microglia, including TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12."
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"Furthermore, considering that the levels of systemic inflammation biomarkers significantly decreased among good responders in our study, it is notable that methotrexate alone or in combination with sulfasalazine reduces circulating levels of IL-6 [XREF_BIBR], and hydroxychloroquine inhibits IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22 production from PBMC [XREF_BIBR]."
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"HCQ is able to inhibit cytokine production in various immune cells, for example, the production of IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IFNγ by mononuclear cells and the production of TNF, IFNα, and IL-6 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and natural killer cells [7]."
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"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can inhibit the production of IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [71]."
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"In pDC cultures and pDC/NK cocultures, both I92 and HCQ blocked IL-6, IL-8, and MIP1-α, whereas I92 also blocked IFN-γ and MIP1-β production."
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"It could be supposed that vascular microbial penetration during bacteraemia is facilitated by the damaged vascular endothelium, related to COVID-19 and arterial hypertension.The potential iatrogenic immunosuppression induced by Tocilizumab (antagonist of the interleukin-6 receptor), hydroxychloroquine or corticosteroids, after therapeutical used for severe COVID-19, was notified in a third of cases (4/11)."
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"HCQ significantly reduces the production of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-22 and TNF-α, Il-1, soluble CD8 and soluble IL2 receptors) and induces the normalization of complement activity [ 21 , 2[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"Evidence from an in vitro study suggests that hydroxychloroquine might inhibit the production of IL-6 and IL-17A [66]."
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"In the same context, dismantling of NETs with DNaseΙ or inhibition of autophagy with HCQ further abolished the fibrotic potential of HSF (figure 5A–E)."
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"HCQ has also been implicated in the reduction of other anti-inflammatory cytokines ; in vitro studies have shown that HCQ can reduce the production of IL-1 , IL-6 , TNF , INFgamma by mononuclear cells , and reduce TNF , INF , IL-6 , and CCL4 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDC , an immune cell type linked to viral defense ) and natural killer cell co-cultures ( Wallace et al ., 1993 ; Wallace et al ., 1994 ) ."
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"In SLE and RA patients, HCQ affects TLR7 and TLR9 activation and decreases the percentage of DCs as well as their production of IFN-α (Sacre et al., 2012; Alves et al., 2017; Hjorton et al., 2018; Zeidi et al., 2019; Meng et al., 2022), IL-6 (Piconi et al., 2011; Hjorton et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2022) and TNF-α (Sacre et al., 2012; Hjorton et al., 2018; Han et al., 2020)."
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"In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, HCQ could inhibit phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production, but failed to affect PHA induced IL-6 production [29]."
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"TLR signaling pathways stimulate cytokine production, and CQ and HCQ have been found to inhibit the production of various cytokines, including IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ, by mononuclear cells [17]."
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"Another study showed that HCQ inhibited production of IL-1alpha (monocytes) and IL-6 (T cells and monocytes), whereas failed to affect the productions of IL-2, IL-4, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma [30]."
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"Contrarily , CQ and HCQ inhibited IL-1 , IL-2 , IL-6 , IL-17 , and IL-22 as well as PGs ( Table 1 ) [ 61 , 98 , 99 ] ."
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"In cultured plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells from healthy donors, HCQ blocked TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in pDCs but not in NK cells after stimulation by RNA containing immune complexes."
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"In addition , hydroxychloroquine has a modulating effect on activated immune cells , downregulates the expression of Toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) and TLR-mediated signal transduction , and decreases the production of interleukin-6 [ 6 ] ."
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"For patients with IL-6 levels lower than 60 pg mL -1 before treated with HCQ , HCQ decreased IL-6 levels from 12.8 ( 8.2-23.5 ) pg mL -1 to 3.5 ( 2.7-5.6 ) pg mL -1 after 5 days , and reached 3.0 ( 2 ."
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"Hydroxychloroquine inhibits IL-6, IL1-beta and TNF-alfa release, and it showed also anti-thrombotic properties interfering with platelet aggregation and blood clotting proteins."
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"Hydroxychloroquine also reduces pro inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-alpha and IL-6, and decreases insulin resistance."
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"Hydroxychloroquine also inhibited CpG induced production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in B cell subsets."
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"Another study showed that HCQ inhibited production of IL-1α (monocytes) and IL-6 (T cells and monocytes), whereas failed to affect the productions of IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and IFN-γ [ 30 ]."
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"Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) reduce IL-1, IL-6, IFN-alpha and TNFalpha by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex (MHC II), antigen presentation and immune activation."
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"Hydroxychloroquine has been suggested to reduce the risk of MAS in SLE patients (104), and it is speculated that hydroxychloroquine may reduce the production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and inhibit TLRs, thereby reducing the likelihood of developing SLE-MAS."
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"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine Chloroquine ( CQ ) and hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) reduce IL-1 , IL-6 , IFN-alpha and TNFalpha by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex ( MHC II ) , antigen presentation and immune activation ."
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"A recent study found that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine can inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, which are responsible for the creation of cytokine storms [49]."
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"The use of HCQ and CQ has been reported to reduce the overproduction of IL-1B, IL-6, and Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)."
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"It is described that Hydroxychloroquine reduced the production of cytokines such as interferon -gamma, IL-6, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which modulate the adaptive immunity [24-26]."
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"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine Chloroquine ( CQ ) and hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) reduce IL-1 , IL-6 , IFN-alpha and TNFalpha by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex ( MHC II ) , antigen presentation and immune activation ."
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"The mechanism is not fully understood, but it is hypothesized that hydroxychloroquine decreases the production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which inhibits toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 7 and consequently lowers the likelihood of developing SLE-MAS (98)."
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"[ 14 ] HCQ does not consistently inhibit tumor necrosis factor ( TNF-alpha ) , but blocks interleukin 1 ( IL-1 ) , IL-6 , and IFN-alpha production ."
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"HCQ reversed the sepsis-induced increase in malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and lactic acid."
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"We previously demonstrated that HCQ inhibits the production of IL-1-a and IL-6 in vitro by inhibiting posttranscriptional modification. ""
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"HCQ interferes with antigen processing and presentation 14, decreases production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR, and decreases proliferation and cytotoxicity resulting from allorecognition."
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"Selective inhibition of IL-6 by HCQ has been demonstrated in vitro as we11.3 ' Serum IgG levels were also significantly reduced in the HCQ group, which may have been related to the reduction in the IL[MISSING/INVALID CREDENTIALS: limited to 200 char for Elsevier]"
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"Differential suppression of NF-kappaB activation , TNF-alpha , and IL-6 by HCQ and QC could also affect antimalarial response in CLE patients ."
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"In this study, HCQ significantly reduced the elevation of Th1-type inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α induced by carvacrol."
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"Hydroxychloroquine also has immunomodulatory effects, and has been reported to decrease IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IFN-alpha, and tumor necrosis factor [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"CQ and HCQ may inhibit the release of IL-6, IL-1B, and TNF-a and so cause a decrease in hepcidin and inhibit viral replication [32]."
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"In addition, HCQ can reduce the production of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18, and other cytokines by affecting macrophages and monocytes [36]."
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"In two clinical trials conducted in the 1990s, Sperber et al. reported suppressive effects on immune activation (measured at that time as IL-6 production) and viral load in individuals treated with 800mg of hydroxychloroquine and day (bioequivalent to 500mg/day of chloroquine) [XREF_BIBR, XREF_BIBR]."
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"This disrupts antigen processing and inhibiting toll like receptor (TLR) 3, 7, 8, and 9 activity [XREF_BIBR - XREF_BIBR]; furthermore, HCQ can inhibit macrophage production of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 [XREF_BIBR]."
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"Our in vitro results demonstrated that hydroxychloroquine inhibits IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22 production and contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of this medication."
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"Hydroxychloroquine inhibits IL-6 , IL1-beta and TNF-alfa release ( Quiros Roldan et al ., 2020 ) , and it showed also anti-thrombotic properties interfering with platelet aggregation and blood clotting proteins ( Quiros Roldan et al ., 2020 ) ."
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"In cultured plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDC ) and natural killer ( NK ) cells from healthy donors , HCQ blocked TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in pDCs but not in NK cells after stimulation by RNA-containing immune complexes ."
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"HCQ interferes with the TLR7 and TLR9 signaling pathways, reducing the production of IFNalpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha [XREF_BIBR]."
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"These results suggest that HCQ or PRED therapy combined with miR-146a inhibition may be utilized to greatly reduce IL-6 production in SLE."
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"Furthermore, IL-6, IFN-γ, MIP1-α, and MIP1-β production was inhibited by I92, whereas only IL-6 and MIP1-β were significantly inhibited by HCQ (Fig. 4a, b)."
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"In vitro studies have shown that HCQ decreases the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes [12]."
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"In addition, hydroxychloroquine has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and can significantly decrease the IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TNF production through Toll like receptor and NF-kappaB signalling."
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"HCQ reduced plasma interleukin-6 concentrations compared to placebo [5] but did not affect serum-, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations [6]."
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"Thus, HCQ therapy inhibits the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1, and IL-6 by mononuclear cells [24,27]."
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"In vitro studies have shown that HCQ decreases the production of TNF-α, IL6 and IFN-α by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes [ 37 ]."
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"Hydroxychloroquine inhibited production of IL-1-alpha (monocytes) and IL-6 (T cells and monocytes)."
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"The exact mechanism via which HCQ decreased IL-6 and IL-17 as well as IL-22 concentrations is still a matter of debate ."
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"Moreover, chloroquine (CQ), the precursor for HCQ, is found to decrease the production of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1 beta (β) and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytes (Jang et al., 2006)."
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"It is reported that hydroxychloroquine may reduce TNF, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 production though the consistency and mechanisms of this effect are uncertain."
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